The Project Gutenberg eBook of The treasury of languages, by James Bonwick

Title: The treasury of languages

A rudimentary dictionary of universal philology

Author: James Bonwick

Release Date: June 10, 2023 [eBook #70957]

Language: English

Credits: Brian Coe, John Campbell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

The Treasury of Languages.

A

RUDIMENTARY DICTIONARY

OF

UNIVERSAL PHILOLOGY.

Daniel iii. 4.

עממיא אמיא ולשניא

HALL AND Co., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.

[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.]

ADVERTISEMENT.

[Pg i]

INTRODUCTION

ON

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LANGUAGES,

Chiefly from Dr. Latham.

African.—The best way to study the wide and complex philology of Africa is to begin with the frontier of the Semitic languages, remembering that the Ethiopic branch of them is, to all appearance, indigenous to Africa; then to bear in mind that the Arabic, by intrusion and extension, is spread over a great part of Northern and Eastern Africa. The Eastern frontier, however, of the Arabic and the Syriac is in Asia, and in Asia it begins where the Persian and Turk areas end. For the philological geography of Africa it will be found useful to divide the continent into the following sections, regions, or areas: (1) The first division as North-Eastern until it approaches the Equator, and the parts between it and the Red Sea—in geography, Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia, in philology the Coptic, Beja, Nubian, and (in its geographical sense) the Abyssinian regions. (2) The Barbary States and Canary Islands. (3) The Desert, divided into the Western or Great (the Sahara), and the Eastern (or Libyan) Desert. (4) Senegambia, or the drainages of the Senegal and Gambia. (5) Sudania. This gives us what we get nowhere else in Africa, a continuous belt or zone of languages, with fairly determined boundaries from Senegambia to Abyssinia, i.e., across the whole continent in its broadest part. Within the limits of this zone lie the fundamental materials for the study of African philology and ethnology. It is only, however, between the parallels of 10° and 15° N.L. that it is continuous, and this only approximately. (6) The Coast line. This means the sea-board of the Grain, Ivory, Gold, and Slave Coasts.[ii] (7) The Delta (of the Niger). This brings us within the Equator, but only on the side of the Atlantic. The Abyssinian extends to (there or thereabouts) the same parallels on the side of the Indian Ocean. Neither, however, carries us beyond a limited area inland. Where these two limits, East and West, end, South Africa begins. It is, with the exception of the few degrees of latitude just indicated, either equatorial or belonging to the Southern tropic; it falls into two divisions. (8) The Inter-Tropical, or Kaffir. (9) The Extra-Tropical, or Hottentot. All these divisions are simply what their names imply, except only that Senegambia is made to reach as far as Cape Mesurado, so as to include the parts about Sierra Leone and Cape Mount.

American.—The primary division is that between North and South. (1) In North America the connection with Asia is decided. Through the Aleutian dialect of the Eskimo and the Kamtschatkan it is direct; through the Yukahiri and other tongues it is indirect. The Eskimo is a definite class; the Athabascan is also a definite class when compared with the Algonkin. The Chemmesyan, Hailtsa, Wakash, and Chinook are connected. The Jakon and Kallapuiah lead to the languages of the Sahaptin and Shoshoni class, among the congeners of which the sound of “tl” appears. In the Mexican it becomes prominent. Between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific the Algonkin appears to have spread from West to East, and the result has told most on the Iroquois family. The South Oregon languages graduate into the Californian, the Californian into those of the Paduca class and those of Sonora, till we come to two great divisions, the Mexican and the Maya. (2) In South America there is a reappearance of the phenomena of the North: what the Athabascan and Algonkin are in the one peninsula, the Quichua, the Carib, and, above all, the Guarani are in the other. With any South American vocabulary of adequate length, some North American root presents itself; some even from the extreme North, viz., the Eskimo area, which, along with the phenomena of transition, is the chief argument in favour of the fundamental unity of the two classes. The student from Peru finds Quichua words in every vocabulary he lights upon, whilst the student from Brazil finds Guarani words.

Asian.—Asia and Europe, though different quarters of the globe, form but a single continent, and as such have characteristics of their own. One great class of languages is absolutely common to the two—the great Ugrian or Fin family. We miss, no doubt, in Europe such districts as those of Caucasus, and the parts to the North of the Burmese Empire, where numerous mutually unintelligible languages are pressed together within a small area. Again, the inflected languages have their seat in Europe; the monosyllabic in Asia. On the other hand, it is only in the great central continent that Language can be studied in all its stages: the Monosyllabic stage in the South-East of Asia, and the Inflectional in[iii] Western and Southern Europe. This makes Asia and Europe the only region in which the whole (or nearly the whole) history of Language can be studied. Besides this, in Europe and Asia we have a history. We can see how languages like the English and Russian are extending themselves; how the German has extended itself; how the Latin had previously extended itself. We can see how languages like the Keltic, the Lithuanic, and the Fin recede. (1) The Western division is the one with which we are most familiar; it includes Great Britain, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, the Valley of the Danube, and Greece; allowance being made for the Turk and Hungarian, which are intrusive. (2) The great Northern area is in Russia conterminous with the Western, which means, roughly speaking, Northern Asia with a large part of Europe; the chief displacements having been effected by the great spread of the Turk language. (3) The South-Eastern area begins with the North frontier of China, and includes Thibet, Nipal, the Transgangetic peninsula, Assam, Siam, Pegu, Cambogia, Cochin-China, and China. (4) The South-Western area contains India, Persia, and the Caucasus; here the displacing languages are Indian, Persian, and Arabic, which last is treated as African.

Oceanic.—The first thing which commands attention is its thorough insular or oceanic character; subordinate to this is the remarkable distribution of its members. In one great division, viz., the Polynesian, the diffusion has been decidedly recent. The first primary division contains the Malay; the second has been called Micronesian; the third division is Polynesia proper. The second group is called Kelenonesian or Melanesian, including Papuan, Australian, and Tasmanian (“Elements,” p. 377). Australian languages are all upon the same general grammatical construction. Mr. Moorhouse says that “not one-twentieth part of the words agree in root, and yet there is evidence sufficient to satisfy any one that they belong to the same family.” All have suffixes to show relation; a dual in substantives, adjectives, and pronouns; no sibilant sounds, no auxiliary verb, no passive voice, no “h,” they abound in the pleonastic, and distinguish genders by postfixes. The only point of agreement is in the first personal pronoun, “I”; this is “nga-nga” on the Swan River; “nga-toa” in New South Wales; “nga-ti,” Adelaide; “ngai-tyo,” Mount Barker; “gni,” Murchison River; “nga-pe,” Encounter Bay; “ngai,” Port Lincoln; “nga-ppo,” Murray River; “naddo,” Murrumbidgee River; “nga-pe,” Lower Murray; “noga-toa,” Hunter River. At the same time, the Malayan is “nga-n”; the Sumba, “nga-nga”; the Thibetian, “nga”; the Corean, “nai”; and the Burmese, “ngai.” Yet Dr. Latham finds no Australian dialects resemble those of the Asiatic Isles. Mr. Norris first detected similarity of the grammar between the Australian and the South Dravidian languages of India, spoken before the Aryan migration to the Ganges. Mr. J. R. Logan, of Singapore, thinks the Australian the most ancient of the Indo-Australian tongues.[iv] He says they are “a remnant of the Proto-Scythic era of the harmonic development, and between Chinese and American.” He regards them, with the other kindred dialects of South-Eastern Asia, as in existence “before the expansion of the numerals one, two, and three into higher binary and ternary terms.” According to him, “the pronominal roots are compounded with definitives, singular and plural, with the numeral two to form duals, with masculine and feminine definitives in the third person, and in all the three persons with each other; thus producing not only absolute and relative plurals of the first person, but several other complex plurals.”

J. B.

October 31st, 1873.

[Pg 1]

DICTIONARY OF LANGUAGES.

☞ For Additions see Appendix. ☞

A.

Aachen.

A sub-dialect of low-German or Platt-Deutsch, vernacular at Aix-la-Chapelle, Lower Rhine. See Müller and Weitz’s “Idiomatikon,” Leipsig, 1836.

Ababdeh or Abadeh.

Semitic: a different form of speech was formerly vernacular at Sheikh Abade, in Upper Egypt; the site of some ancient ruins on the banks of the Nile. Since superseded by Arabic. Adelung: “Mithridates,” iv., p. 502.

⁂ A division of the Beja, Bejawi, or Bishari family; they are the most northerly members of this class, which occupies the desert between the Nile and Red Sea from Cosseir to Suakim.     R. G. L.  

Abadja.

African: a sub-dialect of the Otam.

Abak.

A dialect of the Philippine Islands, closely allied to Bissayan and Tagala. See Jülg’s “Vater,” p. 1.

Abantes.

An extinct form of speech, classed as Thraco-Illyrian, formerly vernacular in the I. of Eubœa, now called Negropont or Egripos, in the Grecian Archipelago. Adelung: “Mithridates,” ii., p. 362.

Abasci or Abassian, see Absne.

Abbeville.

A sub-dialect of French, vernacular in Picardy. See De Soilly’s “Idiome Picard,” Abbeville, 1833.

[2]

Abbitibbe.

American: dialect of the Christinos or Cree Indians; classed as Algonkin. See Jülg’s “Vater,” p. 204.

Abenaki or Abenaqui.

A dialect of the Algonkin race of N. American Indians, spoken in Lower Canada and the State of Maine. The tribe once occupied the valley of the R. Kennebeck; but the name also includes the Etchemins, Micmacs, and others. See Rasles. Dict., 1833; Vocabulary in Amer. Ethnol. Trans, ii., p. 109.

Abiponian.

A name given by the early Spaniards to the language spoken on the western bank of the Parana in S. America; although on the borders of the Gran Chaco it differs considerably from the dialects spoken in that district. See Dobrizhoffer’s “Geschichte,” 3 vols., 8vo, Vienna, 1784.     D. F.  

Abor.

A dialect of Assamese, spoken by a hill tribe on the north-western extremity of Assam. Logan, Jnl. Indian Archipelago, 1853, p. 190. See Aka.

Absne or Abkhazian.

A name for the ancient Abasci, now represented by Abascia or Abgah (Abkasia), a country of Asiatic Russia, lying between the Caspian and Black Seas. The modern word Absné is called Abkhazi by the Georgians; with the terminal “eti” for “land,” it is Abkhazeti, and extends from Soukum-kale to Jenikale. The affinities of the Absné language are very uncertain; a large number of its words are similar to Circassian, but a larger proportion apparently not so. See Vocabularies in Güldenstädt’s “Reisen;” Klaproth’s “Reise;” “Asia Polyglotta,” &c.     H. H. H.  

Abyssinian, see Agau, Amharic, Galla, Tigre, &c. ☞

Acadian.

American: That division of the Algonkin family containing the languages of Lower Canada and Nova Scotia.

Acaxe.

American: a doubtful name for a probable dialect of the Tubar.

Accad.

The oldest known language before the Semitic population settled in Mesopotamia.     W. S. W. V.   See Akkadian.

Accaway.

A dialect of native S. American, belonging to the Carib, or Karib group. Vernacular in the Highlands of British Guiana.

⁂ Carib of Demerara, closely allied to the Carabisi. See Hilhouse, Schomburgk, &c.

[3]

Accra or Accarah.

A language of the Mandingo branch of native African, spoken by a small nation on the Gold-coast, about lat. 5° 35′ N., long. 0° 12′ W.; it is sometimes designated the Ghah or Ga, and the people are supposed to have been removed by emigration from the interior. Ghana or Gana is a city, governed by a Sultaun, near the upper course of the Niger. Rask’s “Vejledning,” 8vo, Copenhagen, 1828. See Aquapim.

Achæmenian Persian.

The name of that form of the Old Persian language which is used in the inscriptions of the Achæmenian kings, or the line of native monarchs which commenced with Cyrus the Great and terminated with Darius Codomannus, the antagonist of Alexander. The language is written in an arrow-headed or cuneiform character of a simple kind, and is closely akin to the Zend, Pazend, and the modern Persian. The best work on the language is that of Spiegel, “Altpersische Keilinschriften.”     G. R.  

Achagua.

A dialect of native S. American, vernacular on the R. Casanare, a tributary of the R. Orinoco; and closely allied to Maipur. “Mithridates,” iii., p. 631.

Achastli.

American: spoken on the coast of California between San Francisco and St. Diego.

Achinese.

A language of the Malayan family, spoken in the kingdom of Ache or Achin, the northernmost part of Sumatra. It is distinguished from all other Malay languages by having the accent on the terminal instead of the penultimate syllable, and by a good deal of monosyllables. It is at present very little known, but its presumed affinity to the monosyllabic languages of Asia renders its study highly interesting for investigating the origin of the Malay race.     P. J. V.  

Acoma.

A dialect of native American, vernacular in New Mexico. It is one of the dialects spoken by the Pueblo Indians on the R. Grande. It is also called Laguna.

Acroa-Merim.

American: a dialect of the Gez class, vernacular in Brazil. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 144.

Adaihe or Adaihi.

A very isolated language of N. American. Spoken in Louisiana, in 1805, by forty individuals only. Vocabulary in “Archæologia Americana.” It is also called Atayo. Vocabulary Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., p. 95.

[4]

Adali (pl. Adaiel or Adal.)

Largely Semitic. An Abyssinian dialect, spoken by the tribes between the Highlands and the sea-coast. See Salt’s “Voyage,” Appdx. i., p. 6.     C. T. B.

Adampi.

A native African dialect, closely resembling Accra and Krepee, vernacular on the Gold-coast, W. Africa.

Adareb, see Beja.

Adelaide.

A variety of native Australian, formerly vernacular at Adelaide, S. Australia; it differs but little from other dialects of the Gulf St. Vincent.

Adige.

A name for the Circassian proper, as opposed to the Apkhaz.

Adiyah.

Otherwise Fernandian: the language of Fernando Po, an island on the W. coast of Africa, near the mouths of the Niger.

Æolic.

A dialect of ancient Greek spoken in Bœotia, Thessaly, Ætolia, Elis, Lesbos, Chios and the N.W. part of Asia Minor. Pindar, Sappho, and Alcæus wrote in it.     G. R.  

Æthiopic, under E.

Afer.

Native name of the Danakil.

Affadeh.

African: a dialect of the Bornu.

Affar, see Adali.

Afghan, see Pushtoo.

Afnu.

African: a dialect of the Haussa.

African.

A name for all native dialects of Africa, not directly Semitic. Works by Borth, Kölle, Bleek, Beke, Sir G. Grey, Clarke’s “Dialects of Africa.” See Introduction.

Afudu.

A native African dialect of the Otam, vernacular on the coast of W. Africa, about 4° N.L.

[5]

Agau or Agaw.

A language of Abyssinia, spoken in three dialects; 1. The Hhámara, or Agau of Lasta, the Tcheratz Agows of Bruce; 2. The Agáwi or Aghagha of Agaumider, i.e. Agau-land; 3. The Falasha spoken by the Israelitish people scattered over the northern and western parts of the country. Salt’s “Voyage,” Appdx. i., p. 6.     C. T. B.

Agglutinative.

A name applied to certain languages, when “two unaltered roots combine to form words;” and words brought into mutual relation by syntax undergo a change of form, accent, or meaning; the Coptic, for example, is considered as essentially agglutinative. The American agglutinative languages are called polysynthetic or incorporating. These languages have generally little or no literature.

Agolelegmüt.

The Eskimo of N. America and Behring’s Straits, especially the island of Nunivok. The terminal “müt,” which is common from Behring’s Straits to the parts about Mount St. Elias, is derived from the Eskimo. See Chromtschenko’s “Reise-Journal,” 8vo, St. Petersburgh, 1824.     R. G. L.  

Ahom.

A nearly extinct language formerly spoken in Assam, a province of British India; it is a dialect of Siamese, monosyllabic in form, and appears to have been transported by emigration from the borders of China.

Aht, The.

American: dialect of Van Couver Island; spoken by all the W. coast tribes, from S. of Quatseeno to Port San Juan on De Fucas Straits. See Sproat: “Scenes of Savage Life.” All the tribes speaking it end in “aht.”     R. B.  

Ahtiago.

A dialect of Malay, vernacular in Ceram, closely allied to Teluti and Alfuros.

⁂ The more correct form would be Atiahu, the name of a village on the S. coast, with a mixed population. The vocabulary quoted by Mr. Wallace does not constitute a distinct dialect.     P. J. V.  

Aiawong.

A dialect of native Australian, belonging to the W. coast.

Aimara.

A dialect of the Indians of S. America, largely augmented by Spanish. The natives were subject to the Incas of Peru, at the conquest, and now inhabit the high ground near Lake Titicaca or Chucuito. They are closely allied to the Quichua or native Peruvians. See Aymara.

[6]

Aimauk.

A dialect of Moghol, spoken by the Tshehar-Aimauk, N. W. Afghanistan, in the neighbourhood of Herat.

Aino.

The native name for the language of the Curile Islands, meaning “man.” ☞

Airica.

American: a dialect of the Betoi.

Aitutakìan.

A mixed form of the Tahitian and the Rarotongan dialects. An island in the Hervey group, S. Pacific. Example, “mau-tangata” = “men.”     W. G.  

Aka (1).

A dialect spoken by a hill-tribe to the N. of Assam. It is almost identical with Abor. See Brown’s Table: “Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” 1837.

Aka (2).

African: sometimes used for the Yoruba, of which it is a sub-dialect.

Akabi, see Ukuafi.

Akkadian.

A name sometimes given to the language used on the earliest Babylonian bricks, especially those found at Mugheir (Ur), Warka (Erech), Senkareh, Niffer, and other very ancient Mesopotamian cities. The general character of the language is Turanian; but its vocabulary connects it with the dialects of Southern Arabia and Abyssinia, more especially with the Mahra, Galla, and Wolaitsa. The writing is a rude and very complicated cuneiform. It is supposed that the language was spoken in Babylonia from a very early age (B.C. 2500?) to the date of the Assyrian conquest, about B.C. 1300. By that time it had become the language of an extensive literature, and as such, continued to be studied by the more learned Assyrians down to the close of the Empire, B.C. 624. The later Assyrian tablets are to a great extent translations from it. See Rawlinson’s “Ancient Monarchies,” vol. i., pp. 61-69, 2nd ed.     G. R.  

Akkim.

African: a sub-dialect of Fanti.

Ako.

An African dialect, somewhat allied to Afudu.

Akra.

African. Language of the Gold-coast, for the parts about Cape Castle. See Aquapim.

[7]

Akripon.

African: a sub-dialect of Fanti.

Akush.

A dialect of Lesgian, spoken in Daghestan (the ancient Albania), a district situated between the Caspian and the Black Sea.

Akwambu, see Aquapim.

Alabama.

American. Derived from “Alibamon,” the original occupants of the modern State so called.

Alani.

A people originally settled in Eastern Europe and Western Asia, very powerful from about A.D. 75 to A.D. 461. They are now generally considered to have been of the Finnish stock, akin to the Ostiaks, Samoeids, and other races of Northern Asia.     G. R.  

Alarodii, see Urarda.

Alatyan.

A name used by Prof. Steinthal for the Ural-Altaic or Turanian languages.

Albanian.

The vernacular tongue of modern Albania, a maritime province of European Turkey, which answers to the ancient Epirus; the inhabitants are a mixed race, including Arnauts, who are probably descended from the ancient Illyrians, Greeks, and Turks. The ancient language, called old Illyrian, and closely allied to Greek, has become mingled with Slavonic, written in Greek characters. The native name of the Albanian dialect is Skipetar. Both terms mean “mountaineers.” The modern language is sub-divided into the Ghegh and the Toski. See Hahn: “Albanische Studien,” Jena, 1854.

Alemannic or Allemanian.

The oldest form of Teutonic or High-German with which we are acquainted; it is the language attributed to the Suevi or Swabians, who, emigrating to the S., formed with other tribes a great confederation on the Rs. Maine, Rhine, and Danube.

⁂ See Bosworth’s “Dict. of the Anglo-Saxon Language,” ed. 1838, p. 120.     W. W. S.  

Aleutian or Aliout-Liseyeff.

The dialect of the Aleutian or Fox Islands, in the N. Pacific, between Asia and America. The inhabitants resemble the Moghols in physical peculiarities, but their language is allied to the Esquimaux. Vocab. Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., p. 130. ☞

[8]

Alfuros.

Dialects of Malay, spoken by uncivilized tribes of the Indian Ocean. Adelung calls them “Harafora auch Alfurier” in the Moluccas. “Mithridates,” i., p. 585. Wallace calls them the true indigines of Gilolo, and the predominant type of Ceram. “Malay Archipelago,” ii., pp. 16, 19, 96. It is the same word as in the Arafura Seas, W. of N. Guinea. ☞

Algierian.

A form of Arabic vernacular in N. Africa.

Algonkin or Algonquin.

A very large class of native N. American dialects, including the Chippewas, Blackfoot, Ogibeway, Ottawa, Mohican, Shawnees, and other principal eastern tribes of red Indians. Vocab. Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., pp. 78, 106.

Alieh, see Eyish.

Alikhulip.

A dialect of Fuegian, spoken in Terra del Fuego, S. America. Described in Darwin’s “The Voyage of the Beagle.” See also Tekeenica and Tsoneca.

Alleutiac, see Milcocayac.

Allophylian.

A name for the American and certain unclassified languages; generally used for all languages which philologists have not yet defined.

Allor.

A dialect of insular Malay, vernacular in the Indian Ocean. This island belongs to the Timor group; its inhabitants are of the dark Papuan type. The language is said to differ but little from that of the neighbouring island of Solor.     P. J. V.  

Almeida.

A dialect of S. American, belonging to the Tupi or Guarini family, spoken in Brazil, and allied to Carib. See Omagua.

Alphabet.

The English name for the collection of letters or written characters in our language, and derived from their Greek synonyms—viz., Alpha (A) + Beta (B), as in the line from Juvenal—

“Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta puellæ.”
—Sat. xiv., l. 209.

These letters or characters are the representatives of certain sounds or utterances; and their numbers, forms, names, and equivalents differ very materially in different countries and in different districts. Ballhorn’s “Alphabete or. und occ. Sprachen,” Leipsig, 1853; 2nd ed., London. See Letters.

Alpine.

A collective name for several local dialects derived from old Italic, but mingled with modern French.

[9]

Alsacian.

A sub-dialect of old High-German.

Altaic or Ural-Altaic.

Generic name for the Moghol, Tungus, Turk, Samoyed, and Ugrian languages. See Castrén’s “Altaischer Volker.”

Amakosa.

African. See Kaffir.

Amat.

A dialect of older Dravidian vernacular in Nepaul.

Amazig.

A name for the Berber of N. Africa. It is called Aquel Amarigor Amazig, i.e. “Noble tongue;” the native dialect of Berbers.

Amazons.

A class of native dialects spoken by tribes along the banks of the R. Amazon, S. America; more especially the Amazonas and Humanos, formerly of the lower Putumayo. Wallace, p. 250.

Amberbaki.

A dialect of Papuan, vernacular in a village so named on the N. W. coast of N. Guinea.

Amblau.

An island of the Amboyna group; the language, belonging to the Alfuru, or semi-Alfuru, dialects of the Moluccas, seems to differ very considerably from that of the neighbouring islands; judging from the vocabulary given in Mr. Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”     P. J. V.  

Amboyna.

A dialect of the Molucca Islands, in the Indian Ocean; known as Amboynese Malay. The provincial dialect is termed Bahasa-tanah, the language of the Moluccan Alfuru. See Vocabularies by Wallace and Lüdeking.     P. J. V.  

American.

A name for all dialects of the aborigines throughout N. and S. America. Trübner’s “Bibliotheca Glottica,” London, 1858. See Introduction.

Amharic.

The Court tongue of Abyssinia for many centuries. Amhara proper is that district lying between the Dender and Tacazze branches of the Nile. It closely resembles the Ethiopic, with alphabets that are nearly identical. The root word is probably identical with “Ham” or “Chem,” the poetical name for Egypt in the Psalms of David.

⁂ A Semitic dialect sprung from the ancient Ethiopic, which has gradually become the dominant language of Abyssinia. Its vocabulary and grammar still closely resemble the Ethiopic, but it has adopted a barbarous pronunciation, and the gutturals, which form so important a part of the Semitic alphabet, are no longer pronounced. The best memoir upon it is that by Gesenius in the Encyclopædia of Ersch and Grüber, under the heading “Amharische Sprache.” Other Abyssinian dialects are the Adari, the Afar, the Somauli, the Saho, the languages of Tigré, Danakil, Adaiel, and of Harar.     R. P. S.  

[10]

Amour or Amur.

Dialects of Tungus, vernacular in E. Asia on the R. Amúr. See Latham, pp. 75, 76.

Amyrgii.

An ancient Scythic people, called “Humawarga,” by the Achæmenian Persians, and “Amyrgians” (Ἀμύργιοι) by the Greeks. They seem to have inhabited the high plateau between the Thian-Chan and the Hindu-Kush ranges. Most probably they were Turanians.     G. R.  

Anadeer or Anadyr.

The upper and central parts of the R. Anadyr, on the north-eastern extremity of Asia, are occupied by the Tshuktshi, an Asiatic tribe. On the lower Anadyr, however, there is an Eskimo settlement. See Namollo.     R. G. L.  

Anamite or Annamite.

A monosyllabic tongue, closely allied to Chinese. It is the dialect of Tonquin and Cochin-China, extensive tracts of land in S.E. Asia. Also called Annamese. See Dictionaries, A-Latin and Latin-A, by Taberd and Pigneaux, 2 vols., 1838; Marshman, Serampore; and Brown’s “Comparative Table,” vol. vii., Trans. As. Soc. of Bengal.

Andaman.

The dialect of the Mincopie or inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. It is considered to be allied to the Burmese.

Andaqui.

American. Dialect of New Grenada, vernacular on the eastern slope of the Andes, and upper part of the R. Putumayo. See “Los Indios del Andaqui,” pp. 27-29.     R. G. L.  

Andarcos, see Texan.

Andi.

A dialect of Lesghian, allied to Akush; vernacular in the Caucasus.

Andian or Ando-Peruvian.

A collective name for certain native dialects of S. America, as Aimara, Araucanian, Quichua, &c.

Andoa.

American. Spoken on the frontiers of New Grenada, and on the head waters of the Rs. Tigre and Pastazza. It is bounded by the Shimigas and Zaparu. Small vocabulary by Spruce.     R. G. L.  

Andreanowski Islands, see Aleutian.

Aneiteum or Annatom.

A Polynesian dialect, allied to Papuan, vernacular in Aneiteum, the easternmost island of the New Hebrides group, S. Pacific Ocean. The language began to be reduced to written form, by the use of Roman letters, by the London Missionary Society; subsequently completed in books, now used by natives, by the “U. P. R. C.” Mission of Scotland.     W. G.   ☞

[11]

Anfue.

A native dialect, allied to Adampi, from the Gold-coast, W. Africa.

Angami.

A dialect of Assamese, vernacular in central and lower Assam.

Anglian.

A name sometimes given to that dialect of the oldest English which was spoken in the north and east of England. It has been sub-divided into the Northumbrian and East-Anglian. It has also been called Dano-Saxon. See Bosworth’s “Dict. of the Anglo-Saxon Language,” ed. 1838, p. 21.     W. W. S.  

Anglian, East, under E.

Anglo-Saxon.

A compound language formed by the union of several tribes of Teutonic origin, who conquered and settled in Britain, about A.D. 449, thence called England. The language is of cognate origin with the Alemannic and Gothic; but with accretions from the Scandinavian and Low-Dutch.

⁂ What is called Anglo-Saxon is really the oldest form of English. The Anglo-Saxon of the first period extends from A.D. 450 to A.D. 1100; that of the later period from A.D. 1100 to about A.D. 1250; after which date we arrive at early Middle English. The specimens of the literature are too numerous to require mention. See the dictionaries by Lye and Manning, Bosworth, Grein, Ettmüller, and the list of MSS. in Hickes’s “Thesaurus,” vol. iii.     W. W. S.  

Angoane.

A dialect of Mozambique, vernacular on the E. coast of Africa.

Angola.

A dialect of Bantu, vernacular in S.E. Africa; classed by Bleek as Bunda.

Angus.

A dialect of the Lowlands of Scotland, frequently cited in Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary.     W. W. S.  

Ankaras.

An African dialect, almost identical with Wun.

Annamese, see Anamite.

Annatom, see Aneiteum.

Ansoes.

A Papuan dialect, spoken at Port Dorey, New Guinea.

Antes or Antis.

A native dialect of S. American, vernacular in Peru on the eastern slope of the Andes. The nearest affinities are to the Moxos. See D’Orbigny’s “L’homme Américain.”

[12]

Antonio, San.

Dialect of a mission, so called, current in California, N. America.

Antshukh.

A dialect of Lesghian, allied to Andi.

Anu.

Dialect of a tribe so named, in N. Arracan, in which are many words intelligible to the people of Munipoor.     A. C.  

Apache or Apatsh.

A dialect of Athabascan, vernacular in New Mexico.

Apaing.

The same language as Arorae.     W. G.  

Apatsh, see Apache.

Apiaca.

A dialect of Brazil, allied to Guarani, vernacular on the R. Arias, a tributary of the Upper Tapuyos. See Castelnau’s “Expedition,” &c., appdx.

Apinages.

American: a dialect of the Gez class, vernacular in Brazil. See Castelnau’s “Expedition,” &c., appdx.; Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 147.

Apkhaz.

The Georgian name for the tribes between Jenikale and Soukum-Kale, as distinguished from Circassians proper.

Apolonia.

African: a sub-dialect of Fanti, vernacular at Point Apollonia, on the frontier of the Gold and Ivory coasts.     R. G. L.  

Aponegicrans.

American: a dialect of the Gez class, vernacular in Brazil. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 147.

Appa.

A dialect of S. Africa, allied to Nufi.

Aquapim.

African: collective name for certain dialects of the Gold-coast near Cape Castle; 1. The Akra. 2. The Krepee. 3. The Otshi. 4. The Adampi. See Rühs: “Elemente des Akwapim.”

Aquitanian.

The dialect of Aquitania or Aquitaine, a division of ancient Gaul, lying S.W., which included the provinces of Guyenne, Gascony, &c.

Ara.

A name for the Arini.

[13]

Arabic.

One of the three main branches of the Semitic family, spoken in the peninsula of Arabia. Unknown till the century before Mahomet, it suddenly then reached its highest perfection in the poems of the Moallakât. It is the richest, the most flexible, and most exact of all the Semitic tongues, and its grammar the most subtle and perfect, probably, of all known languages. The dialect of the tribe of Koreisch, adopted by Mahomet in the Koran, has been, since the seventh century, the classical language of large parts of Asia and Africa, and has greatly influenced the Turkish, Maltese, Persian, Hindi, and other tongues, owing to the wide range of Arabian conquest. Classical Arabic must be distinguished from Arabic as actually spoken. The “vulgar” Arabic makes scarcely any distinction of vowel-sounds, has a grammar simple to rudeness, and is destitute of the richness and versatility of the tongue as employed by its most famous scholars.     R. P. S.  

Arago.

A dialect of Papuan, vernacular in New Guinea.

Araiacu.

American: a dialect of N. Brazil, to the W. of Fonteboa; it is allied to the Barré, Baniwa, Manoa, &c. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 133, who places it in his Cren or Guereno class.     R. G. L.  

Arakanese or Arracanese.

A monosyllabic tongue closely allied to the Burmese, otherwise called the Reccan or Rukheng. The district in which it is spoken forms a narrow strip of sea-coast, about 500 miles long, extending from Cape Negrais in the S. towards Chittagong in the N., along the E. peninsula of S. Asia.

Aramaic.

Generic name of the languages spoken in the region extending from the Taurus and Lebanon to the R. Tigris. It is one of the main branches of the Semitic stem, and is itself divided into two dialects, East Aramaic, or Chaldean, and West Aramaic, or Syriac. The former became the medium of Jewish thought, and is the language of the Targums and the Talmud, and also of the Samaritan Pentateuch. The latter is Christian. A sub-dialect spoken by the heathen is called Sabaean, or Nabathean. The oldest remains of the Aramaic are found in the name given by Laban to the Hill of Witness between him and Jacob.     R. P. S.  

The Aramaic alphabet was identical with, or derived from, the Phœnician.

Arapaho or Arrapaho.

The dialect of a native tribe of N. American Indians of the Algonkin family, vernacular on the R. Platte; originally on the Upper Saskatshewan. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii., p. 446; Vocab. Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., p. 96.

[14]

Araquaju.

American: a dialect of the Brazilian class, vernacular on the Upper Amazons. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 17.

Araucanian.

Dialect spoken by the powerful independent Indian tribe inhabiting the western slope of the Andes, south of Chili proper.     D. F.  

Arawack.

A dialect of Carib, spoken on the N. coast of S. America, in Surinam, Venezuela, and the Guianas (Berbice); supposed to have been introduced by aboriginal settlers from Hayti and other W. Indian islands.

Arayas, see Taino.

Archaic Greek.

A name for the original Cadmean alphabet of ancient Greece, it consisted of seventeen letters only, and was derived from the Phœnician.

Arda.

Spoken, according to Alcedo, on the Upper Napo, on the boundaries of New Grenada, Brazil, and Ecuador. A “Doctrina Christiana,” Madrid, 1658, and a “Paternoster” are the only recorded specimens of the Arda. No philologist seems to have examined them. The fragmentary languages with which they are the most likely to have been allied are the Andoa, the Shimigaes, and the Zapara. “Ludwig,” p. 12.     R. G. L.  

Ardrah.

African: a dialect of the Slave-coast.

Argot.

French patois, applied to cant and slang dialects. See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 132, 485.

Argubba.

African: a dialect of Abyssinia.

Arecuna.

A dialect of the Carib of Demerara, allied to Macusi. See Schomburgk’s “British Guiana.”

Arfak.

A Papuan dialect vernacular among the mountaineers inland of Doreh, New Guinea.     P. J. V.  

Arini or Arinzi.

A dialect of Yeniseian, spoken in Siberia. See Castrén’s “Versuch einer Ienissei Ostiakinen Sprachlehre.”     H. H. H.  

Aripe.

American: dialect of Lower California.

Aris.

A dialect of Toumbulu.

[15]

Arkiko.

A dialect of Ethiopic allied to Adaiel; otherwise classed as a sub-dialect of Amharic.

Armenian.

The vernacular speech of Armenia, a mountainous country of Asiatic Turkey, bordering on the S.E. extremity of the Black Sea, including Mt. Ararat. Armenian is written from left to right, and has an alphabet peculiar to itself, which has been modernized from an older original, attributed to Miesrob, A.D. 406.

⁂ The language is essentially an Aryan dialect, akin to Achæmenian Persian and Zend, but still distinct from either: into which have been absorbed a large number of Turanian roots.     G. R.  

Armenic.

A branch of the great Indo-European family of speech not yet clearly defined. It is the parent of modern Armenian, and of an older form of the same language, called Old Armenic, now extinct. It has, provisionally, been classed with Kurdish, Ossetic and Pushtoo. See Aryan.

Armeno-Kurdish.

A name for the Kurdish dialect, written in the characters of the Armenian alphabet.

Armorican.

A Celtic dialect, called also Breton, anciently vernacular in Armorican Gaul; it was the national language of the independent Duchy of Brittany, and is still spoken in the modern French departments of Finisterre, Morbihan, and Côtes-du-Nord; the language is closely allied to Welsh, Cornish, Manx, Gaelic, &c.

Arnaut, see Albanian.

Arniya.

A dialect of Dardu, allied to Kashkari.

Aro or Oro.

A dialect of W. Africa, allied to Mbofia, vernacular in the locality of Brass Town.

Aroo or Arru.

Dialects of Papuan, vernacular in a group of islands lying to the S.W. of New Guinea, in the Asiatic Archipelago.

⁂ Herr Van Rosenberg distinguishes two chief dialects. 1. A vocabulary collected at Wammer, Watelei, and Traugan. 2. His “Wanumbae Vocaby.” Others are the Wokam Uju dialects, given by Herr Von Eybergen. Mr. Wallace writes Wamma, Wokan and Ougia.     P. J. V.  

Aropin.

A Papuan dialect, vernacular in S. Pacific. See Latham, p. 332.

Arorae.

An island of Kingsmill group, S. Pacific. The language is a mixed dialect of Samoa and Sandwich groups. First reduced by missionaries from Hawaii, 1858; now occupied by Samoan Christian teachers.     W. G.  

[16]

Arrow-Head.

A term employed to designate writing of a particular kind. The ancient inhabitants of Babylonia, Assyria, Armenia, Persia, and other adjacent regions used characters of which the ultimate element was the wedge: ► The resemblance of this form to the metallic point with which arrows were anciently tipped caused our early Oriental travellers to call all characters thus composed “arrow-headed.” Recently, the term “cuneiform,” adopted from the French, has displaced “arrow-headed,” which is now seldom used. It is important to remember that the two terms, whichever of them we employ, in no case properly designate a language, or an alphabet, but simply a manner of forming the conventional signs of speech. There are at least five quite distinct “arrow-headed” alphabets; and in one case the same cuneiform alphabet is used to give written expression to two quite different languages.     G. R.  

Aryan.

A name for the Indo-European family of languages, derived from Ariana, a province of the ancient Persian empire. The word is widely diffused throughout Eastern Asia: ex. gr., the small river Arius, now Heri-Rúd, on which stands the city of Herat; also the river Arus, or Araxes, near Mt. Ararat, in Armenia; Iran, Irac, or Iron. The term “Aryan,” in Sanskrit, implies “noble,” but the root is very widely diffused in an agricultural sense; as in the Greek ἀρόω; Latin, “aro” “to plough;” English, “arable.”

The Aryan family of languages is divided into the following branches:—Armenic, Celtic or Keltic, Hellenic, Illyric, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Teutonic, and Wendic (or Slavonic-Lettic). Each of these groups or branches will be treated under its proper stem, with sub-branches. See Introduction. ☞

Ashantee or Ashanti.

Sometimes called Odjii or Otshi, the national language of the Guinea coast, W. Africa; it belongs to the Mandingo branch, and is closely allied to the Fantee, spoken on the Gold-coast.

Asian or Asiatic.

Klaproth’s “Asia Polyglotta,” Paris, 1823, 1832. See Introduction.

Asilulu, see Amboyna.

Assamese.

The modern language of Assam, an extensive province of British India adjoining Bengal; it extends along the course of the R. Brahmapootra, towards Thibet. The archaic dialect known as Ahom, being extinct, has been superseded by a dialect of Bengali; Assamese is, however, unintelligible to the natives of Bengal. It is written in the Bengali character. See Brown’s “Comparative Table of Dialects: Asiatic Society of Bengal.”

[17]

Assan.

A dialect of Ostiak, or Yeniseian, vernacular in Siberia. See Castrén’s “Versuch.”

Assineboine.

A N. American dialect, spoken by native tribes of the Saskatchewan River line, between the Red River and Rocky Mountains.

Assinese.

African: a sub-dialect of the Fanti.

Assyrian.

The language of the ancient Assyrians, or people of Assyria, a tract lying upon the R. Tigris, between the thirty-fourth and thirty-seventh parallels. This language has become known to us within the last twenty years, through inscriptions disinterred from the buried cities of this region. The form of speech is found to be Semitic, akin to Arabic, Syriac, Chaldee, Phœnician, and especially to Hebrew. It is written, however, unlike most Semitic tongues, from left to right. The characters are very numerous and complicated; they are of the class called “cuneiform” or “arrow-headed,” being formed out of combinations of wedges. The best account of the Assyrian alphabet will be found in the “Expédition Scientifique en Mésapotamie” of M. Oppert. The language must be studied in the “Assyrian Dictionary” of Mr. Norris, and the “Elémens de la Grammaire Assyrienne” of M. Oppert.     G. R.  

Astek, see Aztec.

Aswarek, see Serawulli.

Atacama.

American: belongs to a desert land between Chili and Peru.

Atafu.

“Duke of York’s Island.” In Tokelau group; when found it had a mixture of Eastern Polynesian dialects; but now, by use of Samoan books, generally speak that language.     W. G.  

Athabascan or Athapascan.

A collective name for certain native dialects of N. America, lying to the S. of the Esquimaux. Vocaby. American Ethn. Trans., vol. ii. pp. 78-105. Buschmann: “Der Athapaskische Sprachstamm,” Berlin, 1856-63. ☞

Atiago, see Ahtiago.

Atinan.

Largely Tahitian, with some local peculiarities, but by the use of books in the Rarotongan dialect, is fast becoming Rarotongan; example, “fenua-maitai” = “good land.”     W. G.  

Atlas (Mount.)

The Mount Atlas languages, more or less known, are: 1. The Kabail or Showiah; more definitely the Zoave. 2. The Shilha or Morocco Berber. 3. The Touarik or Tamazight of the Great Desert. 4. The Ghadamsi or the Wadreagh.     F. W. N.  

[18]

Atna.

A name for Selish. It is derived from the native word for “man”—“tinni” or “tnai.” Vocaby. Trans. Amer. Ethnol. Society, vol. ii., p. 118. ☞

Atorai.

A dialect of Carib, vernacular in Demerara.

Atshin.

A dialect of Malay, vernacular in Sumatra. See Achinese.

Attakapa.

A nearly monosyllabic dialect, vernacular among the native Americans of St. Bernard’s Bay, Texas. See Archæol. Americana, ii., p. 307. ☞

Attic Greek.

A dialect of ancient Greek, originally peculiar to Attica, but which became the parent of the so-called “common dialect,” or ordinary language of Greek literature. The Attic had much in common with the Ionic, but affected contractions and retained aspirates where the Ionic discarded them.     G. R.  

Attigae.

A tribe of the Chech in Caucasia.     H. C.  

Atures.

According to Humboldt, the Atures were the original occupants of the cataract on the R. Orinoco, which bears their name; their language, on the authority of Gilij, is a form of the Salivi. ☞

Atye, see Whidah.

Augsburg.

Germanic: dialect of High-German spoken in Bavaria. See “Jnl. Für Deutschland,” 1783.

Auramoiset.

A dialect of Karelian, vernacular in the Government of St. Petersburgh. See “Memoirs of the St. Petersburgh Academy.”

Austral.

A group of numerous islands east of Tahiti, and so far Tahitian as to use books in the Tahitian language, though having some local peculiarities by the introduction of letters not in Tahitian; example, “param-akoako” = “exhortation.”     W. G.  

Australian.

The natives, now fast disappearing, had numerous dialects, all more or less closely allied; resemblances have been traced to the Tamul and other languages of S. India; the Polynesian, and Papuan. See Grey’s “Vocabulary” (of S. Western A.) 2nd Edit., London, 1841; and others by Ridley; Sidney, 1856, 1866: Eyre’s “Discoveries,” vol. ii., p. 391.

[19]

Auvergne.

Dialect of Provençal; glossaries in “Mem.: Soc. Ant.” French vols. ii., xii.

Avan or Avani.

American: a sub-dialect of Maipur.

Avar (1).

An extinct dialect, belonging to the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. It was Turkish.

Avar (2).

The most important dialect of Lesgian. See Vocabulary in Güldenstadt’s “Travels,” and “Asia Polyglotta.”

Avaricoto.

American: Carib of Cumana, belonging to the Tamanack division.

Avekvom.

A dialect of the Ivory-coast, W. Africa.

Awaiya.

A dialect of Malay, vernacular in Ceram, an island of the Indian Ocean; quoted in Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.” See Ahtiago and Hawaiian.

Aymara.

The language of the Indians of the highlands around Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia; by many regarded as the so-called secret language of the Incas, as, according to their traditions, Manco Capac, the founder of the Inca dynasty, came from that district; and although ruder and more primitive, it is closely allied to the Quechua, which, after the Inca conquest, became the general language of Peru. The oldest published works extant on Aymara are by Alcabiça, 1585; Ricardo, 1585; Bertonio, 1603-12.     D. F.   ☞

Aztec.

The language of the aborigines of Mexico; extinct in its original form, it has been fused with Spanish, and is now the native language of Mexican Indians.

ADDENDA.

Aberdeen.

A local dialect of Scotland.

Abkhass, see Absne.

Abunda.

African: same as Bunda. See Vocaby. in Douville’s “Voyage,” Paris, 1832.

[20]

Achaian.

A name for the ancient Greeks. ☞

Adamawa, see Hamarua.

Adang.

A Dayak dialect of N. Borneo.     P. J. V.   See Murut.

Adima.

Name for the servile class of Malabar; they have a dialect peculiar to themselves.     W. E.  

Adiyar.

A sub-dialect of Dravidian origin, spoken by aborigines of Malabar.     W. E.  

Akhwash.

Caucasian: like Andi, but with peculiar numerals.     H. C.  

Americanisms.

Name for Transatlantic idioms of English. See Webster’s Dicty., various editions: Bartlett’s Glossary, London, 1859.

Amoy.

An important dialect of Chinese; see “Manual,” by Macgowan; Hong Khong, 1869.

Andalusian.

Romance: a sub-dialect of Spanish.

Andhra.

An ancient kingdom and powerful dynasty in the Dekhan, now merely traditional: compare the Greek word ἀνδρος.

Anspach.

Teutonic: dialect of High-German. See “Jnl. Für Deutschland,” 1789.

Antilles.

American of the W. Indies. See “Histoire des Iles Antilles,” &c. Rotterdam, 1681.

Appenzell.

Teutonic: dialect of High-German. See Tobler: “A: Sprachschatz,” Zürich, 1837.

Arayans, Araans.

Important hill tribe of Travancore, called Malai-arasar, “Hill kings;” they speak a dialect of Tamul or Malayalim.     W. E.  

Arragonese.

A provincial dialect of Spanish.

Bab, see Port Doreh.

Baba.

A dialect allied to Javanese, vernacular in an island called Babber by the Dutch; it is one of the Serawatty group, E. of Timor in the Indian Ocean. Small Vocabulary in Latham p. 303. See Kissa.

Babuma.

A native dialect of Africa, vernacular on the Gaboon. See small Vocabulary in Latham, p. 563.

Babylonian.

A Semitic dialect spoken in Babylonia from the Assyrian conquest of the country, about B.C. 1300, to its occupation by the followers of Mohammed. It is closely allied to the Assyrian (which see), but is somewhat simpler. The language exists in numerous inscriptions found in the country which cover the interval from about B.C. 620 to B.C. 540, and also in the trilingual inscriptions of the Achæmenian Persian, where it is found regularly in the third column. The best account of the language, which is written in a cuneiform alphabet based on the Assyrian, will be found in Sir H. Rawlinson’s “Analysis of the third column of the Behistun Inscription”—Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1856.     G. R.  

Bachan, see Batchian.

Bactrian.

The dialect spoken in ancient Bactria (modern Balkh), now commonly supposed to be identical with the literary language called Zend. It is not at all certain, however, that Bactria was the country in which Zend was spoken. But there can be no doubt that Bactrian was a very ancient form of Aryan speech.     G. R.   See Zend.

Bagba.

An African dialect allied to the Bakele of the R. Gaboon.

Bagbalan.

A dialect of Kouri, vernacular in Central Africa. See small Vocabulary in Latham, p. 584.

Bagherme, see Begharmi.

Bagnon.

A native dialect, vernacular in W. Africa, spoken on the W. coast, S. of the R. Nunez; long Vocabulary in “Mémoires de la Société Ethnologique,” Paris, 1845.

[22]

Bago.

The dialect of several populations, vernacular in N.W. Africa; classed as a sub-dialect of Timmani.

Bagwan.

A native patois of British India, derived from Tamil.

Bahasa-tanah, see Amboyna.

Baikha.

A dialect of Ostiak of the Yeniseian class, spoken in Asiatic Russia. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 136.

Bajau or Bajou.

Dialects of Malay, spoken by the Sea-gipsies. See Vocabulary in Wallace; Appdx. to “Malay Archipelago.”

⁂ “Fishmen of Borneo.” Bajau properly belongs to all Borneo. The Bugis traders, who belong to all that Archipelago, cannot properly speak Bajau. Bugis is perhaps truly the language of the pirates of those seas, their head-quarters being (the Illanons) Illanon Bay, S.W. of Mindanao, one of the Philippines.     E. B.   See Biajuk.

Bakele.

A dialect of Kaffir, somewhat allied to Mpongwe, spoken on the R. Gaboon, W. Africa. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 561.

Baladea.

The native name of New Caledonia. The language is allied to Annatom, also called Duaura. See Aneiteum.

Bali.

An insular dialect of Javanese, vernacular in the Indian Archipelago. See Crawfurd’s Dissertation in “Malay Grammar,” p. 75. ☞

Balu.

African: a dialect allied to the Bakele, vernacular on the R. Gaboon.

Bambarra.

African: a division of the Mana class, spoken on the Upper Niger; including also the Jallunka, the Sokko, and the Susu. It is bounded on the E. by the Songho of Timbuctu, with which a new class begins.

Bamon.

African: a dialect of the N. W. division of Kaffir, allied to Ralu.

Banca or Bangka.

Besides the Chinese who work in the tin mines, Banca has a native population who speak a dialect of Malay, with some intermixture of Javanese, derived from Palembang, an ancient colony of Javanese, and other foreign elements.     P. J. V.  

[23]

Banffshire.

A dialect of the lowlands of Scotland. See “Remarks on the dialect of Banffshire, with a glossary of words not in Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary,” by Rev. W. Gregor, Philol. Socy. Trans., 1866.     W. W. S.  

Banga.

A dialect of Bengali, vernacular in Arracan. See “Asiatic Researches,” vol. v., p. 238.

Bangbay.

African: short vocabulary communicated by Dr. Barth to the Geographical Society.

Baniwa.

A variety of native S. American dialects, allied to Chimanos, vernacular between Brazil and Venezuela. ☞

Banjak.

Name of an island off Sumatra. The natives have two dialects:—(1) the primitive language called Batta, and (2) the Malay of Sumatra. See Maruwi.

Bantek or Bantik.

An Alfuru dialect vernacular in N. Celebes.

Bantu.

African: Dr. Bleek’s name for a very large class of languages, including the Kayo, Bunda, Zangian, and Mozambique branches.

Baraba or Barama.

A dialect of Asia; in its Russian form called Barabinski.

Barabinski.

A dialect of the Siberian Turkish spoken in the steppe of Baraba, or Barama, between the upper Irtysch and the R. Obi in Asiatic Russia. See Klaproth’s “Asia Polyglotta,” p. 226.     H. H. H.  

Baraki.

A dialect of Persian, spoken at Barak in Affghanistan, and at Kàniguram. ☞

Barbara, Santa.

A native dialect, vernacular on W. Coast of N. America. Jnl. R. Geogl. Socy., 1841. xi., 246-51.

Barbary, see Berber.

Barea.

African: a Negro dialect on the Nubian and Abyssinian frontier. Vocabulary in Salt’s “Voyage to Abyssinia.”

[24]

Bari or Barree.

A dialect of Central Africa. Mitterrutzner: “Die Sprache der Bari,” Brixen, 1867. See Barea.

Barre.

American: closely akin to the Baniwa, Tariana, and Uainambeu; it is probably the same as the Pareni of Humboldt, but Wallace uses it as a class-name. “Travels on the Amazon,” &c., 8vo, 1853.

Basa or Bhasa-Krama.

A form of Javanese. Literally “The polite language.” See Bhasa.

Basa, Bassa, or Bassah.

A dialect of W. Africa, belonging to the Grebo family and allied to Mandingo, vernacular in parts of Liberia.

⁂ A geographical or national division of Africa. See Kilham’s “Specimens.”

Bas-Breton, see Armorican.

Bashee or Bashi.

A dialect of Negritic, vernacular in the China Sea, S. of Formosa; a group of the Philippines. See Vocaby.: Belcher’s “Voyage of the Samarang,” vol. ii.

Bashkir.

A dialect of Turkish, spoken in Orenburg, Asiatic Russia.

⁂ The Baskir now speak Turkish, but there are many reasons for believing them to be of Ugrian descent. See Klaproth, A. P., and Müller, “Ugrische Volkstamm.”     H. H. H.  

Bashmuric.

A dialect of Coptic, formerly spoken at Bashmur, a province in the delta of the Nile; it was largely infused with Greek.

Basian.

A dialect of Turkish spoken in the Caucasus, almost identical with Nogay. See Klaproth, “Reise in den Kaukasus.”     H. H. H.  

Baspa or Bhaspa, see Moghol.

Basque or Escuara.

A language spoken in the Spanish provinces, Guipuzcoa and Biscay, partially in Alava and Navarre; in France, only in the arrondissements of Mauléon and Bayonne in the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Five principal dialects, with several sub-dialects:—Guipuzcoan, Biscayan (and the dialect of Llodia) in Spain; and the Bas-Navarrais, Souletin and Labourdin, in France. Clearly agglutinative. Analogies detected with the Finnish, by Prince L. L. Buonaparte and others; and N. American (Algonkin) by Pruner-Bey and Charency; also with the Khamitic by D’Abbadie, and Accadian by Sayce. Fabre’s “Dict. Français-Basque,” Bayonne, 1870, “Essai de Grammaire,” par W. J. Van Eys, Amsterdam, 1867.     W. W.   See Escuara.

[25]

Basundo.

A native dialect of Africa, belonging to the N.W. division of the Kaffir group, vernacular in the R. Gaboon.

Batak, or Batta.

A native dialect of wild Malays in Sumatra; it is allied to Bugis, with written characters imitated from the Devanagiri alphabet of Sanskrit.

⁂ The Orang Batta are the indigines of Sumatra; Banjak, Pakpak, Zingkal, Toba, are all sub-dialects of Batta in Sumatra. See Van der Tunk’s “Collection of Battak Texts, with Notes and Translations,” 4 vols., Amsterdam, 1860-62; “Bataksch Leesboek”; and “Bataksch-Nederduitsch Woordenboek,” Amsterdam, 1861. ☞

Batar, see Bor.

Batavian-Malay.

What is called Batavian-Malay is perhaps rather a Sundanese than a Malay dialect. It is the language of the natives of Batavia and its environs, a population sprung from the conflux of individuals from almost every part of the Archipelago; yet the Sundanese element seems to predominate. This language ought not to be confounded with the low-Malay spoken at Batavia by Europeans and natives in their ordinary intercourse, which is merely Malay corrupted by the introduction of foreign words and forms of speech. To these Europeans the language which the natives use among themselves is quite unintelligible.     P. J. V.  

Batchian.

A dialect of Malay, somewhat allied to Gilolo.

⁂ This island is one of the Moluccas; it has no indigenous population, but the so-called Malay colonists are of a mixed race, and the dialect they speak is mixed with Papuan or Alfuru elements.     P. J. V.  

Batemdakaiee, see Kulanapo.

Bathurst.

A dialect vernacular in N. S. Wales.

Batta (1), see Batak.

Batta (2).

A family of languages, vernacular in Africa.

⁂ One of the thirty languages of the Adamawa, spoken under 9° N.L.

Batu-Merah (“Red-rock” in Malay).

A dialect of the Mohammedan suburb of Amboyna, closely allied to Liang. See Morella.

Bauré, see Moxos.

[26]

Bauro or San Cristoval.

A dialect of the Solomon Isles, or Isles of Danger, in the Pacific Ocean.

Bavarian (Baierische).

A dialect of Teutonic, typical High-German. See “Bayerisches Wörterbuch,” by Schmeller, 4 vols., Stuttgard, 1827-37.     W. W. S.  

Bayano.

A dialect of Central America, vernacular at San Salvador, Guatemala. See Darien and Savaneric.

Bayeiye.

African: a sub-dialect of Bantu, vernacular in the interior.

Bayon or Bayung.

A dialect of Kaffir, vernacular on the R. Gaboon.

⁂ The name is important because it is the last of the languages on the W. half of equatorial Africa of which any specimen is known.

Beak.

A dialect of Papuan, vernacular in New Guinea.

Béarnais.

The dialect of Béarn, in the S. of France. See Hatoulet et Picot’s “Proverbes Béarnais, avec un Vocabulaire,” 8vo, Paris, 1862.     W. W. S.  

Beaver.

American: dialect of the Beaver Indians, N. of the Hudson’s Bay country; sometimes classed as Chipewayan.

Bechuana.

African: a dialect of Kaffir. Moffat’s “Spelling-book,” London 1826; “Bukauiane A B C,” Kapstadt, 1839. See Sechuana.

Bedfordshire.

A dialect of England. See “An Analysis of English, with an Analysis of the dialect of Bedfordshire,” by T. Batchelor, London, 1809.     W. W. S.  

Begharmi.

A dialect of central Africa, spoken to the S.E. of Lake Tshad; Dr. Barth assigns it to the Shiluk class. Vocabulary in Klaproth’s “Essai sur la Langue du Bornou,” Paris, 1826.

Beja or Boje.

A dialect of N.E. Africa, vernacular at Kosseir, the ancient Apollonopolis Parva, in Egypt. It is also called Bishari. See Burckhardt’s “Travels in Nubia,” pp. 160-1.

Belang or Bilong.

A native dialect of Celebes, somewhat allied to Langowan. See Bentenang.

[27]

Belgic or Belgian.

Old Belgic was Teutonic, Low-German, classed as a dialect of Frisian. Modern Belgian is a dialect of French. See De Reiffenberg’s “Nouv. Obs. sur les patois Romans de la Belgique,” “Echo du Monde Savant,” 1840.

Belonese.

Dialects of E. Timor, spoken by the Belonese under Portuguese dominion; sub-dialects are Teto, Vaiqueno, Viale, Manatuta. Vocaby. by Mr. Heymering, in “Tyd. v. Ned. Ins.” viii., 3.     P. J. V.  

Beloochi or Biluch.

The native dialect of Beloochistan, the tract between Affghanistan and the Indian Ocean, N. India; it is allied to Persian.

Beltin.

A dialect of Turkish, spoken by a small tribe on the R. Abakan in Siberia. “Asia P.” p. 229.     H. H. H.  

Benga or Benguelan.

A dialect of W. Africa, classed by Bleek as a sub-dialect of Bantu, N.W. branch. Mackey’s “Grammar,” N. York, 1855. See Bienga.

Bengali.

The vernacular dialect of the province of Bengal, British India; it is derived from Sanskrit, and written in characters modified from the Divanagari alphabet. See Carey’s “Dict. of the Bengalee Language,” &c., 2 vols., Serampore, 1825; Yates’s “Introd. to Bengali,” Calcutta, 1847.

Beni, Benin, or Bini.

A general name for the native dialects, vernacular in the Bight of Benin, W. Africa. Applied more particularly to the Moko. Other dialects are the Bonny, the Ibo, and Aro. See Clarke’s “Dialects of Africa,” p. 35.

Beni Menasser, see under M.

Bentenang.

Alfuru dialect of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts of Pasan, Ratahan, and Ponasakan, sometimes called Pasan Bangko.     P. J. V.  

Berber.

A language spoken in many parts of N. Africa by supposed descendants of the ancient Lybians and Mauritanians; it somewhat resembles Coptic in construction, with an African vocabulary. The word Berber is a form of οἰ βάρβαροι, “people whose speech is not intelligible; gibberish.”

⁂ More properly a name given by the Arabs and Europeans to several widely spread languages of N. Africa. “Dict. Français-Berbère,” Paris, 1844.     F. W. N.   See Libyan.

Berberini.

A language spoken on the Upper Nile, which has no relation to the Berber, properly so called.     F. W. N.  

[28]

Beresov.

The Ostiaks of Beresov speak a dialect of Ostiack. See Klaproth, “Asia P.”     H. H. H.  

Bergamasco.

A provincial dialect of Italian.

Berkshire.

A few remarks on this dialect occur in Nichol’s “Bibliotheca Typographica Britannica,” 4to, 1783, vol. iv., p. 44; see also T. Hughes’s “Scouring of the White Horse.”     W. W. S.  

Bethuck.

The native dialect of Newfoundland; it is allied to Algonquin.

Betoi.

American dialect of New Grenada, on the eastern slope of the Andes. Sub-dialects are the Airico, Ele, Girari, and Situfa.

Bhasa.

Native word for speech or language, used both in combination and composition. 1. In Bhasa-krama, the ceremonial language of Java, and in the Bahasa-tanah of Amboyna, it precedes; 2. In Brij-bhasa, it follows the word. Compare Sanskrit, वाचा, vâchâ, “speech.” See Amboyna.

Bhatui, or Bhatore.

A dialect of Tamul.

⁂ One of the cant, slang, or artificial languages of India; its basis is Marathi. Balfour’s “Languages of the Wandering Tribes of India.”

Bhil or Bheel.

A name for the Biluch of Beloochistan. See Beloochi. ☞

Bhojepoora.

A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken throughout the neighbourhood of Benares, in the N. of British India.

Bhootanese.

A dialect of the Bhotiya family, spoken in the modern Bhootan; it is allied to Tamul.     G. R.  

Bhot or Bhotia.

The language of Bhot or Bootan. The people of all Thibet, from Ladak to Lassa, are Bhotiäs, and inhabit the whole length of the Himalaya, along the snowy range on its S. face in Kumaon, Nipal and Sikim. Papers by Mr. Hodgson, in the “Asiatic Society’s Journal of Bengal.” A.C.

⁂ Bhot or Bhotiya: native name for Thibet or Tibet and the Tibetans; Bútan and Bultistan are from the same root, and serve to indicate the great spread of the Tibetan race. The Bútanis call themselves Lhopa.     R. G. L.   See Thibetan.

[29]

Bhotiya.

A general name for the Sub-Himalayan languages.     G. R.  

Bhramu.

A dialect of Nepaul, allied to Dahl. See Bramhu.

Biafada.

A negro dialect, allied to Padsade, vernacular in the Bissagos, or Bijugas islands at the mouth of Rio, W. Africa.

Biajuk or Biajú.

A dialect of Malay, of certain ruder populations of Borneo.

⁂ Properly Biajus or Beajus, the Dayaks of S. Borneo, in the ancient kingdom of Banyarmarsin, now under Dutch rule.     P. J. V.   ☞

Bibliography.

An attempt has been made to quote authorities under each leading article; but, for the general knowledge of all languages in a collective form, the following list of books is here supplied:—

Hervas: “Catalogo delle lingue conosciute,” &c., Cesena, 1785 (Italy).

Empress Catherine and Pallas: “Linguarum totius orbis Vocabularia comparativa,” 3 vols., St. Petersburgh, 1786-9.

Adelung and Vater: “Mithridates, oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde,” &c., 4 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1806-17.

Vater and Jülg: “Litteratur der Grammatiken, Lexiker, und Wörtersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde,” 2nd edit., Berlin, 1847.

Balbi: “Atlas Ethnographique du Globe,” &c., Paris, 1826.

Migne: “Dictionnaire de Linguistique et de philologie comparée,” &c., Paris, 1864.

Latham: “Elements of Comparative Philology,” London, 1862.

Tregelles and others: “The Bible of every Land: a History of the Sacred Scriptures in every language and dialect, with specimens, alphabets, maps,” &c., S. Bagster and Sons, London.

Müller: “Lectures on the Science of Language,” by Prof. Max Müller, London, 1862-64.

Farrar: “Families of Speech,” by the Rev. F. W. Farrar, &c., London, 1870.

⁂ For the later authorities quoted throughout the Dictionary, see published catalogues of Messrs. Trübner, Quaritch, and other dealers.

Bidduma, see Buduma.

Bienga.

African: language of the I. of Corisco.

Bight-head.

A native dialect of Australia.

Bijenelumbo.

A native dialect of Australia.

[30]

Bikanira.

A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken in Rajpootana, N.W. India; using characters of the Divanagari alphabet.

Biluch, see Beloochi.

Bima.

A dialect of Malayan, vernacular in E. Sumbawa, an island to the S.E. of Java. ☞

Bimbpa, see Cameroons.

Bini, see Benin and Moko.

Bisaya or Bissayan.

A dialect of the Philippine Islands. See Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” dissertation, p. 239. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. ☞

⁂ Also the name of a Dayak tribe on the R. Limbang, N. Borneo. Vocaby. in St. John’s “Life in the Forests of the Far East;” appdx. p. 407.     P. J. V.  

Biscayan, see Basque.

Bishari.

African: a collective name for the Danakil, Ilmormo, and Somauli. See Beja.

Bissago.

African: numerous and diverse dialects, vernacular in a small Archipelago, so called, between 8° and 10° N.L. See Biafada.

Blackfoot.

A native dialect of N. America, classed as Algonquin. It is now spoken by several tribes on the Saskatchewan river line. See Butler’s “Great Lone Land,” London, 1873, p. 385; “Trans. Amer. Ethn. Soc.,” vol. ii., Introd. p. cxii., p. 88; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 494.

Blackmouths, see Juripixunha.

Bobia.

African: a sub-dialect of Otam.

Bode.

A dialect of Bornu. See Kölle’s “Africa Pol.”

Bodega, see Olamentke.

Bodo.

A dialect of Thibetan vernacular in the Sikhim Himalayas. Hodgson (H. B.) “Aborigines of India.” See Mech.

Boëro, see Cajeli.

[31]

Bohemian.

Sometimes called Chekh or Tschekh, spoken in Bohemia, a province of the Austrian Empire; it is of Slovack origin, and closely allied to Russian. “Slownjk Cesko-Nemecky,” by Jungmann. Five vols. 4to. A Bohemian-Latin-German Dictionary; published by the Royal Academy of Prague.     W. W. S.   See Romany.

Bokhara or Bokaree.

A dialect of Persian, vernacular in Bokhara. See Klaproth “Asia Pol.,” pp. 242-54. Pallas’s “Vocab. Cath.” p. 102.

Boksa, see Kumaon.

Bolaango.

Alfuru dialects of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts Boloöng, Uki, Bentaüna and Andagile of Kattingola.     P. J. V.  

Bolar.

A negro dialect, allied to Bulanda.

Bolong, Bolaang, or Bulong.

A dialect of Celebes or Macassar, allied to Bugis; and sub-divided into Bolong-itang-ota and Bolong-mongondo. Respectively Upper and Lower, the former is the Bolang-itam or Hitam of Wallace’s App. “Malay Archipelago.” Classed as sub-dialects of Menadu. ☞

Bonny.

A class of native African dialects, vernacular in Guinea. See Obany.

Booro, see Cajeli.

Bor.

A sub-Turanian dialect spoken by a broken tribe of Nepaul.

Borabora.

Polynesian: A Tahitian language. Vernacular in one of the Society’s Is.     W. G.   See Tahitian.

Boraiper.

A dialect of Australia, allied to Aiawong.

Borgia, San.

A native dialect of California, N. America.

Boritsu.

A dialect of Kaffir (N. W. division), vernacular on the R. Gaboon. See Kölle: “Polyg. Afric.”

Bormio.

A dialect of Italian, vernacular in Lombardy.

[32]

Borneo.

The populations of Borneo are of mixed races, known as Biajuks, Biajús or Bajows, Dyaks, &c., as well as Malays. We have dialects of Kagan or Kayan, Kupua, Malo, Meri, Millanow, Murung, Sakarron, Sangouw, Sibnow, Sow, Suntab. Works by Crawfurd, Brooke (Sir J.), Keppel (Adml.), Marsden, &c.; for details see Latham, pp. 305-7; Vater, p. 465. See Dajak.

Bornu or Bornui.

A large class of native African, allied to the Haussa. Klaproth: “Essai, &c.” 8vo, Paris, 1826. Clarke: “Dialects of Africa,” p. 35. Kölle: “Grammar of the Bornu language.” See Kanuri.

Boro.

A dialect of Thibetan, allied to Bodo.

Bororo.

An unclassed dialect of S. American, vernacular in S.W. Brazil.

Bosjesman.

Dutch name for the Bushmen or Hottentots.

Bosnian.

Slavic, the dialect of Bosnia, European Turkey.

Botango.

A sub-dialect of Menadu. Small Vocaby. in Latham, p. 309. See Bolong.

Botia or Botya, see Bhot.

Botocudo.

A large class of native languages, vernacular in Brazil, S. America.

⁂ The dialect is quite distinct from the Guarani.     D. F.   ☞

Boustrophedon.

“To turn,” as the ox in ploughing; a term used of early Greek writing, which went alternately in different directions; Solon’s laws were thus written. It comes intermediate between the Semitic order of writing, viz., from right to left, and the European form from left to right.

Bouton, see Buton.

Bowditch Island.

The most easterly reef island of S. Pacific, occupied by Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries. Had no written language before visited by missionaries, and so nearly resembles the Samoan that its books are easily read and understood by the people.     W. G.  

Bowri.

A dialect of Tamul.

[33]

Brahminic.

A name for Sanskrit.

Brahooi or Brahui.

A dialect spoken in parts of Beloochistan, allied to Tamil. See Caldwell’s “Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages,” 1861; Leech: Paper in Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, July, 1838.

⁂ Interesting as showing affinities to Japanese, Loochoo, Korean, and Basque.     H. C.   See Beloochi.

Brai.

A dialect of France; Cambrai (Nord)? See “Dictionnaire du Patois du Pays de Brai,” 1852.     W. W. S.  

Braj-Bhaka, see Bruj.

Bramhu or Bhramu.

A dialect of Thibetan, vernacular in Nepaul.

Brasilian, see Brazilian.

Brass-town.

A class of negro dialects allied to Aro. See Oru.

Brazilian.

A name for the written language of the Tupi and Guarani races of Indians in S. America, as spoken in Brazil and Paraguay; it is largely infused with Portuguese, and much used by residents. In Portuguese the “lingua Brasilica” means the “lingua geral.” See Da Silva: “Diccionario da Lingua geral dos Indios de Brasil,” &c., Bahia, 1854.

Bremisch.

A name for the Low-German dialect of Bremen, N. Germany. See “Bremisch-Niedersächsisches Wörterbuch,” Bremen, 1767-71, with Supplement, 1869.     W. W. S.  

Brescian.

An Italian patois, vernacular in Lombardy.

Breton.

See “Dictionnaire Breton-Français et Français-Breton,” par Villemarqué, 2 vols., 1847-50; and “Dict. Celto-Breton and Breton-Français,” par Legonidec, 1807-21. ☞

Brissi.

A native dialect of W. Timor, closely allied to Teto. Vocaby. in Wallace: Appdx. See Kupang.

British.

A name for the Pre-Roman dialects of England. See Celtic or Keltic.

[34]

Bruj.

A dialect of Hinduwi, otherwise called Brij-bhaka, spoken in the province of Agra, Hindustan.

Bubonko.

Alfuru dialect of the Togean or Toühia Islands, in the Gulf of Tomini, N. Celebes.     P. J. V.  

Buchan.

A dialect of Scotland.

Budugur.

A dialect of Canarese, vernacular in the Nilghery Hills, S. India.

Buduma.

A native dialect of Africa, allied to Kanuri. Spoken by the islanders of Lake Tshad.

Bughelcundi.

A corrupted Hinduwi, otherwise called Baghelcundi, vernacular in Boghela, in the province of Allahabad, British India.

Bugis or Buji.

A dialect of the Malayan family spoken in the Island of Celebes or Macassar, an island adjoining Borneo, and written in a different character from Old Macassar. See Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” Dissertation p. 88. “Vocabulary,” Mission Press, 1833; “Chrestomathies,” Paris. See Mangkasar.

Buji.

African: a sub-dialect of Kabyle.

Bulanda.

A dialect of W. Africa, allied to Bago.

Bulgarian.

Also called Cyrillic; a dialect of Slovack origin, brought into Europe by the Bulgars, an Asiatic race who settled in ancient Mœsia, S. of the Danube, in E. Europe. Bulgaria, so named from them, is a province of European Turkey. Morse and Vasilief, Grammar, &c., Constantinople, 1859-60. ☞

Bulgarian, Old, see Slavonic.

Bullom.

A dialect of Mandingo, vernacular near Sierra Leone, W. Africa.

⁂ It is in contact with Timmani, but totally different therefrom.

Bulochi, see Beloochi.

Bumbete.

A native dialect of Africa, vernacular in the R. Gaboon. It is classed as a N.W. form of Kaffir.

[35]

Bunda.

The native dialect of Angola, W. Africa. Classed by Bleek as a sub-genus of Bantu, including also Angola, Nano, Otziherero, and Sindonga. See Cannecattim’s Dicty. Lisboa, 1804.

Bundelcoondi.

A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken in the district of Bundelcund, Allahabad, British India.

Buol or Buool.

Alfuru dialect of N. Celebes or Macassar, allied to Bugis.

Burgundian.

The dialect of Burgundy, E. France. One of the four principal dialects of the old Langue d’oil; the others being the Picard, the Norman, and the French of the I. de France.     W. W. S.  

Buriat.

A Mongolian dialect of the Turanian family of languages, vernacular near Lake Baikal, in the province of Irkutsh, Eastern Siberia, Russia in Asia. Castrén: “Versuch einer Burjätischen Sprachlehre,” by Schiefner, 8vo, St. Petersburgh, 1857. See Kalka. ☞

Burmese.

A monosyllabic language, vernacular in the Burman Empire, S. Asia; originally conformable to Chinese, it has been modified by the fusion with Pali, a Buddhistic dialect of Sanskrit. See Crawfurd: “Embassy to Ava,” Vocaby. in Appendix, p. 35. Dictionaries: Hough (Maulmein, 1845); Judson (Rangoon, 1866).

Bushman.

A dialect of African, remotely related to the Hottentot; it is also called Saab.

Butan.

A dialect of Thibetan, spoken by the Lhopa, people of Bhootan. See Bhootanese and Bhot.

Buton or Boutang.

A dialect allied to Bugis, vernacular in Boutong, a large island to the S. of Celebes. Only known by Vocaby. in Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”

Buttanir.

A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken by the Bhattis, a race of Rajpootana, N.W. India; it is sometimes called Virat.

Byzantine.

A name for the Greek of the Eastern Empire. Sophocles: Lex., Boston, U.S., 1870.

[36]

ADDENDA.

Badagry.

A language of W. Africa.

Badakshan, see Shighnis.

Bangsa.

African: a tribe of Kouri.

Barabra, Berabra.

African: names for the Nubians.

Barba.

African: a dialect of the W., like Mose and Fanti.     H. C.  

Behistun.

Trilingual inscription.

Belakan.

A tribe of Marulat in Caucasia.     H. C.  

Benua.

Orang Benua: people of Malacca. See Jakun.

Berne.

A sub-dialect of High-German.

Berry or Berrichon.

A patois of French; “Vocabulaire,” by Jaubert, Paris, 1839.

Besleyeutsi.

A sub-dialect of Circassian.

Bhumij.

A Kol tribe of India, allied to Sontal.     H. C.  

Bohmen.

A sub-dialect of High-German. See “Geschichte,” by Pelzel, Vienna and Prague, 1788-91.

Boje or Boye.

African: a name for the Taka or Takue.

Boko.

African: a dialect like Bangbay.     H. C.  

Bola.

African: allied to Pepel.     H. C.  

[37]

Bolognese.

Italian: dialect of Bologna. See Vocabulary by Verrari, Bologna, 1835.

Bora, see Mabang.

Bortlykh.

A tribe of Kasi-Kumuk, in Caucasia.     H. C.  

Botlik.

Caucasian: a dialect of Andi, allied to Akhwash.     H. C.  

Bourges, see Cher.

Bourgogne.

French: dialect of Burgundy. Glossary by Barôzai and Monnoye, Châtillon, 1825.

Brabant.

Provincial dialects of Holland; sub-dialects of N. Brabant are Bosch and Bredaasch.

Brandenburg.

Sub-dialect of Low-German. See Moritz: “Märkischer Dialekt,” Berlin, 1781.

Bredaasch.

Low-German: dialect of the Netherlands. See Hoeufft: “Proeve van B. taal-eigen,” Breda, 1837.

Bregentzish.

Sub-dialect of High-German. See Bergmann: “Ueber die Volkssprache-Bregenzerwalde,” Innspruch, 1827.

Brescian.

Sub-dialect of Italian. Vocabulary by Melchiori, Brescia, 1817-20.

Brinni.

African: name of a Kouri tribe.

Burrah-Burrah.

Also written Boora-Boora: a dialect of the Lower Murray R., Victoria; named after the negative, says Mr. Peter Beveridge.     J. B.  

Burtuna.

Caucasian; a tribe of Marulat.     H. C.  

Bute.

African: allied to Bangbay.

Bzub.

Caucasian: the best known dialect of the Ude. See Schiefner’s Grammar.     H. C.  

[38]

C.

Cabaros.

American; aborigines on the R. Tocatins, Brazil. See Castelnau: “Expedition,” vol. v., pp. 273-4.

Cabool, see Caubul.

Cacharese.

A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in Cachar, a province of Bengal; more generally spelt with a K. See Kookie.

Cachiquel, under K.

Caddo.

A variety of dialects spoken by the Tachi and other native tribes in N. America, from whom Texas has been named. See Gallatin’s Synopsis in “Archæol. Amer.” vol. ii., and “Tr. Amer. Ethnol.”

Cadiak, under K.

Cadmean.

Name for the earliest form of the archaic Greek alphabet, consisting originally of seventeen letters, derived from the Semitic; eight letters being added by Palamedes and Simonides, as we learn from Pliny.

Caffre or Kaffir.

One of a large family of languages spoken by the so-called Kaffirs in Caffraria, S. Africa; remotely derived from Coptic, and mingled with native African.

Cagataic, under K.

Cagayan.

Malayan: dialect of the Philippine Islands.

Cagliari.

A dialect of Sardinian.

Cag-Mag.

Coarse speech.

Cahita.

American: dialect of Sonora, New Mexico. See Vocaby. in “Nouvelles Annales,” Paris, 1841.

[39]

Cahuillo.

American: dialect of U. California. See “Pacific R. Reports,” vol. ii.

Cairnos.

American: see “Catechismo,” by Puente, a Capuchin, 1703.

Cajeli.

A native dialect of Booro, an island lying between Celebes and Papua. See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”

Calabar, New, see Efik.

Calabar, Old.

A dialect of Kaffir, vernacular on the W. coast of Africa. See Otam.

Calabrian.

Romance: sub-dialect of Italian.

Calchaqui.

American; name for the Inca, Quichua, Kechua, or Peruvian, dialects of Tucuman.

Caldani, see under K.

Caledon Bay.

Australian; tribe of natives. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

Caledonia, New, see Baladea.

Californian.

American: numerous dialects of Upper and Lower California, the chief being the Juma or Yuma, Cochimi, Pericu, Kechi or Kizh, Netela and Waikuru. See “Proceedings of the Phil. Socy.,” vol. vi., London, 1850; Schoolcraft: “Indian Tribes,” iv., 406.

Callilehet.

American: mountaineers of Patagonia.

Calmuc or Kalmuk.

A dialect of Moghol, spoken by the Kalmuk Tartars, in the steppes of the Caucasus, between the Volga and the Ural, towards Astrakhan, on the shores of the Caspian, S. Russia.

Camacan.

American: a dialect of Botocudo. Da Silva: “Diccionaria ... Lingoa Geral.” See Mongoyo. ☞

Camarian.

A dialect of S. Ceram, closely allied to Amboyna. See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”

[40]

Camba, see Kambali.

Cambojan.

A monosyllabic tongue, peculiar to Cambodia, in the E. peninsula of S. Asia.

Cambrai.

A patois of France; Dept. du Nord.

Cambrian.

A name for Welsh.

Cambridgeshire.

The dialect of Cambridgeshire (England) closely resembles that of Norfolk. See Forby’s “Vocabulary of East Anglia.”     W. W. S.  

Cameroons.

African: a geographical term for some dialects of Bantu, ex. gr. the Bimbra, Dualla, and Isubu.

Cames.

American: Indians of Brazil speaking a dialect of Guarani.

Campaspee.

Australian: name for the Gnurellean.

Canaanite or Canaanitish.

The language of the ancient inhabitants of the country west of the Jordan, closely allied to Hebrew. As the Canaanites were descended from Ham, but the Hebrews from Shem, the similarity of their languages has led to much discussion. Many of the new critics, Ewald, Winer, Bunsen, Renan, have argued that both peoples must have had a common origin. But since the publication of Knobel’s work on the ethnology of Genesis, this view has been generally abandoned, and critics hold with Gesenius and J. G. Müller that the Hebrews adopted the language of Canaan. In Gen. xxxi., 47, Laban uses an Aramaic dialect, while Jacob uses Hebrew.     R. P. S.  

Canaanitic.

Semitic: a name for the central branch, comprising Hebrew, Punic Phœnician, and Samaritan.

Canamerim.

American: dialect of the R. Purus. See “Trans. R. Geog. Socy.,” London, 1870.

Canarese.

A dialect spoken in the Carnatic, the capital of which is Mysore, a portion of the S. peninsula of British India, belonging to the Presidency of Madras; it is allied to Tamil and Cingalese, with a cursive alphabet very similar to Telinga, called also Karnatika and Kannada. Grammar by Hodson, Bangalore, 1864; Dicty. by Reeve (E. & C.), Madras, 1832; (C. & E.) Bangalore, 1858.

[41]

Canary, see Guanche.

Canaway.

American: name for the Kenay.

Canchi, Casnas, see under K.

Canichana.

American: a dialect of the Moxos missions.

Canistoga.

American: spoken on the R. Susquehanna.

Canoj.

An ancient dialect of Hinduwi, closely allied to Brug, localised at Kanuj, on the Upper Ganges, in Oude, N. India; spoken also in the Doab, a tract of fertile land between the Jumna and the Ganges, and sometimes called Canyacubya.

Canopus.

Inscription: bilingual Egyptian: known as the decree of Canopus.

Cant.

Slang or vulgar speech, derived from the Latin “canto,” “I sing.” See dicty. in “Life ... of Bamfylde Moore Carew,” London, 1789.

Cantabrian.

A name for a pre-Roman dialect of N. Spain, the ancient Iberia or Hispania.

⁂ Also sometimes used as a synonym for Basque.     W. W. S.  

Cantonese.

A local dialect of Chinese, called Kong; spoken in the province of Kwang-tung. See Dicty. by Chalmers, 1870.

Caraho, see Caraja.

Caraib or Carib.

A native American dialect, vernacular on the E. coast from Honduras in Central, to the Orinoco, S. America; the natives, called Karifs, have peopled many islands in the W. Indies. For Vocaby. See Davies’ “History of the Carriby Is.,” London, 1866. ☞

Caraja or Caraya.

American: dialect of the Province of Goyaz in Brazil.

Caranca.

American: dialect of the Quichua.

[42]

Carian.

An ancient dialect of Asia Minor, very nearly allied to Greek, found only in inscriptions, written in a modified Archaic Greek character. The language has not yet been explained; see “Révue Archéologique,” March, 1870.

Caribisi.

A sub-dialect of Carib.

Caripuna.

American: dialect of Brazil.

Cariri, see Kiriri.

Carnataca, see Canarese.

Carnicobar.

A sub-dialect of Malay, allied to Mon, vernacular in the Nicobar Islands.

Carniolan.

A dialect of Slovack, vernacular in the E. Alps, extending throughout the Austrian provinces of Carniola, Carinthia, and Styria.

Carolines.

A dialect of Polynesian, vernacular in the N. Pacific: see dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”

Carpentarian.

A native dialect of Australia, around the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Carpentras.

Egyptian: bilingual inscription in so-called Aramaic and hieroglyphics, called the Carpentras stone.

Carriers.

American: Mackenzie’s name for the Tacullies.

Carshun.

A name for Arabic, written in the characters of the Syriac alphabet as adopted in parts of Asiatic Turkey.

⁂ Numerous manuscripts are thus written, the Syrians having seldom consented to write Arabic. For an account of it see Asseman, “Bibl. Med. Laur. Catal.,” p. 51.     R. P. S.  

Carthaginian, see Punic.

Cartouch.

An ornament representing a scroll of papyrus, with an inscription, device, or cipher; an assemblage of Egyptian hieroglyphics. See cut: Shoopho, Saophis, or Suphis I., (Cheops).

[43]

Cashgar, same as Kashkari.

Cashmerian or Cashmeree.

A dialect of Sanskrit, largely influenced by Persian; vernacular in Cashmere or Kashmir, a mountainous district of N.W. India. It is written in the Divanagari characters.

Cassia, see Khassee.

Castelmagno.

A dialect of Italian, spoken in the Alps.

Castilian.

Romance, a sub-dialect of Spanish; see Dicty. of “Galligo-Castellano,” by Rodriguez, Coruña, 1863.

⁂ In the thirteenth century Castilian (la lengua Castellana) prevailed exclusively in the two Castiles and Leon. It is now the proper name for modern Spanish.     W. W. S.  

Catalan, Catalonian.

A dialect of Spanish, vernacular in the province of Catalonia; it consists of a mixture of corrupted Latin and Gothic.

⁂ The old Catalonian strongly resembled Provençal, and was spoken in Catalonia, Aragon, part of Valencia, and the Balearic Islands.     W. W. S.  

See “Diccionario,” by Cerda, Barcelona, 1824.

Catawbas or Kutahbas.

American: dialect of the Catawhays, formerly vernacular in N. and S. Carolina. Gallatin’s “Synopsis,” Camb., U. S. 1836. See Waccoa.

Cathlascon.

American: a mixed language of L. Columbia, also called Wasco, and sometimes classed as Chinuk; sometimes as Tschaili-Selish.

Catoquina.

American: a dialect of Brazil.     R. G. L.  

Caubul, under K.

Caubulee.

Modern dialect of Kabulistan.

Caucasian.

A term for Georgian.

⁂ Generally used, in a wide sense, of all the tribes inhabiting the Caucasus, and of the various languages spoken by them; but more properly confined to the tribes settled there from time immemorial, and not known to be immigrants, as the Lesghi, the Mitsgeghi, the Circassians, &c. See Max Müller: “Languages of the Seat of War,” p. 113.     G. R.  

[44]

Cauixana.

American: a dialect of Brazil.

Cauke.

American: a dialect of the Quichua.

Caveri.

American: a spelling of Carib.

Cayagau.

A dialect of the Philippine Islands, allied to Bisaya.

Cayapo.

American: a dialect of Goyaz, in Brazil. See Pohl’s “Reise,” Weimar, 1832.

Cayenne.

American: dialects of French Guiana. Those known are the Emerillons or Rocouyenne, the Oampi, and Oyapok.

Cayowa.

American: a native dialect of Brazil, classed as Guarani. See Castelnau’s “Expedition.”

Cayubaba, or Cayuvava.

The dialect of the Caháns or Woodmen of S. America; it is allied to Guana; spoken on the R. Mamoré.

Cayuga.

American: a native dialect of the Iroquois in the State of N. York. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” ii., 482.

Cayus.

The dialect of the Molele, vernacular in California.

Celdales or Tzendales.

American: dialect of the Maya spoken in Guatemala.

Celebese.

The native dialects of Celebes or Macassar, a large island in the Eastern Sea; all are allied to Batta.

⁂ Bugis and Mangkasar divide between them the S. Peninsula of Celebes.     P. J. V.   ☞

Celt-Iberian.

A name for early dialects of Spain, chiefly found on coins of the Roman era, with characters framed on the Old Italic. See Basque.

[45]

Celtic or Keltic.

A branch of the Aryan or Indo-European family of languages. See Ebel: “Celtic Studies by Sullivan,” London, 1863; Zeuss: “Grammatica Celtica,” Berlin, 1868-71.

⁂ It contains two classes: 1, the Cymric, which includes Welsh, Cornish (now extinct), and Bas-Breton; 2, the Gadhelic, which includes Erse, or Irish, Gaelic (spoken in the Highlands of Scotland), and Manx (spoken in the Isle of Man).     W. W. S.  

Celto-British.

A name for Welsh.

Ceram.

A dialect of the Molucca Is., allied to Buton.

⁂ Mr. Ekris, a Dutch missionary, gives vocabularies of Camarios, Hatusua, Kaibolu, Peru, Rumahkai, Tehulate, and Waisamu.     P. J. V.  

Ceris.

American: dialect of the Is. of Tiburou, California. See Bartlett’s “Personal Narrative.”

Ceylon, see Cingalese.

Chaco.

The most convenient name for a very large class of native dialects of S. America, vernacular in the district of Gran Chaco, Bueynos-Ayres.

Chagos.

American: dialect of Auraucanian, vernacular in a small archipelago off Chili.

Chaldee or Chaldaic.

An extinct language of Semitic origin, generally supposed to be Hebrew, modified by intercourse with the Babylonians. It is a name given to a dialect of Aramaic written in characters of square Hebrew, as found in the Books of Ezra and Daniel. Lexicons by Buxtorff and Levy.

⁂ Properly the language of the Babylonians during the period of their empire, but the name is given to the dialect current among later Jews.     G. R.   ☞

Chamori.

A dialect of lesser Polynesia, vernacular in the Pacific.

Champenois.

Romance: French patois of Champagne.

Chandor.

Tartar tribe of Central Asia.

Chandragupta, see Gupta.

[46]

Changlo.

A dialect of Butan, allied to Burmese.

Changos.

American: independent tribe between Chili and Peru, about 24° S.L.; dialect unknown.

Chanta.

A dialect of Yeniseian, spoken by Ostiaks.

Chaouia.

African: French form of the Showiah.

Chapa, under Chiapaneca.

Chapacura.

American: dialect of the Moxos Missions; also called Huachi. See D’Orbigny, “L’Homme Américain,” Paris, 1839.

Charca.

American: dialect of the Aymara.

Charlotte, Queen, Cape, see Baladea.

Chasdim.

In the original Hebrew of the Old Testament the ancient Chaldees are called Chasdim, where the Septuagint version reads Chaldee. It is supposed this race were Kurds or Georgians.

Chavante.

American: a dialect of the R. Tocatin, vernacular in Brazil. See Cherente.

Chaw.

A dialect of N. Arracan.

Chayma.

American: a dialect of Venezuelan Carib spoken along the watershed of the Rs. Orinoco and Amazon.

Check, Chekhe, see Bohemian.

Cheecheelee.

American: one of many names used for the Selish or Flat-head Indians. The more correct form would be Tsihaili.

Chemehuevi.

American: dialect of U. California, allied to Paduca.

Chemmesyan.

A dialect of Atna or Selish, vernacular in N. America.

[47]

Chepang.

A dialect of Nepaulese, spoken by a broken tribe of Dravidian origin.

Chepewyan.

American: dialect of Athabascan about Hudson’s Bay. It is the “Northern Indian” of early explorers.

Cher.

Romance: a patois of France; see de Gembloux: “Notices sur Bourges et la Dept. du Cher,” Bourges, 1840.

Cheremiss, see Tscheremissian.

Cherente.

American: a dialect of the U. Tocatin, allied to Chavante.

Cherokee.

A large family of native N. American dialects, classed as Appalachian or Floridian, now spoken W. of the Mississippi, but the R. Tennessee was formerly called Cherokee.

Cheshire.

A dialect of England. See Wilbraham’s “Glossary of Words used in Cheshire,” 2nd ed., 12mo, 1826.     W. W. S.  

Chetimacha.

A dialect of N. American, allied to the Muskogulge or Creek.

Cheyenne, see Shyenne.

Chiapaneca.

American: dialect of the Mexican province of Chiapas. See “Artes,” by Fr. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.

Chibcha.

Otherwise Muysca, a native dialect of S. America, vernacular at Santa-Fé de Bogota, New Grenada.

Chichua.

American: same as Quichua.

Chikkasah.

American: a former dialect of Alabama, now spoken in Kansas; also called Chicachas; classed as Mobilian.

Chilian or Chileno.

American: name for the dominant language of the original Indians of Chili; also called Araucanian. Grammar and Dicty. by Febres Santiago, 1846. See Moluche.

[48]

Chimanos.

A dialect of S. America, allied to Baniwa, vernacular on the R. Orinoco. See Ticuna.

Chin.

(1.) American: a form of the Chinese word for “men;” it appears in Atna, as applied to the Selish or Flat Heads, and in the word “Tshin” or “Chinook.” See Nagailer. ☞

(2.) Asiatic: a dialect of N. Arracan.

Chinantaca.

American: a dialect of Maya, formerly spoken in Oaxaca. “Artes,” by Fra. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.

Chinchaisuyu.

American: Quichua, dialect of Lima.

Chinese.

(1.) The most important and purest of all monosyllabic languages, vernacular in the empire of China. It has several sub-dialects, and resembles some idioms of Central Asia. The mode of writing is considered to have originated from drawings of actual objects, somewhat analogous to the hieroglyphics of Egypt, or the picture writing of Mexico. The word “chin,” in Chinese, means “man,” “men,” i.e. the inhabitants of that part of Asia. Works by Sir J. F. Davis, Bart., “Chinese Miscellanies,” London, 1865; “Moral Maxims,” Macao, 1823; “Poetry of the Chinese,” London, 1870. Dicty. by Lobschied, Hong-Kong, (E. & C.) 1866-9; (C. &. E.) 1871.

(2.) Dialects are Amoy, Cantonese, Foochow, Mandarin, Miau, Punti, Shanghai.

Chinook.

(1.) American: language of the W. Dialects are Clatsop, Cathlascon or Wasco, and Wakaikam. Vocaby. in “Hale’s Exploring Expedition,” Philadelphia, 1840.

(2.) A mingled patois, spoken by traders on the R. Oregon, N. America, and the W. coast generally. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes.” See Jargon.

Chippewayan.

A native dialect of N. America, sometimes called Ojibway, belonging to the Algonquin family of languages, spoken by races spread through Canada and the States, along Lakes Huron, Superior, and Winnepeg. They have a system of alphabetical characters very similar to the Cree.

See “Cree Grammar,” by Howse, London, 1805; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., 4.

Chiquito.

A large class of dialects spoken by tribes of Naguiñañeis, in Bolivia, S. America. Used also for the Missions. ☞

Chiriguano.

American: Bolivian dialect of the Tupi or Guarani. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américain,” Paris, 1839.

[49]

Chocha.

American: dialect of Mexico. See De Souza: “Biblioteca Megico,” 3 vols., 1816-19.

Chocktaw or Chahtah.

A native dialect of N. America, belonging to the Appalachian or Floridian group; the tribes, originally settled E. of the Mississippi, have moved westward. See Grammar by Byington, Philadelphia, 1870.

Choco or Cholo.

American: dialect of New Grenada, at the mouth of R. Atrato.

Chomano.

A dialect of S. America, somewhat allied to Chimanos.

Chondal or Chontal.

American: Squire’s class-name for the Woolwa. See Wulwa.

Chorotegan.

American: language of Nicaragua. See Squier: “History of Nicaragua,” 2 vols., 1861.

Chorti.

American: dialect of Maya, spoken in Guatemala. “Amer. Ethnol.,” N. Y., 1845.

Chouan.

French term; bucolic; speech of peasantry.

Choweshak.

American: language of Upper California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” Philadelphia, 1855.

Chowiah, see Chaouia.

Chrestomathy.

Greek word, from “χράω” “to import, to use;” a selection of useful passages from authors. Applied to books of extracts, with vocabularies, &c.

Chudic, see under T.

Chunipi.

American: dialect of the Chaco district. See Chunupies.

Chuntaquiro.

American: a dialect of the R. Tocatins, allied to Caraja. Also called Simisenchis.

Church-Slavic.

A synonym for the Old Bulgarian of the eleventh century. See Schleicher’s “Formenlehre der Kirchenslawischen Sprache,” Bonn, 1852.     W. W. S.  

[50]

Churwelsche.

A sub-dialect of Romanese or Romanic, spoken in the Engadine or Valley of the Inn, Canton Grisons, S.E. Switzerland. Also called Rhæto-Romanic.

⁂ It is rich in Keltic, whence its name, “Welsche,” i.e. “foreign.”     W. S. W. V.  

Chutia.

A dialect of Assamese, allied to Singhpo.

Ciampa, see Tshampa.

Ciganis.

A name for Gipsey. See Zigani.

Cingalese.

The predominant dialect of Ceylon, based upon Sanskrit; and apparently formed by the admixture of Pali, a Sanskritic dialect, with the original agglutinative languages. Grammar by De Alwis, Colombo, 1852.

Circassian.

A dialect of the Caucasus, divided into Adigé and Absné. The native term is Tscherkess. Dicty. by Loewe, London, 1854.

Clallam.

A native dialect of N. America. Vocaby. by Gibbs, N. York, 1863.

Clamets, see Lutuami.

Classification.

A term used for the methods adopted of sorting languages, and arranging them in families, groups, and divisions, by their real or supposed affinities.

⁂ The following simple table is proposed by Prof. Steinthal.

Farrar: “Families of speech,” p. 173.

[51]

Cleve.

Sub-dialect of Low-German. See Geerling: “Ueber die Clevische V.,” Wesel, 1841.

Cleveland.

A dialect of England, spoken in the district of Cleveland, situate in the North Riding of Yorkshire. See Atkinson’s “Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect,” London, 1868.     W. W. S.  

Clydesdale.

A Lowland Scottish dialect, from which numerous words are cited in Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary.     W. W. S.  

Cobeu.

American: language of the R. Negro. Allied to Uainambeu, and described by Wallace: “Travels on the Amazon,” London, 1853.

Coblentz.

Teutonic: a sub-dialect of Low-German.

Cocama.

American: spoken on the R. Ucayale.

Cochetimi.

A N. American dialect, allied to Acoma.

Cochimi.

A N. American dialect, vernacular in Old California.

Cochin-Chinese.

Monosyllabic: also called Anamite. Dissertation by Du Ponceau, 8vo, Philadelphia, 1838.

Cochnewagoes.

American: described as Iroquois; either extinct or another form of Cayuga.     R. G. L.  

Cockney.

Cant term for idiomatic speech of London, metropolis of the United Kingdom.

Cocomaricopa.

American: a dialect of Sonora, allied to Cuchan.

Coconoons.

American: a dialect of U. California, allied to Tularena. Spoken in the R. Mercede.

Coconuco.

American: dialect of New Grenada. See “Memoria,” by Mosquera, N. York, 1852.

[52]

Cocos.

A dialect of Polynesian, allied to Samoan.

Coeruna.

American: dialect of Brazil.

Cohistan I., see under K.

Colack.

A native dialect of Australia.

Collagua.

American: a dialect of the Aymara.

Comanch.

A dialect of Texas in America, classed as Paducan. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” ii., 494. ☞

Comasque.

Romance: dialect of Lake Como.

Comeya.

American: a language of California; spoken by Indians of the San Diego Mission (Bartlett); a tribe of the Yumas, according to Whipple. See “Pacific R. R.,” vol. ii., Washington, 1855.

Comparative Philology.

That branch of philology which treats of a comparison of languages by their grammatical structure, or the similarity of radical words.

Concho.

American: a dialect of Old Mexican. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 52.

Congo or Kongo.

A large genus of native African languages, vernacular on the W. coast. Classed by Dr. Bleek as Bantu.

Conibos.

American: dialect of Peru, on the U. Ucayale. “Bulletin de la Soc. Géo.,” Paris, 1853.

Coolie.

Indian word for “porter” or “bearer.”

Coorg, or Curg.

The dialect of Coorg, a mountainous district of Madras, S. India. Grammar by Cole, Bangalore, 1867.

Cootani, see Kitunaha.

[53]

Copeh.

American: dialect of U. California, vernacular on the R. Sacramento.

Coptic.

A language supposed to be derived from the ancient Egyptian, but mingled with Archaic Greek; it was spoken in the valley of the Lower Nile until the seventeenth century, but is now extinct. The alphabetical system greatly resembles Greek, with six letters adopted from the hieroglyphics.

⁂ The upper dialect is called the Sahidic or Theban; the middle dialect is the Memphitic, and the language of the Delta the Bashmuric. Greek words abound in all those, but most in the last. Vocaby. by Parthey, Coptic and Latin, L. & C., Berlin, 1844; Grammar by Schwartze, Berlin, 1850.

Cora.

A dialect of Central America, allied to Pima.

Cordofan.

African: dialect of the Capital, Obeyd.

Corean.

A dialect vernacular in the Corea, a peninsula of N. E. Asia, intermediate between China and Japan; it is a compound of Japanese with the Tatar. See Giliak.

Coretu.

A dialect of S. America, allied to Tucano.

Vocabularies are given by Wallace (Travels on the Amazon), and by Balbi (“Atlas Ethnog.”)

Corio (1).

A native dialect of Australia.

Corio (2) or Cureo.

A dialect of Italian, defined as Alpine.

Corneilles.

American: French name for the Upsaroka or Crow Indians.

Cornish.

An extinct dialect of Celtic, closely allied to Welsh and Breton; formerly vernacular in Cornwall.

⁂ See “Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum,” by R. Williams, 4to, Llandovery, 1862-65; and Norris’s “Ancient Cornish Drama.”     W. W. S.  

Cornish, Modern.

The Modern Cornish is an English, not a Celtic dialect; see “Specimens of Cornish Dialect,” by Treenoodle, 8vo, 1846. Another list has been given by Polwhele, Truro, 1808.     W. W. S.  

[54]

Cornouaillere.

Keltic: sub-dialect of Bas-Breton spoken in the diocese of Quimper Corentin.

Coroado.

A dialect of S. American, allied to Purus, spoken in Brazil; a similar vocabulary is called Coropos.

Coropo.

A dialect of S. American, vernacular in Rio Janeiro.

Correguaje.

American: language of New Grenada, spoken on the eastern slope of the Andes. See “Los Indios del Andaqui,” Popayan, 1855.

Corsican (1).

A dialect of Italian, spoken in the Isle of Corsica. See Robert’s “Sketches of Corsica,” London, 1825.

Corsican (2).

A dialect of modern Greek, allied to Mainot.

Costano.

A dialect of N. American classed as Talatui, spoken by the Olhones and Romonans, or Coast-men, in U. California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 494.

Costa-Rica, see Tularena.

Cotswold.

A dialect of Gloucestershire. See Huntley’s “Glossary of the Cotswold Dialect.”     W. W. S.  

Courland, see Curish.

Covareca.

American: a tribe of Chiquitos missions; see D’Orbigny, “L’Homme Américaine.”

Cowelits, under K.

Cowichan.

Language of Van Couver Is.; spoken in several dialects on the S.E. Coast, also on the mainland, up Fraser R. to Yale.     R. B.  

Craven.

A dialect of Yorkshire. See “The Dialect of Craven, with a copious Glossary,” by a Native (the Rev. W. Carr); 2nd ed., 2 vols., 1828.     W. W. S.  

[55]

Cree.

A dialect of Algonquin spoken by the Kristeneaux or Nehethowuck race of N. American Indians, widely spread along the tributaries of the R. Hudson in Canada. They use a system of characters greatly resembling our own stenographs. They are also found between the Red River and Rocky Mountains. See Butler’s “Great Lone Land:” London, 1873, p. 385. Grammar by Howse, London, 1805.

Creek.

The dialect of the Muskogulge race of N. American Indians, allied to Chocktaw. Spoken in Florida.

Cremonese.

Romance: dialect of Cremona, in Italy.

Creole.

Spanish word “criòllo,” from “creár” “to nourish”; it is a diminutive of “cría,” a “brood” or “suckling,” i.e. “a native.” A true Spaniard, one of the same breed; but brought up in America or the W. Indies; but applied also to any W. Indians of European extraction. In Creole forms of speech the basis is European; in Jargon it is American. Grammar by Thomas, Port of Spain, 1869. See Jargon.

Creolese.

A name given to the corrupted dialects of European languages spoken by negroes in S. America and the W. Indies.

⁂ (1.) English and Negro in Surinam. See Grammar (Neger-Englische) Bautzen, 1854; Dicty. (Dutch and Neger-Englische) Löbau, 1856.

(2.) Portuguese and Negro in Surinam. See Saramacca.

(3.) Dutch and Negro in St. Thomas (Danish.) Grammar by Magens, Kjobenhavn, 1770.

(4.) Spanish and Negro. Putman, “Gemeenzame Zamenspraken,” Santa Rosa, 1853.

(5.) French and Negro in Trinidad. Vocaby. by Joly, Paris, 1802.

Cretan.

Hellenic: a sub-dialect of Greek; see under K.

Cristeneux, under K.

Crivingian or Crivonian.

Mixed dialect of Lett and Fin. It is sometimes called Crivono-Lithuanic. See Lief.

Croatian.

Slavonic: a dialect of Servian spoken in Croatia and Dalmatia, Austrian provinces bordering on the Adriatic. It is closely allied to Illyrian, and is written with Latin and also with Glagolitic characters. See Dicty. by Sulek, “Deutsch-Kroatische,” Agram, 1854-60.

[56]

Crow.

A dialect of the Sioux class of native N. American dialects. The native name is Upsaroka.

Cuba, see W. Indies.

Cuchan.

The dialect of the Yuma Indians, in N. America, vernacular on the R. Colorado.

Cuciquia.

American: same as Chiquitos.

Cufic.

The most ancient mode of writing Arabic, so named from Kufah, in Irak, originally a province of Persia; the alphabet is modified from the Syriac, and is found in the earliest copies of the Koran and on coins of the first three centuries after Mohammed’s flight from Mecca, A.D. 622; now superseded by the Nishki, since adopted by Turks and Persians.     W. S. W. V.   ☞

Culino.

American: dialect of Brazil.

Cumana, Cumanagota.

American: dialects of Carib, closely allied to Chayma. See Tamanaque.

Cumanch.

A dialect of N. American, allied to the Shoshone, vernacular in Texas. See Comanch.

Cumanian.

An extinct dialect of Turkish.

Cumberland or Cumbrian.

A dialect of England. See Ballads and Poems by J. Relph, T. Sanderson, Rev. R. Nelson, E. Clarke, J. Stagg, Miss Blamire, A. C. Gibson, &c.; especially Cumberland Ballads, by R. Sanderson, with a Glossary by S. Gilpin.     W. W. S.  

Cunacuna.

A dialect of central American, allied to Darien.

Cuneiform, see Arrow-Head.

Cuneo, see Corio.

Cunipusana.

American: dialect of the Barre or Baniwa class.

Curacoa.

A compounded Negro-Dutch, spoken in the Caribbean Is., W. Indies.

[57]

Curaves.

American: a tribe of the Chiquitos missions. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américaine.”

Curdish, under K.

Curgi.

A dialect of Malayalim, called Kodugu, and allied to Tulu.

Curish, Curlandish.

Lithuanic: dialect of Courland or Kurland. See Lief.

Cursive.

So-called running hand; applied to alphabets of small, rounded or connected letters, that may be rapidly formed; from the Latin, “curro,” “I run.”

It is generally contrasted with (1) monumental or lapidary; (2) printing.

Curuminaca.

American: a tribe of the Chiquitos missions. See D’Orbigny: “L’Homme Américaine.”

Cushna.

American: dialect of U. California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii.

Cutchi.

A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken over the district known as the Runn of Cutch, N. W. India.

Cuzco, Cuzcucano.

American: dialect of Quichua.

Cymraig, see Welsh.

Cynurian.

A name for certain forms of ancient Greek.

Cyprian or Cypriote.

An extinct dialect, formerly vernacular in the Isle of Cyprus, not fully understood, but perhaps allied to ancient Greek, and expressed by a peculiar alphabet having some analogies with the Lycian. Inscriptions found at Citium, &c.; “Jl. of Biblical Archæology,” January, 1873.     G. R.  

Cyrillic.

A name applied to the written characters of Slavonian and Wallachian, ascribed to Constantine the philosopher, known as St. Cyril, the apostle of the Slaves, circa 850 A.D.

⁂ These characters are chiefly taken from the Greek, with many additions, and the number of distinct characters exceeds forty. The Russian alphabet is derived from it, but is simpler.     G. R.  

The name is also used for Old Bulgarian, the ecclesiastical dialect of Old Slavonic. See Church-Slavic.

Czech, see Bohemian.

Cabala, see under K.

Caipotorade.

American: sub-dialect of Zamuca.

Camshava, Cumshewan.

American: tribe of Haidah in Q. Charlotte’s Is.

Cathay, see Munipoori.

Cauraseni.

Indic: dialect of Prakrit.

Chacahuaxti.

American: sub-dialect of Totonaka.

Chahtah, see Chocktaw.

Chalchesi.

American: sub-dialect of Nahuatl.

Chamer.

American: Osage tribe of Arkansas.

Chami, Chumi.

Illyric: sub-dialect of Albanian.

Champhung.

Indo-Chinese: a Naga dialect.

Chanos, Chonos, Chunos.

American: tribe of Vuta-Huilliche.

Chasowo.

Ugrian: dialect of Samoyed.

Chechehet.

American: tribe of Puelche.

Chelake, Chilake, see Chirake.

Chellouh.

African: same as Shilluk.

Chichimek.

American: ancient dynasty of Mexico.

Chilcart.

American: leading tribe of Sitka.

[59]

Chilicothe.

American: tribe of Shawnees.

Chimmesyan, see Chemmesyan.

Chin-cheo.

Chinese: name for the dialect of Fu-Kian.

Chirake.

American: same as Cherokee.

Chirupa.

American: dialect of Maypur.

Chola.

American: mestizo race of Peru.

Chonos, see Chanos.

Chopunish.

American: name for Sahaptins.

Choscot.

Moghol: dialect of Kalmuk.

Chowhone.

Dravidian: sub-dialect of Bowri.

Chuchu.

American: dialect of the S. Xaverio Mission, Bolivia.

Chumi, see Chami.

Chuno, see Chanos.

Chunupies.

American: tribe of Vilela.

Cole, see Kol.

Concha.

American: Chikkasah dialect of W. Florida.

Crimean.

Turkee: called Krim-Tartar; dialect of the Crimea. Vocaby. in Montandon’s “Guide,” Odessa, 1834.

Crnogorci.

Servian: same as Montenegrine.

Culilan-Cunny.

American: tribe of Tehuelhets. Cunny: a tribal designation of that people.

Cumshewan, see Camshava.

[60]

D.

Dabantshi.

African: dialect of the district of Hamarua and Adamawa; Barth’s Collection; Gotha, 1862-6. See Batta.

Dacian or Daco-Wallachian, see under W.

Dacotah.

American: chief dialect of the Sioux; Pond: “Dakota Reading-book,” Boston, 1842. See Sioux.

Dagamba or Dagwumba.

African: dialect of the Kouri. See Ingwa.

Dahi or Darahi.

Indic: a dialect of Nepaul allied to Kuswar; it is also called Denwar.

Dahomy.

African: a large group of languages vernacular on the Guinea Coast. McLeod’s “Voyage,” London, 1820. See Widah.

Dairi.

The dialect of Western Battas, in Sumatra.     P. J. V.  

Dajak or Dyak.

The native dialect of Borneo, a large island in the Indian Archipelago: spoken by Polynesian aborigines as distinct from Malay. Keppel: “Expedition,” London, 1846; Hardeland’s Dicty., Dajacksch-Deutsches, Amsterdam, 1859.

Dakhani or Dukhani.

Indic: a dialect of Hindostani vernacular among the Mohammedans of the Madras Presidency, in the Deccan or S. Peninsula of India.

Dalecarlian.

Sub-dialect of Swedish; see Arborelius Conspectus: “Lexici,” Upsala, 1813; “Grammatices,” 1818; Ihre’s “Swenskt Dialect-Lexicon,” Upsala, 1766.     W. W. S.  

Dalla.

African: a negro dialect spoken on the Abyssinian frontier. See Shangalla.

[61]

Dalmatian.

Slavonic: a sub-dialect of Servian. See Frölich “Der Kleine Illirier,” Vienna, 1840.

Dalrymple, Port.

Tasmanian; native dialect of district so-called.

Damantshi.

African; assigned by Barth to a district of Hamarna.

Dammara.

African: sub-dialect of Hottentot.

Damot.

African: sub-dialect of Agaw.

Damulic.

Dravidian: same word as Tamulic.

Danish.

Teutonic: a language of the Scandinavian branch. It is the vernacular tongue of modern Denmark and its dependencies, and closely allied to Swedish and Norwegian. See the Dictionaries by Molbech, Copenhagen, 1841-59; Ferrall and Repp, 1861; and the Society’s great “Danske Ordbog,” in 8 or 9 vols., still unfinished.

Dankali (pl. Danakil).

A sub-dialect or division of Galla, spoken by the Danakil or Afers, an intrusive tribe located between the Red Sea and Abyssinia; the word “Afer” has been plausibly referred to as containing the lost root of the word “Africa;” most probably a variant of Kaffir; and “Dana,” taken speculatively, may be connected with the Greek legend of the alleged Danaan migration from Egypt, in pre-historic times. See Isenberg: “Vocabulary,” London, 1840.

Dano-Saxon, see Anglian.

Darahi, see Dahi.

Dard or Dardu.

A group of languages vernacular in Caubul, more especially on the mountainous tracts of the Paropamisan range; known also as Shina. Vocaby., &c., by Leitner. ☞

Darfur.

African; König: “Vocabulaire,” Paris, 1839; Perron: “Sheikh Mohammed’s Voyage,” Paris, 1845. See Furian.

Darien.

American: spoken by aborigines in the Isthmus, so-called. ☞

Darling.

Australian: dialect of Yak-Kumban. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

[62]

Dar-Mitchegua, see Dizzela.

Darnley (1).

Australian: native dialect of an island so named.

Darnley (2), see Erroob and Maer.

Dar-Runga.

African: allied to Mobba. Browne’s “Travels,” London, 1799.

Darsaleh Wady or Bergu.

Large district of Central Africa between Bornu and Darfur. The following languages are said to be spoken in it:—(1) Abue Gedam; (2) Ain Gamara; (3) Bili; (4) Bilting; (5) Girri; (6) Kajanga; (7) Kawak; (8) Kelingen; (9) Kodoyi; (10) Koromboy; (11) Kumo; (12) Madaba; (13) Madala; (14) Malanga; (15) Ogodongda; (16) Sheferi. Of these the Mobba is the only one known by printed specimens. The unpublished papers of Dr. Barth contain much new material for the investigation of this large and obscure region.     R. G. L.  

Dasen.

Papuan; dialect of the district about Port Doreh, New Guinea.

Dauphignese.

Patois of Old French: a sub-dialect of Provençal, formerly vernacular in the Dauphiné, S. France. See “Essai” by Jules, Paris, 1840.

Daura.

African: sub-dialect of Haussa.

Daurai.

American: Carib of Demerara; closely allied to Atoria.

Dautgart.

Australian: native dialect of W. Colack.

Deer.

Indian: a dialect of Swauti, closely allied to Shina. See “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.

Degombah, see Dagamba.

Dehwar, see Dahi.

Delagoa Bay, see Lagoa and Tekeza.

Delaware.

American: a dialect of Algonkin spoken by the true Beaver Tribe of the Lenni-Lenape race, originally located in the State of Delaware, but now removed to the frontier. The modern tribes are said to represent those with whom William Penn first treated in 1682. Pickering: “Vocabulary,” Boston, U. S., 1823. See Lenni-Lennape.

[63]

Delgado, Cape.

African: dialect of the Mozambique.

Dembea.

Semitic: sub-dialect of Amharic.

Demotic. (“Of the people.”)

A name for the most cursive writing of ancient Egypt; also called Enchorial.

⁂ It is written invariably from right to left, and has been derived from the primitive hieroglyphic. The earliest known employment of it was in the 7th century before Christ. See Brugsch: “Grammaire Démotique,” Berlin, 1855.     G. R.  

Denka (1).

Turanian; a name for the Odh or Sable Ostiaks.

Denka (2).

African: called also Dinka; it is spoken in Kordofan, and is allied to Shilluk. See vocabulary in Rüppel: “Reise in Abyssinien,” 2 vols., Frankfort, 1838-40.

Denwar.

Indic: very much like Dahi. H. C.

Deoria-Chutia, under C.

De-Peyster, see Fakaofo.

Derbyshire.

A provincial dialect of England; see “Glossaries,” by Mawe, 1802; Mander, 1821; also “The Reliquary,” ed. by Ll. Jewitt, F.S.A., a periodical.     W. W. S.  

Deri.

Persic: a sub-dialect of the Parsi, the descendant of the ancient Persian language, spoken in Persia from about A.D. 800.     G. R.  

Desya.

Dravidian: a term for provincial Malayalim.

Deutsch, see German.

Devonshire.

A provincial dialect of England: Dialogues and Glossaries by Palmer, 1837; Phillips and Gwatkin, 1839.

Dewalla, see Dualla.

Dewanagari, see Divanagari.

Dewa-ntshi.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.

[64]

Dewoi.

African: a dialect spoken in Dahomey, and allied to Bassa, Grebo, Kru. &c.     H. C.  

Dey.

African: a sub-dialect of Grebo, formerly spoken at Cape Mesurado, on the W. Coast.

Dhamuk.

A sub-dialect of Turanian, spoken by a broken tribe of the Himalayas.

Dhangur.

A dialect of the Kol language. The Dhangres of Chota-Nagpoor are the principal emigrants (as Coolies) to Mauritius and the W. Indies.     A. C.  

Dhenwas, see Dahi.

Dhimal.

The same language as the Mech; the Dhimals, like the former, live and thrive in the malarious tracts of Nipal, along the base of the Himalaya.     A. C.  

Dialect.

The division of a language. Term used for the local variation of a language that is habitually used by, or usually intelligible among, the speakers (applied to provinces or large districts).

Dialect, Sub.

A further division of dialects (applied to townships or small tribes).

Dibon, see Moab.

Dido.

Lesgian, same as Unso. ☞

Diebes-Sprache.

German term for “cant or slang speech”; also called Gauner-Sprache; See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 310-12.

Diebs Is.

German name for the Ladrones. See Chamori.

Dieguno.

American: language of the mission of S. Diego, vernacular in California. ☞

Diepholz.

Sub-dialect of Low-German, vernacular in Westphalia. See Müller: “Westphälisches Idiotikon,” Churlande, 1794.

Dikele.

African: classed by Bleek in the N. W. branch of Bantu.

[65]

Dimal.

Same as Dhimal. See Mech.

Dinka.

African: same as Denka. See Mitterrutzner’s “Die Dinka-Sprache,” Brixen, 1866-7.

Dioscurian.

A name for the various languages vernacular in the Caucasus; used collectively.

⁂ The word is derived from Dioscurias, a Greek colony on the coast of Mingrelia.     G. R.  

Dippil.

A native dialect of the Australian aborigines. Vocaby. by Ridley, Sydney, 1866.

Divanagari.

A name for the alphabet adopted in Sanskrit, and transferred to Hindostani and many sub-dialects; the word is compounded of “Diva,” “God,” “nagara,” “a city,” i.e., “the sacred city”; scil. Benares. It is apparently derived from the Cufic, and quite distinct from old Sanskrit, a name for Bactrian or Zend.

Divihet.

American: same as Puelche.

Dizzela.

African: spoken on the frontiers of Abyssinia; also called Dar-Mitchegua. It belongs to the Agaw group. Salt’s “Voyage,” London, 1814. See Shangalla.

Djabu.

African: name for Eyo or Aku.

Djebaly.

African: same as Kabyle.

Djoe-Tong, see Saramacca.

Doba.

A Negro dialect of Abyssinia. See Shangalla.

Dodi.

African: a dialect of Bornu, allied to Bode and Ngodzen.

Dofla.

A dialect of Assamese, allied to Abor.

Dog-rib.

American: a dialect of Athabascan, allied to Slave.

[66]

Dogura or Dogra.

Indic: a dialect of Sanskrit, otherwise called Jumboo or Mountain Punjabi, spoken in the Punjaub, N. W. India.

Doing-nuk or Nak.

Monosyllabic: a sub-dialect of Arakanese.

Dolganen.

Tatar: the most westerly dialect of the Yakut spoken between the Yenisey and the Chatunga by three small tribes: 1, the Dongot; 2, the Adgan; 3, the Dolgan. The Samoeids call them “younger brothers,” Dolgan being the Russian term. Latham’s “Nationalities,” vol. i., p. 262, London, 1863.

Dolkhali.

A dialect of Older Dravidian, vernacular in Nepal.

Domantshi.

African: the same as Damantshi and Dumantshi.

Dongolawy.

African: dialect of the Nubian Group, spoken on the Nile in 12° N.L.     R. G. L.  

Dor.

African: spoken on the Nile, about 3° N.L. See vocabulary by Petherick: “Egypt, the Soudan, &c.,” 8vo, 1861.

Dorbot or Durbet.

A dialect of Moghol.

Doreh or Dorey, Port.

Papuan: dialects of N. Coast of New Guinea; Wallace: “Malay Archip.”

Doric or Dorian.

Hellenic: a dialect of Ancient Greek, spoken in Laconia, Argolis, Corinth, Crete, Rhodes, and several cities of Asia Minor, known to us both through books and inscriptions. It is of a broader character than common Greek. See Portus: “Dict. Doricum,” &c., 1603.     G. R.  

Dorpat.

Sub-dialect of Esthonian, vernacular at Dorpat in Esthonia, a Russian province on the Baltic. It belongs to the Turanian family of languages, and closely resembles Finnish. Masing: “Vorschläge,” 8vo, Dorpat, 1820; Faehlmann, “Versuch,” Dorpat, 1842.

Dorsetshire.

A provincial dialect of English. See Barnes: “Poems in Dorset Dialect,” 3 vols., 1847-62; also Grammar and Glossary in “Trans. of Phil. Society,” 1863.     W. W. S.  

[67]

Dravidian, Dravirian, or Tamulic.

A family of languages, agglutinative in character, vernacular in the S. Peninsula of British India, and classed as Sub-Turanian. It includes Canarese, Malayalim, Tamil, Telugu, and Tulu. The term is derived from “Dravira,” a Sanskrit name for the Coromandel Coast. It is also called Nishada. See Caldwell: “Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages,” 8vo, 1861. ☞

Drewin.

African: a dialect of Grebo, allied to Bassa, spoken at Cape Palmas, Ivory-Coast, Guinea, W. Africa.

Dsuku.

African: allied to Nufi.

Dualla.

African: spoken at Fernando Po, W. Coast; classed by Bleek as Bantu. It is also spelled Dewalla.

Duaura, see Baladea.

Dugorian.

A sub-dialect of Ossetinian.

Dumagat.

A dialect of Negrito; vernacular in the Philippine Islands.

Duman.

A Gipsey dialect of Persia. See Latham’s “Elements,” &c., London, 1862, p. 248.

Dumantshi.

African: dialect of Hamarua. A form of Damantshi. See Domantshi.

Durbet, see Dorbot.

Durham.

A provincial dialect of English. See Glossary in “Surtees’ Society Publications,” 1837. See Teesdale.

Dutch.

The modern typical language of Low-German, called Nieder- or Platt-Deutsch; it is the name formerly given to High-Dutch or German and Low-Dutch or Flemish, but now narrowed to the Netherlandish of Holland. It includes the dialects of Holland or Low-Dutch, and of Flanders, or Flemish, with their sub-dialects, and is allied to Platt-Deutsch, being one of the great classes of the Teutonic. The Dutch of Holland has a copious literature, and is spoken in Holland, parts of the West Indies, South Africa, and Australasia or Netherland-India. Provincial dialects are numerous. See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 93-98; De Vries and Te Winkel “Woordenboek,” 1864-70, still unfinished; Hermansz’s “Aenleiding,” Amsterdam, 1723; Tuinman’s “Fakkel,” Leyden, 1722-31.     H. C.  

[68]

Dwama.

African: dialect of the Mana.

Dyak, see Dajak.

Dzekire.

African: dialect of the Yoruba.

Dzelana.

African: classed as Kouri, but allied to Mose, Guresa, and Gurma.     H. C.  

Dzhellaba.

African: dialect of Bornu.

Dzukaghir, or Jugaghir.

Ugrian: a sub-dialect of Fin.

ADDENDA.

Daco-Roman, see Wallachian.

Dakota, see Dacotah.

Danger Is.

Polynesian: language of the S. Pacific; a mixed dialect of Samoan and Tahitian.     W. G.  

Date.

African: a dialect of Akwapim.     H. C.  

Dauria.

Alatyan: a class of Tungus.     H. C.  

Dayak.

Correct form: the word is not “Dyak,” and “Dajak” is only a foreigner’s form of “Dayak.”     H. C.  

Dembo.

African: a branch of Shilluk.     H. C.  

Derbendian.

Sub-dialect of Turkish, spoken by certain tribes near the centre of the Caucasus.     G. R.  

Devanagari, Dewanagari, see under Di.

Dhangar.

Hindi: applied generally to the people of hill tracts, who come to the plains and engage as labourers; they are also shepherds, and closely allied to the Kurubars of S. India. They have a dialect peculiar to themselves. See Wilson’s “Glossary,” London, 1855.     W. E.  

[69]

Dher.

The lowest race in India, now generally reduced to a state of slavery, but retaining many household words, indicative of their origin, and well worth attention.     W. E.   See Pariah.

Dhurani.

A dialect of Affghan.

Djagataic, see under J.

Djetki.

Sanskritic: a dialect of Punjabi, spoken by the Djets or Djats, a people of the Punjab and Scinde.     G. R.  

Djoe-Tongo, see Saramacca.

Dofar, see Himyaritic.

Dom, Dombar.

Remnants of an aboriginal race in India, once a powerful people, now scattered as nomades, sometimes as predial slaves, or as acrobats, speaking all dialects, but having a domestic jargon peculiar to themselves. See “Supplementary Glossary, N. W. P.”     W. E.  

Domingo, St., see W. Indies.

Donki, see Tungus.

Double-Dutch.

Gibberish: anything perfectly unintelligible.

Dsebu, Dsekiri, Dsuma.

African: Aku dialects. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.”     H. C.  

Dsungar, Dzungarian.

Moghol: sub-dialect of Tatar.

Dukhani, see Dakhani.

Dumhoeta.

A dialect of Danakil.

Duzen.

German term: familiar speech.

Dynke.

African: dialect of the U. Nile.

Dyur or Luoh.

African: name for the Shilluk, including Bellanda and Dembo. See Schweinfurth’s Grammar and Vocaby., Berlin, 1873.     H. C.  

Dzungarian, see Dsungar.

[70]

E.

Eafen.

African: a dialect of the Otam.

Eap, see Yap.

East-Anglian.

A name given to the dialect which prevails in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and parts of Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. See Forby’s “Glossary of the East-Anglian Dialect”; Moor’s “Suffolk Words”; and the glossary appended to Nall’s “Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft.”     W. W. S.  

Easter Is., see Teapy.

Ebe.

African: a dialect of the Nufi.

Ebo, see Ibo.

Ecclemachs.

American: a dialect of Upper California, known only from a few words. See “Mithridates,” iii., 3.

Ecuador.

American: general name for a group of languages vernacular in State so called.

Edo, see Shiho.

Efik.

African: language of the Old Calabar R., and allied to Avekvom.     H. C.  

Egarra.

African: dialect of the Yoruba.

Egba.

African: dialect of the Yoruba. See Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.”     H. C.  

Egbele.

African: dialect of the Ibo, allied to Okuloma, Uago, Sobo, Bini, and Olomo.     H. C.  

Egbira-Hima and Egbira-Panda.

African: dialects of the Nufi.

[71]

Egyptian.

A name for the old language of Egypt, as read in hieroglyphics, in Hieratic and Demotic inscriptions, and papyri. Works by Champollion, Young, Sharpe, Lepsius, Brugsch, Lieblein, and Bunsen. (Vol. v. of “England’s Place in Universal History” contains a most copious dictionary by Dr. Birch.) Grammar by Tattam, London, 1863.

⁂ By some the language is regarded as monosyllabic; by others as undeveloped Semitic; by others it is called Hamitic, and thought to be allied to Turanian.     G. R.   See Coptic.

Ehnek.

American: vernacular in N. California.

Ekamtulufu.

African: a dialect of the Otam.

Eke.

African: a dialect of the Aku. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.”     H. C.  

Ekhkili.

A name applied to the modern dialect of Himyaritic now spoken in S. Arabia; it is allied to Tigre and other dialects of Abyssinia, and classed with the Old Egyptian.     G. R.  

Ele.

American: a dialect of the Betoi.

Eleuth.

A dialect of Calmuc, vernacular throughout W. Mongolia.

Elminah.

African: a dialect of the Fanti, vernacular on the Gold-coast.

Eloikob, see Ukuafi.

Elu.

A name for the written and most ancient dialect of Cingalese.

Elugu.

African: akin to the Isoama and Iswani. See Clarke’s “Vocabulary.”

Emden.

A sub-dialect of Low-German. See Krüger: “Uebersicht,” Emden, 1843.

Emerillon.

American: name of a tribe, nation, or confederacy of French Guiana, said to have been subdued or nearly extinguished by the Oyapok. See Oyapok.

[72]

Emilian.

A patois of native Italian, vernacular along the upper course of the ancient Via Æmilia.

Enarean.

Portuguese name for a country, comparatively unknown, in the extreme S. of Abyssinia. We have no vocabularies, and it is submitted that it is, word for word, the Inyooro of Speke; if so, the word for “water,” which is “maidy,” is Kaffir; and the Enarean is a language of the Kaffir class, of which it is the most central representative.     R. G. L.  

Enchorial (“Of the Country”).

The same thing as Demotic.

Ende.

A dialect of Flores or Mangreya, an island of the Indian Archipelago, closely allied to Bima. See Flores.

Endkek or Enedkek.

A dialect of Sanskrit, spoken by Mongolian Buddhists.

Engadino or Enghadine.

A variety of the Romanese or Romance family, derived from Latin; it is a dialect of the Grisons or Graubünden of Switzerland, vernacular on the head waters and upper course of the R. Inn; it is sub-divided into two dialects, the upper and lower.

Engano or Enganho.

A dialect of the E. Indies. It is a well-marked and archaic dialect of Sumatra, spoken in an island so named.     R. G. L.   See Tilanjang.

Engerekmung.

American: native name for the Botocudos of Brazil. See Trübner’s “Bibliotheca Glottica,” pp. 67-8.

England, New, under N.

English.

The vernacular language of the British Empire, peculiar to England; it is an offshoot from the Teutonic, formed directly from the Anglo-Saxon, with an admixture of Norman-French, and closely allied to Frisian and other dialects of Platt or Low-German. Mr. Skeat proposes to distinguish six periods or sub-divisions, viz.: 1, Old English (old and late old); 2, Middle English (early-middle and middle); 3., Modern English (Tudor and Modern); or, 1, to A.D. 1100; 2, to about A.D. 1240; 3, to A.D. 1327; 4, to A.D. 1484; 5, to A.D. 1603; 6, to present time. See Latham: “English Language,” and others; Stratmann’s and Wedgwood’s Dictionaries; Halliwell and Wright: “Archaic and Provincial”; Ellis: “Pronunciation”; publications of the E. E. Text Society; Morris: “Outlines of English Accidence”; Mätzner: “Englische Grammatik,” Berlin, 1860; Koch’s “Historische Grammatik,” Weimar, 1863-9. ☞

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Enishi.

African: akin to the Umowo. See Clarke’s “Vocabularies.”

Eregba.

African: a dialect of the Nufi.

Erromango.

A class of Western Polynesian, allied to Annatom or Aneiteum, the most easterly of the N. Hebrides group.     W. G.  

Erroob.

A dialect of Miriam, vernacular in the Darnley Is. See Jukes: “Voyage of the Fly,” vol. ii., p. 274.

Erse, see Irish.

Escuara or Euskarian.

Native name for the Basque language. The word is of doubtful etymology; the term Basque is a variant of Vascony or Gascony, the B, V, and G being interchangeable. The language is clearly agglutinative, but no close affinity has been established, although many analogies have been detected. The people call themselves “Escualdun.” See De Larramendi: “Diccionario trilingüe del Castellano, Bascuence y Latin,” St. Sebastian, 1853; vocabulary by Humboldt (additions to “Mithridates”), 8vo, Berlin, 1817; D’Abbadie and Chato, Paris, 1836.     J. V.   See Basque.

Esitako.

African: a dialect of Nufi.

Eskelen or Eslenes.

American: vernacular in U. California. See Vocaby. in “Tr. Am. Ethnol. Soc.,” vol. ii., p. 127.

Esquimaux or Eskimo.

The language of a people so called, dispersed along the polar regions of N. America from the Atlantic to the Pacific; it is allied to many other native American dialects, but with decided affinities to the languages of N.E. America. This people call themselves “Innuit,” i.e., “the people”; Eskimo is the Danish, Esquimaux the French form of the same word. See Kleinschmidt: “Grammatik,” Berlin, 1851; Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 78. ☞

Essex.

A sub-dialect of English. See “John Noakes and Mary Styles,” London, 1839.

Esthonian.

The language of Esthonia, a Baltic province of Russia in Europe; it is sub-divided into two dialects, spoken in the districts of Revel and Riga (Dorpat). It belongs to the Turanian family of languages, and closely resembles Finnish. See Wiedemann: “Esthnisch-D. Wörterbuch,” St. Petersburg, 1869.

[74]

Estrangelo.

The name of the most ancient alphabet of the Syrians. It is a modification of the ordinary Hebrew square characters, but adapted to the reed, which the Syrians used instead of pens. Its name signifies “the gospel character,” it having been retained by the scribes for the copying of the scriptures and ritual books long after it had given way to more cursive styles of writing in ordinary works. See Dr. Land’s “Anecdota Syriaca,” vol. i., which contains twenty-five pages of specimens of the most famous MSS. in the British Museum, together with a palæographical introduction.     R. P. S.  

Etchemin.

American: a dialect of New England, belonging to the Abenaki division of the Algonkin class. The name tells us that it was spoken in the State of Maine.

⁂ See Barratt: “The Indian, &c.,” Middletown, Conn., 1851; Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 109.

Ethiopic.

Semitic: An extinct dialect of Arabic, closely resembling Amharic, and written in large uncial characters resembling Himyaritic; it was spoken in Abyssinia, anciently called Ethiopia, and is known to the natives as “Lisana Gheëz.” See Ludolph; Schrader: “De Lingua Æthiopica,” Göttingen, 1860; Dillman: “Lexicon, Grammar, and Chrestomathy,” Leipsig, 1857-66.

Ethnology.

The study of mankind in tribes, races, and nations; treating of all that relates to their physical characteristics, their language, manners, customs, religion, &c. Somewhat different from the word Anthropology. See Latham: “Descriptive Ethnology,” and others; Prichard: “Physical History of Mankind,” and others.

Etrurian or Etruscan.

An early dialect of Italy, known only from inscriptions; it is classed by some as Thraco-Pelasgic or Greco-Latin. The Etruscans were the most dominant power of Italy in pre-Roman times; their native appellation was Ras or Rasena, but the Latins called them Tusci, the Greeks called them Tyrrhenians. The Abbé Migne has discussed the whole question. See “Dict. de Linguistique,” &c., folios 554-600, where the authorities are cited and references given. Works by Mrs. Gray, Lord Crawfurd, Döderlein, Müller, Betham, Zeuss, Mommsen, and Steub. See Palæo-Georgian.

Etymology.

The science that treats of the structure, origin, form, and meaning of words.

Eudeve, see Heve.

European, see Indo-European.

Euskarian, see Escuara.

[75]

Ewoi.

African: a dialect of the Slave-coast.

Exmoor.

A provincial dialect of English, spoken in Devonshire. See “Exmoor Courtship and Scolding,” London, 1839.

Eyo or Eyish.

African: the same as Alieh, a sub-dialect of the Yarriba or Yoruba.

ADDENDA.

Ediya, see Adiyah.

Edjo.

African: tribes encroaching on Abyssinia.     H. C.  

Eelikinoo.

American: Sitka dialect of Chatham’s Strait.

Ehatsar.

American: name for Minetare.

Eijiquaijegi.

American: native name for Guaykuru of Cujaba.

Ejo.

African: same as Oru.

Ek-afir.

African: a form of the word Kaffir.

Ekklemache.

American: tribe of Eskelen in California.

Ellikpur.

Indian: dialect of Gond.

Empungwa, see Mpongwe.

Enagua.

American: extinct tribe of Omagua in Venezuela.

Enakaga.

American: dialect of Guaykuru.

Encounter Bay.

Australian. See Eyre’s “Journal,” London, 1845.

[76]

Endeavour River.

Australian. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

English, Old.

A name for Anglo-Saxon, sometimes applied to early English. See Mätzner’s “Altenglische Sprachproben”; Rask’s Grammar, by Thorpe, London, 1865; Hyde Clarke’s “Comparative Philology of the English,” &c., London, 1859.

Enimaga.

American: name for the Kochaboth tribe of Guaykuru.

Enua, under F.

Epic Greek.

That is, poetic forms of expression, as opposed to comic or tragic. See Pinzger’s “Formenlehre des Epischen,” Breslau, 1829.

Epigraphic, see Inscriptions.

Erigas.

American: quoted in Jülg’s “Vater” as Irokese.

Escopie, see Skoffi.

Eurasian.

The name given in India to the Half-castes, or mixed progeny of Europeans and Asiatics. The Portuguese Half-castes speak Portuguese and Hindustani: the English ones English and Hindustani and Bengali.     A. C.  

F.

Fakaofo or Bowditch Is.

Polynesian: dialect of De Peyster’s Is.

Fala, Falantshi, or Falanji.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.

⁂ Judging from Barth’s account, the termination “anji” would seem to mean “tongue”; he gives us instances of similar forms so applied.     W. S. W. V.   See Batta.

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Falasha.

A dialect of Agaw, spoken by a people, called “Black Jews,” scattered throughout Abyssinia. See D’Abbadie, in “Bulletin de la Soc. de Géog.,” Paris, 1845, and a modern book by Flad.

⁂ Derived from the Hebrew “fallâsi” (root פלש) a “wanderer” or “stranger.”     A. H. B.

Fall-Indians.

American: a name for tribes of the Alasar. See Minetari.

Fallersleben.

A sub-dialect of Low-German. See Hoffmann’s “Mundartliche,” in Spiel’s “Archives,” 1821.

Families of Speech.

A name for primary divisions of languages, classed genealogically. See Dr. Farrar’s book, so called, London, 1870.

Fan.

Dialect of Sanskrit, used by Chinese Buddhists.

⁂ The full term is “Fan-lan-mo,” equivalent for “Brahma” in Chinese. See “Families of Speech,” p. 14.

Fanintshi.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua. See Batta.

Fant or Fante (1).

A name for the Gipsey dialect of Norway.

Fantee or Fanti (2).

African: dialect of the Gold-coast, closely resembling Avekvom, Ashantee, &c. See Kilham’s “Specimens.” Same as the Inta of Bowditch.

Faroer or Faroese.

Teutonic: a sub-dialect of Scandinavian, spoken in the Faroe Is., and closely resembling Icelandic. See Ferroe.

Farsi or Parsi.

A name for Old Persic, now extinct, but from which modern Persian has been derived.

⁂ It is that stage of the Persian language which followed on the Pehlevi, and prevailed from about A.D. 500 to A.D. 1000.     G. R.  

Faschetru.

African: a negro dialect of Nubia. See Rifaud: “Tableau de l’Egypte,” Paris, 1830.

Fassa.

Sub-dialect of Italian, spoken in the Tyrol.

[78]

Faté.

Polynesian: a dialect of the New Hebrides.

Favorlang.

A dialect of Malay, spoken in Formosa. See Happart: “Dict.,” Batavia, 1840.

Fazoglo.

African: spoken in Kordofan; also called Qamamyl, and somewhat allied to Denka and Shilluk. See Rüppell: “Reisen,” &c.

Feejeean or Fiji.

Language of the Yiti, Figi, Fidjee, or Viji Is. in the S. Pacific; the largest island is called Viti Lebu. See Hazlewood: “Grammar and Dict.,” 1850-2.

⁂ Classed as Malayan; it has sub-dialects, and has been reduced to writing by missionaries.     H. C.  

Feis.

Dialect of the Carolines. See Ulea.

Fella, Fellatah, see Fula.

Felup or Flup.

African: spoken on the R. Gambia. See Park’s “Travels.” Allied to Bagnon, &c.

Fenua.

A dialect of Papuan. In eastern islands, Ennua.     W. G.  

Fernandian.

African: dialects of Fernando Po, classed by Bleek in the N.W. branch of Bantu. See Adiyah.

Ferrara.

Sub-dialect of Italian. Vocabulary by Mannini, 1805.

Fertit (Golo).

African: spoken in Kordofan, about 9° or 10° N.L.; it is somewhat allied to Shabun. See Rüppell: “Reisen in Nubien.” See Kredy.

Fetu.

African: said to be a dialect of Fanti or Inta.     H. C.   See Afudu.

Fiaka.

Sub-dialect of Aino or Kurilian.

Fico, see California, Lower.

Fidah, see Widah.

Fiji, see Feejeean.

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Filani.

African: Haussa name for Fula.

Finnic, Finnish, or Finlandish.

Agglutinative; the typical language of the Chudic, or Tschoudic family of Turanian; it is the native dialect of Finland, a grand duchy of European Russia, N. of the Baltic; it is, like Turkish, Tatar, and Moghol, classed as Alatyan, but largely influenced by Swedish and Russian. See Kellgren: “Die Grundzüge der Finnischen Sprache,” Berlin, 1847.

⁂ Dialects are (1) Province of Abo, (2) Tavastrian, (3) Karelian, (4) Olonetsian, (5) Vadialaiset. See Suomelaiset.

Firokana.

The name of an alphabetic character used by the Japanese.

Flash.

A name for Cant or Slang, derived, it is said, from a village so named in Staffordshire, but see the Swiss “flatschen,” “flatzgen.” Vocabularies in “The Scoundrel’s Dictionary” and “Life of James Hardy Vaux.”

Flat-bow.

A name for the Kútani tribes of N. American Indians. See Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 97.

Flat-head, see Selish.

Flemish.

A dialect of Platt-Deutsch or Low-German, spoken in Flanders and other provinces of Belgium; it is closely allied to Dutch, and of cognate origin with Anglo-Saxon. See Van de Velde et Sleeckx: “Dict. Fr.-Flamand et Fl.-Fr.,” 2 vols., Bruxelles, 1848-51.

⁂ Classed as Netherlandish, and closely allied to Holland. Its chief variations consist in the introduction of French roots (Walloon or Welsh). It has an ancient and a modern literature.     H. C.  

Flores.

Sub-dialects of Malay, vernacular in the I. of Flores or Mangeylo, and closely allied to Bima. It is also called Ende.

Flup, see Felup.

Fobi.

African: dialect of the Soudan, lying N. of the Dagwamba.

Fokien.

A provincial dialect of Chinese.

Fonofo.

A sub-dialect of Papuan.

[80]

Foo-Chow.

A local dialect of Chinese. Dict. by Maclay and Baldwin.

Formosan.

Dialect of Malay, vernacular in Tae-wan or Taiouan, called Formosa, an island near the E. coast of China.

Fot.

African: dialect of the W. See Kilham’s “Specimens.”

Fotuna.

Polynesian: mixed dialect vernacular in the New Hebrides.     W. G.  

Fox-Indians.

American: name for the Kikkapu Indians.

Fox Is., see Unalaskhan.

Franche-comte.

A patois of French. “Essai” par de Brun et Petit-Benoist, Besançon, 1755.

Franconian.

Teutonic: a sub-dialect of Old High-German.

Frangi.

Lesgian: sub-dialect of Kasi-Kamuk.

⁂ A Caucasian dialect along the R. Terek.     W. S. W. V.  

Frank or Frankisch.

Teutonic: a dialect of Germanic, classed as Middle-High-German, spoken by tribes of Franks who were the founders of the French Monarchy. See French.

French.

A language derived directly from the Latin, as adopted by the Romanised Celts of ancient Gaul, and subsequently intermingled with the Teutonic dialects of Frankish and other Allemanic invaders, whence the name. It is the vernacular tongue of the modern European state known as France, and one of the most polished languages of the Universe. Migne: “Dict. de Linguistique,” folios 1018-21, quotes eighty-seven specimens from sub-dialects, called patois. “Dict. de l’Académie,” 2 vols., Paris; Fleming and Tibbins: “Royal Dict.,” 2 vols., Paris, 1866-7; Littré: “Histoire, Etudes, Dictionnaire,” &c. ☞

French, Old.

A sub-dialect of Langue d’oïl, formerly vernacular in the I. de France. See Orelli: “Altfranzösische Grammatik,” &c., Zürich, 1848. ☞

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Fribourg.

A patois or sub-dialect of the French Rhenish provinces. Gaudy-Lefort: “Notice,” &c., in “Jnl. de Genève,” 1826.

Friendly Vill.

American: dialect of Billechoola, Salmon R.

Frisco Bay.

African: a Kru and Grebo dialect of the W.

Frisian (Friesisch).

Teutonic: the ancient dialect of Friesland, on the German Ocean, now partly submerged, or annexed by Holland and Prussia; it belongs to the Low-German branch, and is closely allied to Anglo-Saxon. It still survives as one of the local dialects of the Netherlands.

⁂ It is divided into three branches, viz.: 1, Batavian-Frisic, the most resembling Anglo-Saxon; 2, Westphalian-Frisic; 3, N. Frisic, the dialects of Heligoland, Schleswig, &c. See Richthofen: “Alt-F. Wörterbuch,” Göttingen, 1840: Rask: “Friesische Sprachlehre,” Freiburg, 1834. ☞

Fuca Strait.

American: dialect of the N.W. coast. See “Archæol. Am.,” vol. ii., p. 378.

⁂ Straits of S. Juan de Fuca, probably Oregones.     W. S. W. V.  

Fuegian.

Language of Tierra del Fuego, S. America.

⁂ Classed as Pygmean; it has two dialects, the Alikulip and Tekeenica.     H. C.   See Pescherai.

Fula, Fulah, or Fulfelde.

African: the chief language on the W.; it is allied to Mandingo. See Macbrair and Norris: “Grammar,” London, 1854; Clarke’s “Dialects,” p. 6.

⁂ This word is also glossed as “Fella”; it is probably a variant of the Greek word “πελλός,” “dark,” “swarthy,” “black.” See Peul.

Fungi.

African: name for the Shilluk.

Furian.

African: dialect of Dar-Foor or Dar-fur. See Rüppell’s “Reisen.”

⁂ Allied to the Akush of the Caucasus.     H. C.  

Futhorc.

Name for the Runic alphabets, taken from the first six letters, viz.: “Fe,” “Ur,” “Thurs,” “Os,” “Reid,” “Kaun.”

[82]

ADDENDA.

Felipe, San, see Pueblo.

Fellahin.

Arabic: plural of “fallah,” “a farmer,” or properly “a ploughman”; from the root “falh,” “ploughing or cleaving.”     A. H. B.

Fenic, see Irish.

Feringee, Ferhengi.

Asiatic term for Europeans of doubtful etymology. Cf. Frank, Varangian, and Frängi.

Ferroe.

Same as Faroer. See Bosworth’s A. S. Dicty., ed. 1838, p. 161.     W. W. S.  

Florentine.

Romance: dialect of Florence in Italy.

Freiburg.

Teutonic: High-German of Switzerland. See Schreiber’s “Freiburg im Breisgau,” 1825.

Friendly Is., see Tongan.

Fukien, see Fokien.

Funge.

African: name for a population of Sennaar.     H. C.  

Furbesco.

Italian: term for cant or slang. “Trattato,” &c., Pisa, 1828.

G.

Ga.

African: a name for Accra or Akra. Zimmermann: “Grammatical Sketch,” 4to, Stuttgart, 1858. See Aquapim.

Gaboon or Gabun.

A large class of native African. See Mpongwe.

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Gadaba.

Non-Aryan: a language vernacular in the highlands of Gaddapur in Goomsúr or Gúmsúr, Circar of Ganjam.

Gadhelic or Gaelic.

A dialect of Celtic, closely allied to Irish and Manx; it is spoken in parts of the Highlands of Scotland, and some of the neighbouring islands. Dictys. by Armstrong, McAlpine, Shaw, Macleod, and Dewar, &c., the best being that published by the Highland Society. Grammars by Forbes and Stewart.

Gadi.

A dialect of the Punjab, allied to Hindi.

Gafat.

A sub-dialect of Amharic, spoken in S. Abyssinia. See “Mithridates,” Dr. Beke, &c.

Gah.

A dialect of Malay, spoken by wild Alfuru of E. Ceram. See Wallace: “Malay A.,” appendix.

Galaio.

A sub-dialect of Papuan.

Galego or Gallego.

A sub-dialect of Portuguese, allied to the Gallician of Spain, the same name being applied indifferently to both.

Galela.

A language anterior to Malay, vernacular in Gilolo. Wallace: “Malay A.,” appendix.     H. C.  

Galgai.

A sub-dialect of the Caucasus, same as Ingush.

Galibi.

American: a form of the word Carib, belonging more especially to French Guiana.

Galilean.

A dialect of Aramaic. See Matth. xxvi., 73.

Galla.

African: spoken by the Gallas, i.e. “mountaineers,” a numerous people in Abyssinia and over a wide extent from the E. coast inwards, and S. till it reaches the Kaffir. See Tutschek: “Dictionary and Grammar,” Munich, 1844-5.

Gallic.

A name for the pre-Roman dialects of France, anciently divided into Gallia Belgica, Celtica or Lugdunensis (i.e. Armorica), Aquitania, and Narbonensis. See Gaulish.

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Gallician.

Language of Gallicia, in N.W. Spain, classed as a sub-dialect of Spanish. Rodriguez: “Dict. Galligo-Castellano,” Coruña, 1863. See Galego.

Gallois.

French name for Welsh.

Galzanen.

American: same as Koltschanen.

Gamamyl, see Qamamyl.

Gaman.

African: same as Buntuku; a dialect of Ashantee.

Gani.

Native dialect of So. Gilolo, an island of the Indian Archipelago. See Wallace: Appdx.

Garangi.

African: dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich: “Mission to Ashantee.”

Garo.

(1) Language of the Garo or Garrow Hills, E. Bengal.

(2) A dialect of Nipal, allied to Borro. See Robinson’s “Assam,” Calcutta, 1841.

Garu.

A dialect of Bhot or Thibetan, also called Gartop. See Gerard’s Vocaby., “Jnl. A. S.,” Calcutta, 1842.

Gascon.

Sub-dialect of Provençal.

Gasconade.

Nickname for bombastic speech. The name is taken from the Gascons, a people in the S. of France supposed to be given to boasting.     R. P. S.  

Gauner.

German term for “cant,” “flash,” or “slang”; “Zigeuner,” i.e., “Gipsey.”

Gaur.

African: same as Geber. “Gaiour,” “Kaffir,” i.e. “infidel.”

Gaura.

A name for Bengali and other languages of N. India. See Panch.

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Gawilghuri.

Name for Gond, a dialect of the Vindhyan range.

Gbe.

African: a dialect of the Manu class, allied to Bassa, Dewoi, and Kru. See Köelle: “Afr. Pol.”     H. C.  

Ge, Geiko.

American: dialect of Brazil. See Spix and Von Martius: “Reise in Brasilien,” 3 vols., München, 1823-31. See Gez.

Geber.

African: a term for Kaffir. See Guebre.

Geez or Gheez.

Sub-Semitic or Hebræo-African, the modern language of Tigré, a province in N.E. Abyssinia, directly derived from the Ethiopic. See “Institutiones grammat. ling: Geez.”

Genevese.

Sub-dialect of French, spoken in Switzerland. “Glossaire,” Genève, 1819.

Gens de Pitié.

American: name for the Shoshones (“root diggers”).

Gentoo.

Name for Telinga, Telugu, in the Madras Presidency.

⁂ Introduced by the Portuguese from “Gentile.”     W. E.  

Genua, Genovese.

Sub-dialect of Italian. Vocaby. by Casaccia, Genua, 1842. See Ligurian.

Geographical Distribution of Languages. See Introduction.

George’s Sound, King.

District of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. in Cap. Grey, 1841.

Georgian.

Caucasian: a family of languages spoken in several dialects, generally classed as Turanian, but mingled with Aryan. The main language is the vernacular speech of Georgia, a Russian province lying between the Caspian and the Black Seas, which answers to the ancient Iberia. The characters of its written alphabet are altered from the Armenian, which people still call the Georgians by the name of “Virb.” See Tschoubinof: “Dict. Géorg.-Russ.-Fr.,” St. Petersburg, 1840; Vocaby. in Klaproth: “Asia P.”; Grammar by Brosset, Paris, 1837. ☞

Geral.

American, i.e. “lingua geral”: a name for the Guarani, or native vernacular dialect of Brazil, as mingled with Portuguese.

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German.

A word of very doubtful etymology, used for:—

(1) German: the typical language of modern High-Dutch, which is naturally derived from the ancient Alemannic, and allied to Gothic, which, however, is classed as Low-German. It is, in many dialects, the vernacular speech of the Empire of Germany, Prussia, Austria, Bavaria, &c. The form of its printed letters is of the class called Gothic, and both closely resemble Old English black-letter, but the use of Roman letter is gaining ground. Dictys. by Heyse, Hilpert, Sanders, Flügel, Grimm, Lucas, &c., Grammars by Grimm, Kehrein, &c.

(2) Old High-German. See Massmann: “Gedrängtes althochdeutsches Wörterb.,” Berlin, 1846. See Germanic.

(3) Middle High-German. See Benecke: “Wörterb.,” 4 vols., Leipsig, 1854-60; Ziemann, 1838. See Germanic.

(4) New High-German. See Lutheran.

(5) Dialects. See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 84-93; Works by Hoefer, Schmeller, Weinhold, &c.

(6) Nieder Platt-Deutsch, or Low-German. See Dutch.

Germanic.

The main stem of Teutonic: divided into (1) High-German, (2) Low-German.

Under (1) we class the sub-branches called Old High-German and Middle High-German; from which again issue the modern dialects of High-German. Under (2) we class Mœso-Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Old Dutch, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon, from which again issue the modern dialects of England, Friesland, N. Germany (Platt-Deutsch), Holland, and Flanders.

Eccardus: “Historia,” Hanover, 1711; Julius: “Bibliotheca,” Hamburg, 1817; Meidinger: “Vergleich. Wörterb.,” Frankfort, 1836; Hickes: “Thesaurus,” London, 1708. See Scandinavian.

Gerri.

African: a language of the Darsaleh.

Gez or Ghez.

Portuguese of S. America. See Jahyco.

Gha or Gha, see Ga.

Ghadamsi.

One of the African languages called Berber, known to us as spoken in the town of Ghadamis, which is situated S.E. of Tripoli, nearly in latitude 30° N. and longitude 10° E. The language is very imperfectly known to us, and seems to be of quite small extent; yet, in spite of the geographical position, it is no mere dialect of the Tamazight. Dr. Richardson brought home a meagre vocabulary of it, and a translation of the third chapter of Matthew into it, which were partly lithographed, and partly printed by the Foreign Office.     F. W. N.   See Libyan.

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Ghagar.

A Gipsey dialect of Egypt; cf. Hagar, Gen. xvi., 1.

Ghandi.

African: dialect of the Mana class, in the W. See Köelle: “Pol. A.”

Ghegh.

An unwritten dialect of Albanian. It is spoken in the more N. districts. See Hahn’s “Albanisch. Studien,” Vienna, 1853.     G. R.  

Ghindzhar or Gindzhar.

Abyssinian: dialect of Adali.

Ghond, see Gundi.

Ghurbat, see Khurbat.

Gibberish.

A name for nonsensical speech: it is a word peculiar to English, derived, according to some, from Geber, the Arabian alchemist, but, compare the words “gabble” and “jabber,” with the Old Norse “gifra.” (Wedgwood.)

Gidantshi or Gida.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua. See Batta.

Gien.

African: dialect of the W., about 10° N.L.

Giessen.

A sub-dialect of High-German.

Giliak.

A dialect of Mantshu, very probably a form of the word “Koriak”; it is spoken on the N.W. coast of Asia, to the S. of the Sea of Okotsk, in the parts about the peninsula of Saghalin, and at the mouth of the Amúr. See Middersdorp.     R. G. L.  

Gilolo.

In this island are languages of the Galela and Malayan families.     H. C.   See Gani.

Gipsey, under Gy.

Gizagantshi or Gizaga.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua. See Batta.

Glagolitish.

A name for the Old Slavonic alphabet, derived from their word for the letter “G,” scil. “glagol.” See Hieronymic.

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Glossotype.

A name for an extended system of alphabets, including all possible varieties of sound under one uniform system of symbols. See Ellis: “Early English Pronunciation,” London, 1867-71.

Gloucestershire.

A sub-dialect of England. See Glossary of the Cotswold dialect by the Rev. R. W. Huntley.     W. W. S.  

Gnurellean.

A native dialect of Australia, spoken by natives of Campaspee. See Eyre: “Journals, &c.,” London, 1845.

Goali.

African: dialect of the Nufi.

Gohuri.

A dialect of Tamul, allied to Bowri.

Gold-coast, see Otshi.

Gond, see Gundi.

Gonga.

Class name for the languages spoken in the S.W. of Abyssinia. They probably lie between the Semitic and Amharic of the North and Kaffir forms of speech of the South. Known only by vocabularies. Beke, &c.     R. G. L.   See Wolaitsa, Woratta, Woraitsa.

Goopta or Gupta.

Numismatic: a dynasty of Indian princes. Chundra-Gupta (Sandracottus) reigned in the Punjab, circa B.C. 300, and the coinage of his successor Asoka shows inscriptions in Sanskrit, being the very earliest form of that language confirmed by an authentic date. The character of the letters is the same as that of the Aryan inscriptions on Bactrian coins. See Sassanian.

Goorung or Gurung.

A dialect of Central Nipal, classed by some as Dravidian or Sub-Turanian.

Goram.

Dialects of Malay. Wallace: ii., 296-7.

Gorgotoquienses.

American: dialect of Peru, known only from the following notice: “P. Gaspar Reuz Alaman, Gramatica de la Lengua Gorgotoquiense en el Peru.” Mentioned in Barcia’s edition of Piñelo, but not known to be printed. Ludwig: Appendix, p. 221.     R. G. L.  

Goropiser.

A nickname for unsound etymologists, derived from “Goropius,” i.e. “Van Gorp,” appellation borne by Jan Bécan, or Becanus (1518-1572), author of some speculative works.

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Gothic.

An extinct idiom of Teutonic, classed as Low-German. The Goths formed that large body of people who, under the names of “ostro,” i.e. Eastern, and “visi,” i.e. Western Goths, harassed the latter centuries of imperial Rome. The most permanent record of their tongue is found in the “Codex Argenteus,” or “Silver Book,” an imperfect version of the four Gospels, now preserved at Upsala in Sweden; it has frequently been printed, and represents the dialect of the Mœso-Goths, who were settled in ancient Mœsia, S. of the Danube, under the Emperor Valens. This version is attributed to Bishop Ulphilas or Little Wolf, who translated the Scriptures into Gothic, using an alphabet constructed by himself and adapted to their phonesis, said to be derived from the Greek, A.D. 318-378. See Diefenbach: “Wörterb.” 2 vols, Frankfurt, 1847-51; Meyer: “Die Gothische Sprache,” Berlin, 1869. See Mœso-Gothic.

Göttingen.

A sub-dialect of Platt or Low-Dutch. See Quentin: “Annalen der Braunschweig,” &c., Hanover, 1789.

Goulburn.

District of Australia. See Eyre: “Journals,” &c., 2 vols., London, 1845.

Gould Is.

District of S. Australia.

Grammar.

A word derived from the Greek “γράμμα,” “a written character or letter,” used to signify the science that treats of the elements of any language; including the art of reading, spelling, and writing it correctly. See Comparative.

Grammatography.

A study of Letters; any work that describes or illustrates and treats of the alphabets of various languages.

Granada, New.

The name for a class of native S. American, superseded by Columbia.

Grebo.

African: dialects of numerous tribes on the Ivory-coast, allied to Kru. “Vocaby,” Cape Palmas, 1837. See Krepi.

Greco-Latin.

A class term, including Greek, Latin, and the various allied dialects included in, or formed from, the languages so named.     G. R.  

Greco-Turkish.

A name for Turkish, when expressed in the Greek character, for newspapers, correspondence, &c.     H. C.  

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Greek.

The typical language of the Hellenic branch of the great Indo-European family of languages.

(1) An extinct language, called Archaic Greek, spoken in numerous dialects by the ancient inhabitants of Greece, Asia Minor, and Egypt under the Ptolemies. It was thus the vernacular speech of the most polished race of antiquity; and is the language of Plato, of Demosthenes, of Homer, of Xenophon, and Aristotle. Lex. by Pape, Liddell, and Scott. Grammars by Jelf, Buttmann, Curtius, Kuhner.

(2) The modern dialect of Greece, called also Romaic and Neo-Hellenic, derived directly from ancient Greek. Lex. by Contopoulos, “Eng. and Mod. Greek,” 2 vols., Smyrna and London, 1868-70; Sophocles: “Romaic or Mod. Greek Grammar,” London, 1866.

(3) Dialects of Classical Greek: Æolic, Attic, Doric, Ionic. See Stephanus: “Thesaurus,” Salmasius, Hermann.

(4) Later Greek: “χοινή,” “the common language”; Byzantine; Alexandrian (of the Septuagint); Scriptural (of the N. Test.); Cretan, &c. Lex. by Sophocles, 1871. See Hellenic.

Greenlandish.

A dialect of Eskimo, spoken in Greenland, the most E. part of Arctic America. See Kleinschmidt: “Grammatik,” 8vo., Berlin, 1851; “Efterretninger om Grönland,” by Paul Egede.

Grimm’s Law.

A name for that peculiarity of speech, first systematised by Jacob Grimm, a celebrated German philologist, by which some letters serve as equivalents for other letters, by natural laws of speech, in languages derived from a common original. ☞

Gröningen.

A sub-dialect of Frisian in Holland. See Swaagmann: “Annales Acad.: Gröningen,” 1825.

Guachi.

American: spoken in the province of Matto-Grosso, Brazil. See Spix and Von Martius: “Reise in Brasilien,” München, 1823-31.

Guadalcanar.

Polynesian: the dialect of the Solomon islanders, closely allied to Bauro.

Guaham.

A dialect of Lesser-Polynesian, closely allied to Chamori. See Crawfurd: “Dissert.,” p. 262.

Guajiquiro.

American: a dialect of Lenca, vernacular in Honduras. See Squier: “Tr. Amer. Ethnol. Soc.”

Guana.

American: an isolated Brazilian dialect of the province of Matto-Grosso. See short Vocaby. in Castelnau, vol. v., appendix.

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Guanche.

A name for the aborigines of the Canary Is.; the few glosses extant of their original language are Berber. The modern dialect is allied to Shelluh. See Glas: “Histy. of the Canary Is.,” London, 1764.

Guaque.

American: a dialect of New Granada. See Vocaby. by M. M. Albis: “Los Indios del Andaque,” Popayan, 1855.

Guarani, see Tupi.

Guarpes, see Milcocayac.

Guasava.

American: a Mexican dialect spoken in the province of Michoacan. See “Arte,” por P. F. Villafaña; M. S. “Ludewig,” by Trübner. London, 1858.

Guatimala.

A class of native dialects vernacular in Central America.

Guato.

American: a Brazilian dialect of the province of Matto-Grosso, allied to Purus and Coroato. See Castelnau, vol. v.     H. C.   See Quado.

Guatusos.

American: a dialect of Nicaragua. See “Nouvelles Annales des Voyages,” Squier in “Ath. Français.” Dec. 25, 1852.     R. G. L.  

Guavapuava.

Name of a district in Brazil, inhabited by the Cames, Votoroes, Dorins, and Xocrens. Francisco dos Chagos Lima: “Memoria sobre o Descubriement de la Colonia de Guavapuavo, Revista Trimensal.” Tom. iv., Rio de Janeiro, 1844. Ludewig, p. 222, appendix.     R. G. L.  

Guayacuru.

American: the most E. language of the Chaco district. See Mbaya.

Guberi.

African: a dialect of the Haussa.

Guda, Gudantshi.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua; spoken by the Guda, “a very learned people.”     R. G. L.  

Gudang.

An aboriginal dialect of Australia. See “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” ii., 279.

Guebe.

A dialect of Papuan.

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Guenoa.

American: a dialect of Brazil and Paraguay. See Hervas’ “Saggio,” pp. 228-9; Catalogo, p. 46.     R. G. L.  

Guharibo.

American: a dialect of Venezuela; short vocabulary by Spruce.

Guiana or Guyana.

American: a group of dialects allied to Carib. Also called Guinau. See Schomburgk: “Report of B. Assot.,” 1848. See Talkee-Talkee.

Guildford.

District S.W. Australia. Vocaby., Capt. Grey, 1841.

Guinea, New, see Papuan.

Guipuscoan.

A dialect of Spanish Basque.

Gujarati or Guzerati.

The vernacular dialect of Gujerat or Guzerat, a peninsula of N.W. India, between the Indus and Bombay. It is allied to Hindi, but has a more cursive character of alphabet, derived like it from the Devanagari. It is much used by Parsees. See Dictys. by Karsandas and Shapurjí.

Gundi.

The dialects of the Ghonds or Gonds, spoken in Goomsúr or Gúmsúr, and generally in the extensive province of Goandwana. It is allied to Tamil and Telugu. See Caldwell “Dravid: Comp: Gram.,” London, 1861. See Khond.

Gunungtellu.

Papuan: a dialect of Celebes or Macassar; allied to Bugis.

Gupta, see Goopta.

Guresa or Gursea.

African: a dialect of the Kouri, closely allied to Dzelana. See Guren.

Gurmukhi.

The name for an alphabetic character peculiar to Scinde.

Gurung, see Goorung.

Gurwhal, Gurhwal.

A dialect of Hindi, also called Shreenagur; it is the vernacular speech of Sreenaghur, a district of the Himalayas, near the source of the R. Sutlej.

Guzerathi, see Gujarati.

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Gyami.

A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in N. and S.E. Thibet.

Gyarung.

A dialect of Bhot, vernacular in N. and S.E. Thibet.

Gypsy.

(1) The patois of English gipsies, also called Romany. The prefix “gip” may be compared with the word “Egypt.” These people are also known as “Gitano,” “Zincali,” “Zingari,” “Zigeuner,” and by many other names in different countries. The prefix “Zin” may be compared with the word “Sindh,” or “Indian,” meaning “dark.”

(2) The dialects of Gipsies in Europe and Asia; they are very ancient, and classed as Indian, but with later additions from the country in which they reside, the principal being Egyptian, Hungarian, Spanish, and Turkish. See Grellmann: “Dissertation,” London, 1807; Paspati: “Etudes sur les Tchinghianés,” Constantinople, 1870; translation, Newhaven, Conn.; Borrow: “Lavengro,” “Romany Rye”; Roberts: “Gypsies,” London, 1842; Glossary by Smart: “Phil. S. Trans.,” 1862.

ADDENDA.

Gabriel, San.

American: Kizh Indians of California; classed as Diegunos.

Gaiour.

Turkish form of “Guebre,” “an unbeliever,” applied to Christians by Mohammedans.

Galchas.

Persian tribe of Karategin, Central Asia.

Galgai.

Caucasian: native name of the Tshetsh. Same as Halhai.

Galik.

Moghol: form of written character.

Gangetic.

Class name for the Bhotiya or Tibetan language of the Upper Ganges.     G. R.  

Gaulish.

Name for the Old Celtic, spoken in Gaul. See “Notes on Endlicher’s Glossary” in “Phil. Soc. Trans.,” 1868, p. 251.     W. W. S.  

Gayeti.

Non-aryan dialect of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

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Gbandi.

African: allied to Dahomey and Whydah. See “Pol. Afr.”     H. C.  

Gbese.

African: classed as Mandingo. See “Pol. Afr.”     H. C.  

Gelderic.

Germanic: dialect of Dutch, spoken in Gelderland. See specimen of the Geldersche Taal in Bosworth’s “A. S. Dicty.,” p. 111.     W. W. S.  

Gergo.

Italian word for “cant” or “slang.” See Zerga.

Gherin.

American: tribe of Engerekmung. The Botocudos of Almada sur la Taipe, Brazil.

Ghilani.

Iranic: sub-dialect of modern Persian.

Ghilghiti.

Paropamisan: a dialect of Dard, Aryan of the Himalayas. Vocaby. by Dr. Leitner.     H. C.  

Ghissari.

Same as the Lohars. See Taremuki.

Giaga.

African: same as Agag. See Angola.

Gili, Jili.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Singpho.

Gio.

African: classed by Köelle as Mandingo. See “Afr. Pol.”     H. C.  

Gisan.

Tatar tribe of Central Asia.

Glatz.

Germanic: dialect of Silesia, classed as High-German.

Glossary.

A vocabulary with explanations. It differs from a dictionary in being, in general, partial or limited; as, a glossary of the difficult words in an old author, or of a dialect.     W. W. S.  

Gogoyan.

American: same as Cayuga.

Gojam.

Sub-Semitic: a local dialect of Amharic.

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Golo.

African: a language formerly called Fertit; it is allied to Agaw, Falasha, &c. Vocaby. in Rüppell; “Reisen in Nubien,” Frankfurt, 1829; and by Dr. G. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873.     H. C.  

Gomera.

African: dialect of the Canary Is.

Gonaaqua.

African: mingled dialect of Hottentot and Kaffir.

Gondar.

Sub-Semitic; dialect of Amharic.

Goose-Ostiak.

Ugrian: same as Lake-Ostiak; classed as Samoied.

Gothlandic.

Scandinavian: dialect of the I. of Gottland, Sweden. Cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766.     W. W. S.  

Gothungic.

Scandinavian: dialect of Sweden (Gönge district). Cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766.     W. W. S.  

Griguas.

Mixed race of Hottentots; half-breed.

Grisons.

Teutonic: classed as High-German. See Lehmann’s “Republik Graubünden,” Brandenburg, 1799. See Churwelsche.

Gros-Ventre.

American: French name for the Minetare.

Grusian, Grusinian.

A name for the Georgian, most used by Russians.

Grutung.

Tribe of Gothones or Guttones; so-called Goths.

Guachire, Guaiqueri.

American: Caribs of St. Margarita, &c.

Guaicur, see Waikur.

Gudshri.

Indic: same as Dakhani.

Guebre.

Persian form of Kafir, applied to Fire-worshippers. See Gaiour.

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Guege.

Dialect of Albanian.

Gueldres, see Gelderic.

Guentuse.

American: dialect of Paraguay, classed as Guaycuru.

Gumeddo.

Abyssinian: dialect of Danakil.

Gurani.

Dialect of Kurdish (Niebuhr).

Guren, Gurma.

African: allied to Guresa, Barba, Ashantee, &c. See Köelle’s “Pol. Afr.”     H. C.  

Gurgava.

A name for the Gujarathi or Guzeratti.

Guypunavi.

American: dialect of Maipur.

H.

Haidah.

American: an insular dialect of Atna or Selish, spoken in Q. Charlotte Archipelago, off the N.W. coast. See Vocaby. by Scouler: “Jnl. Roy. Geog. Socy.,” vol. xi., London, 1841.

⁂ The Skittegat, Masset, Kumshala, and Kyganie, who speak Haidah, are a remarkable people.     H. C.  

Hailha.

Caucasian: a sub-dialect of Ingush.

Hailtsa or Haeeltzuk.

American: spoken on the coast of the Pacific, between 50° and 53° N.L. See Vocaby., “Trans. Amer. Ethnol.,” ii., 103.

Hainambeu, under U.

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Haioo.

Dravidian: dialect of a tribe inhabiting the valleys of E. Nipal.     A. C.  

Haiti, see Taino.

Hajong.

A dialect of older Dravidian, vernacular in Nipal.

Hakka, Hakari.

A dialect of Kurdish, written in Arabic characters, vernacular on the course of R. Hakarim, Lake Van, Asiatic Turkey, and at Tabreez, in the Persian province of Azerbaijan.

Halifax, Hallamshire.

Dialects of England, spoken in Yorkshire. See Hunter’s “Hallamshire Glossary, with the Words used in the W. Riding and Halifax,” new edition by Gatty, 1869.

Ham.

African: dialect of the Otam. See Köelle: “Pol. Af.”

Hamah or Hamath.

Inscription: interesting series of incised stones found in N. Syria, probably by the ancient Chetas or Hittites. They occupy an intermediate position between picture writing, allied to Egyptian hieroglyphs, and early Semitic characters. They have not been deciphered. See Burton: “Unexplored Syria,” Burckhardt’s “Travels.” ☞

Hamalaiset, see Tavastrian.

Hamarua, Adamowa.

Two large districts in W. Africa, as far S. as 9° N.L. Dr. Barth, with his Batta Vocabulary, gives a list of thirty-two languages for these parts, all represented as mutually unintelligible forms of speech, and all names ending in “ntshi,” “nji,” or “nchi.”

Hamburg.

A sub-dialect of Low-German. Richey: “Idioticon,” Hamburgh, 1755.

Hamiar.

A primitive dialect of Arabic.

Hamitic.

A name for the primitive languages of N.E. Africa and S.W. Asia, including the Egyptian, Ethiopic, S. Arabian, Akkadian, or early Babylonian, &c. The root of this word is supposed by some to survive in Amharic and Amazig, names for Abyssinian and Berber dialects; “Ham” or “Cham,” quasi “dark.” See Hebræo-African.

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Hampshire, Hants.

A provincial dialect of English. Vocaby. in “Warner’s Collec.,” 1795.

Hanau.

A sub-dialect of High-German.

Handuri.

A dialect of Punjabi.

Hanover.

A dialect of Low-German.

Harafora, see Alfuros.

Haraya.

Malayan: a dialect of the Philippine Is. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841.

Harpa.

Bhot: a dialect of N. and S.E. Thibet.

Harroti.

A dialect of Hindi, spoken in the State of Kotah, Rajpootana, N.W. India.

Harz or Hartz.

A dialect of Low-German. Schulze: “Harzgedichte,” Clausthal, 1833.

Hatigor.

A dialect of Assamese, classed as Singhpo.

Hatusua.

Malayan: dialect of Ceram.

Haussa, Houssa, or Hawsa.

A native dialect of African, largely infused with Arabic, vernacular along the R. Chadda, a tributary of the Niger. See Schön: “Grammar,” London, 1862; “Vocaby.,” London, 1843; “Primer,” Berlin, 1857.

⁂ Bodo, &c., are related to Haussa; this language has vocalic euphony.     H. C.  

Havaiian, Hawaiian, Hawaian.

A dialect of E. Polynesian, spoken by natives of Owhyhee and other of the Sandwich Is., in the N. Pacific Ocean; it is similar in form and construction to Tahitian, and the Maori of New Zealand. It is now a written language. See Dicty. by Andrews, Honolulu, 1865.     R. G. L.   (2.)

Hayu, see Vayu.

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Hebræo-African.

An epithet invented by Dr. J. Cowles Prichard, in imitation of Indo-European, to include a group of African languages which have definite relations to the Hebrew. These are especially the Abyssinian languages, the Galla, the Coptic, and the Libyan. Within the limits of an article we cannot state all the points of relationship, but we may note the remarkable similarity of the first and second pronouns, the mode of conjugating, the principal tense of the verb, the facility of forming derivative verbs from a primary (but the languages connected with Turkish have this), the inaptitude in compounding words, even so far as not even to prefix prepositions to verbs. The Abyssinian languages come nearest to Hebrew, and next the Libyan. Tutscheh notes the singular approximation of the Galla to the Arabic in the syntax used with the plural of nouns. The Coptic is of all the most distant from Hebrew.     F. W. N.  

Hebrew.

Semitic: closely allied to Aramaic and Phœnician. It is an extinct dialect spoken by the ancient Jews of Palestine, and preserved to us in their sacred writings known as the Old Testament Scriptures. The old Hebrew character, as found on coins, &c., has much resemblance to Phœnician. The Biblical alphabet, called Square Hebrew, has been traced by some to the captivity at Babylon, B.C. 603-536, but is regarded by others as much more recent. The Rabbinic characters are of a more cursive form, and the modern Jews of Germany and Poland used running hands of somewhat differing forms. For Later Hebrew, see Talmudic, and for Modern Hebrew, see Jewey. Lexicons by Fürst; Gesenius: Grammar, Lex.; Thesaurus, &c.

Hebrides, New, see Mallicollo.

Heilbronn.

A sub-dialect of High-German.

Helebi.

A name for the Gipsies of Egypt; perhaps from Heleb or Halib, the Arabic form of Aleppo, in N. Syria.     W. E.  

Heligoland.

A sub-dialect of Frisian. See Oelrich’s “Kleines Wörterb.” 1846.

Hellenic.

Indo-European: class name for the Greek language and its dialects.

Helsinga.

A sub-dialect of Swedish. See Lenström: “Ordbok,” Upsala, 1841. See Helsingic.

Henneberg.

A sub-dialect of High-German. See Brücker: “Beitrag,” Meiningen, 1843.

Herefordshire.

A provincial dialect of English. “Glossary” by Sir G. C. Lewis, London. 1839.     W. W. S.  

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Herero.

African: classed by Barth and Bleek as S.W. Bantu, with Benga, Benguela, and Bunda. The name of the language is “O Tyi-hereró,” that of the speakers is “O Va-hereró”; it is now nearly extinct. See Hahn: “Grammatik,” Berlin, 1857; Kolbe: “Vowels,” 1868; specimens collected by Dr. Rath.

Herevi, Hetzvi.

An extinct dialect of Old Persian, formerly vernacular at Herat.

Herzegovinic.

Slavonic: a sub-dialect of Servian.

Hessian.

A sub-dialect of High-German.

Heuma, see Shendu.

Heve.

A native dialect of the aborigines of Central America, vernacular in Mexico; it is also called Eudeve, and closely allied to Pima. See Smith’s “Grammatical Sketch,” 1862.

Hhamara, see Waag.

Hiang-Yan.

A name for the common colloquial language of Chinese.

Hiaqui.

American: spoken in Sonora and Sinaloa; also called Ibequi and Yaqui.

Hieratic.

Greek name for the cursive alphabet used by the ancient priestly caste of Egypt; it is from the word “hieros,” “sacred.” ☞

Hieroglyphic.

Greek name for the symbolic alphabet or figure painting which constituted the most formal writing of ancient Egyptians, from “hieros” and “grapho.” The Aztecs of Mexico also had a system of hieroglyphic writing. Brugsch: “Hierog. Demot. Wörterb.,” 4 vols., Leipsig, 1867-8. See Nahuatl.

Hieronymic.

Slavonic: name for the Glagolitic characters.

Highland.

Highland-Scottish: name sometimes used for Gaelic.

Hildesheim.

A sub-dialect of Low-German.

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Hiligueina.

Malayan: a dialect of the Philippine Is. See Ilocana.

Himalayan.

Name for a class of native aboriginal languages of Hindostan, comprising Kooch, Dhimal, Bodo, all closely allied to Nipalese and Bhot. See “Essays by Hodgson,” Calcutta, 1847.

Himyaritic or Himjarite.

Name for the characters used in some early inscriptions of S. Arabia in a dialect allied to the Mahari of Abyssinia. Mr. Palgrave, “Central and E. Arabia,” vol ii., p. 240, states that the modern Himyarites, who speak a dialect of modern Arabic, are called the “reds”: “ahmar” in Arabic; but it seems more probable that they are the Hi or Hy-Mahari: “Hy” being a tribal prefix in Africa as in Ireland. Compare the Hi-breasail, the Hy-Many, or O’Kelly people; the Hy-Fiachrach or O’Dowdy people. The use of the same prefix in Africa is proved by the Ki-Suaheli, the Hi or Ki-Kamba, Ki-Sambala; cf. the Heb. ‏ה‎; ‏ח‎; which gives the transition from “h” to “ch” or “k”; thus also we may have Ki-Afer for the people of Africa, the original Kaffirs: indeed we have the mature word in Ke-Kuafi, see under U. Hy-mahari would mean “the shore-people.” See Ekhkili.

Hinantshi or Hina.

African: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.

Hindi or Hinduwi.

The vernacular language of native Hindoos; it is derived from Sanskrit, and closely adhered to by all the Brahmin castes. It was probably the court tongue of Canaug or Kanoj, a chief city of Hindostan when Alexander the Great crossed the Indus and defeated Porus, B.C. 327. The language has many branches or sub-dialects, and is written in the Devanagri, or sacred alphabet used in the Vedas; also in Kyt’hí, a sort of running hand. Ballantyne: “Elements,” London, 1869; “Chrestomathie,” Garcin de Tassy, Paris, 1849.

Hindoo.

Class name for the Indian branch of the Aryan family of languages, derived, according to some, from “Hapta Hendu,” “Seven Rivers,” old name for the Punjaub.

Hindostani or Urdu.

The vernacular tongue of the Indian Moslemim, or Mussulmen; first originated by the Muhammadan invaders, circa A.D. 1004. It is a compound of Arabic and Persian with Sanskrit, called Urdu-zaban, or “camp lingo,” and written in a cursive character, called Taghlik, derived from Arabic; also in uncial letters formed from Sanskrit. N.B.—Hindu-stan means the “land of the Hindoos.” Forbes: “Dicty. H. and Eng.,” 1859; “Grammar,” 1849.

Hinzuan.

African: a Kaffir form of speech; language of the Comorn Is., off the E. coast.

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Hitchittee.

American: spoken by a division of the Creeks. “Arch. Amer.,” vol. ii., p. 377.

Hoch-Deutsch, see German.

Hochelaga.

American: sub-dialect of Mohawk, formerly spoken in the locality now known as Montreal, Canada.

Hochungorah.

American: native name for the Winnebagos.

Hohen-lohe, Hohen-schwangau, Hohen-stein.

Sub-dialects of High-German.

Hok-keen.

Dialect of Chinese. Dicty. by Medhurst, Macao, 1832-9.

Holland or Hollandish.

(1) A name for the Netherlandish, a dialect of Platt-Deutsch.

(2) For provincial Dialects. See Latham’s “Opuscula,” London, 1860.

Holophrasis.

Grammatical term; mode of analysis; reducing whole sentences into words. See Polysynthetic.

Holstein.

Sub-dialect of Low-German. See Schütze: “Holsteinisches Idiotikon,” Hamburgh, 1800-6.     W. W. S.  

Honduras.

American: geographical term for the Lenca class.

⁂ The languages are allied to the Kouma, Legba, &c., of W. Africa.     H. C.  

Hoopah.

American: a variety of Athabaskan, spoken so far S. as U. California.

Hor or Horpa.

Thibetan: a local dialect of Bhot, called also (1) Khache: Chinese Koatse; (2) Igur, the native name, which appears to be the same as Uighur, a Turkish dialect. The affix “pa” in “Horpa” is Bhot, as quoted by Mr. Hodgson, who gives W. Thibet along with Dzungaria and Chinese Turkestan as the area over which it is spoken.     R. G. L.  

Hotontalo.

Polynesian; a sub-dialect of Menadu.

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Hottentot.

African: name for a large number of S. dialects, spoken by the Quaiquai or K’hoè Khoep, and distinguished by a peculiar sound in utterance, known as the Hottentot “click.”

⁂ According to Dr. Bleek they are a widely different class from the Kaffir.     R. G. L.  

Hova.

Native term “ank′ova”; used for the central tribes of Madagascar, said to be a fair race. It is, apparently, of African origin, as under Herero. See Malagasy.

Hoya.

Malayan: a dialect of Ceram, allied to Teluti.

Huachi, Huancas.

American: Indians of Bolivia.

Huasteca.

American: dialect of Mexico, and apparently the same word as “Aztec.” It is spoken in the province of Tamaulipas, and is a language of the Maya class. See De Olmoz: “Grammatica,” &c., Mexico, 1560.

Hueco or Waco.

American: name for the Tallewitsus. It is vernacular in Texas, and allied to Kechai, Pawnee, &c.

Huilliche.

American: name for tribes of Araucans, the aborigines of Chili. The “che” here means “men,” being a Chileno word, so we have “men of the south.” It is applied also to the Patagonians. See Vuta.     R. G. L.  

Humming-bird Indians.

American: name for the Uaenambeu tribe in the province of Rio Negro, Brasil.

Hungarian or Magyar.

Ugrian: dialect of an Asiatic race, derived from the Ostiak of the R. Ob or Oby in Siberia, and closely allied to Finnish. The Magyars are now the dominant race in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, which they subdued about A.D. 900. It has a copious modern literature. See Ballagi: “Wörterbuk,” Pesth, 1864; Ollendorff: “Newe Methode,” Pesth, 1869. See Ungarn.

Hungarian-Wendish.

Slavonic: a local dialect of Hungary, allied to the Wendish of Lusatia.

Hunza, see Khajuna.

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Huron.

American: classed as Iroquois; language of the Huron Indians, spoken on the shores of the lake so named.

Hurriana.

A dialect of Hindi spoken in a fertile district of N.W. India, an oasis on the Jumna, near Delhi. The word “Hurya” signifies “green.”

Hurur.

Abyssinian, dialect of Amharic. See Salt’s “Voyage,” appendix, vol. i., p. 6.

Huzvaresh.

Iranic: same as Pehlevi. See Spiegel: “Grammatik,” Wien, 1856.

Hymiaritic, see under Hi.

Hyperborean.

Dr. Latham’s class-name at one time proposed for the Dzhukaghir, Samoyed, and Yeniseian group of languages.

ADDENDA.

Hadareb, Hadarem, under A.

Hadendoa.

African: a dialect of Nubia.

Halha.

Same as Hailha, also written Galgai.

Hallandic, Helsingic.

Scandinavian: dialects of Sweden, cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766.     W. W. S.  

Halle.

Germanic: sub-dialect of Swabian, see “Mundartliche Sprache,” 1814.

Hallenga.

African: a dialect of Nubia.

Hamburg-Indians.

American: English name for the T-ka’s of Scott’s River; they speak a dialect of Shasta.

Harar, Harrer, Harrargie, see Hurur.

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Hattaquahe.

Caucasian: a dialect of Adige or Cherkess.     H. C.  

Hawstead (Halstead).

Suffolk dialect of English. See Cullum’s “History,” &c., 1784.

Hazorta.

African: same as Shiho, a dialect of Danakil.

Helsingic, see Hallandic.

Hennega.

American: Kolusch dialect of P. Wales’s Is.

Hervey Arch., see Rarotongan.

High-German.

English form of Hoch-Deutschen.

Hilluna, see Ilocana.

Hindelopian.

Germanic: a sub-dialect of Friesic. See specimen in Bosworth’s “A. S. Dicty.,” p. 74.     W. W. S.  

Hindmarsh Lake.

Dialect of Australian. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

Hio, see Eyo.

Hiong-Nu.

Alatyan: dialect of Turkish. It is the name used by Chinese, and by them applied to the mediæval Huns.

Hlassa, under L.

Ho.

(1) African: Bomba dialect of Guinea. See Sala.

(2) Indian: native name for the Kol of Kolehan. It means “man.” See Singhbhum.

Holland (New), see Australian.

Honimoa.

Malayan: dialect of the Moluccas, closely allied to Sarapua.

Honin.

Negritic: dialect of Papuan.

Hood-Sunhoo.

American: Kolusch dialect of Hood’s Bay.

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Horde.

That is “herd,” a body, tribe, family, or clan, applied to nomade Tatars. It is the same word as Urdu, “a camp,” in Urdu-zaban. See Hindostani.

Horn Is.

Polynesian: dialect of the Friendly group.

Horoje.

American: a name for the Winnebags.

Ho-te-day.

American: native name of the Yeka or Shasta-butte Indians of California.

Houssa.

African: German form of Haussa.

Huahine.

Eastern Polynesian: same as Tahitian.     W. G.  

Hudson’s-Bay Indians.

American: tribes of Chepewyans.

Hume R., see Murrumbidgee.

Hurn-pardee.

Indian: also called Baori; a nomadic tribe who subsist by catching antelope and the hunting-cheetah; they speak a peculiar dialect of Hindi.     W. E.   See Bowri.

Huzzaw, see Osage.

I.

Iaian.

A Polynesian dialect, allied to Lifu.

Iakon, under J.

Iapygian.

A language spoken in the S. of ancient Italy; it was allied to Oscan, but containing a large number of Greek words. See Mommsen: “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipsig, 1851.     G. R.  

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Ibarekab.

African: a dialect of Beja. See Salt’s “Voyage.”

Ibbibby.

African: a name for the Qua or Calebar.

Ibequi, see Hiaqui.

Iberian or Iberic.

A name for the pre-Roman dialects of Spain, and sometimes used as a synonym for Basque, which is supposed to have been derived from it. See Celt-Iberian.

Ibo or Eboe.

African: dialect of the W. coast, at the delta of the Niger.

Icelandic.

Old Icelandic is the same as Old Norse, and the modern dialect differs from it but slightly. A language of Teutonic origin, belonging to the Scandinavian branch, planted in Iceland by Norwegian settlers, circa A.D. 874. Rask’s Grammar, translated by Dasent, London, 1843; Möbius: “Altnordisches Glossar,” Leipsig, 1866; Egilsson: “Dicty. of the Poetical Language,” Copenhagen, 1860; Cleasby and Vigfusson: “Dicty. of the Prose Language,” Oxford, 1869-71, completed as far as “R.”     W. W. S.  

Ideographic.

Name for writing in which single characters express ideas; the hieroglyphics or picture writing of Egypt, and the languages of ancient Babylonia and Assyria are partly ideographic.     G. R.  

Idiom.

A native peculiarity of speech.

Igarra.

African: dialect of the Yoruba.

Igbira.

African: a dialect of the Yoruba. See Igala.

Igbira-hima, Igbira-panda.

African: dialects of the Nufi.

Ighur, see Uigur.

Ika.

American: dialect of L. California.

Illinois.

American: the Algonkin of the State so named after the original tribes, “Illeni,” “the men.” Vocab., “Trans. Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 112.

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Illyrian.

Slavonic: a written dialect of Servian, closely allied to Wendish. See “Grammatik.,” by Babukic, Wien, 1839; Dicty. by Fröhlich, “Ill-Dutch,” Wien, 1853-4.

Illyric or Thraco-Illyric.

Name for a class of Aryan languages, of which the Skipetar or Albanian is the only modern representative. See Pelasgic.

Ilmormo.

African: a dialect of Galla.

⁂ It is a name for the Galla proper, by some alleged to be Semitic or Sub-Semitic, but the relations are very remote.     H. C.  

Ilocana or Iloco.

Malayan: a dialect of the Philippines. Vocaby. by Carro, Manila, 1849.

Inbask or Inbazk.

Moghol: a dialect of Yeniseian or Ostiak, somewhat allied to Arini. Klaproth: “Asia Pol.,” p. 171.

Inca.

American: a name given to the Quichua language, after a dynasty of Peru. See Quichua.

Incorporating.

A name for the agglutinative languages of America. See Polysynthetic.

Indeni.

A dialect of Papuan, also called Nitendi.

India.

Name for Hindostan: land of the Indus, or of the Hindoos, who inhabit it.

⁂ For aboriginal languages see Hunter’s “Comparative Vocabulary of the Non-Aryan Languages of India”; Caldwell’s “Comp. Gr.”; Papers by Dr. Seth Stevenson, &c. See West Indies.

Indian.

A name given to many dialects of the aborigines of New England and other parts of America. ☞

Indian Archipelago.

Languages Polynesian: classed as Malayan and Negritic.

Indian, Old.

A name for Sanskrit.

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Indians.

N. American: The Nova Scotia Indians have all decayed away. They were a people who in their habits more especially used the sea-coast, banks of lakes, rivers, &c.; the mountaineer is the country Indian, solely engaged in hunting spoils for trade and subsistence. The E. States have still a sprinkling of mongrel races, so intermixed as to leave but a slight trace of the old N. American sons of the forest. The Red Indian of Newfoundland was cannibal in his habits, and the race is utterly extinct. I have not met, on the Labrador, any mixture between the Esquimaux and the mountaineer and Mic-mac tribes, but frequently children of English and Esquimaux.     J. T.  

Indic.

A name for the Hindoo branch of the great Aryan family of languages, comprising Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Mahratta, Hindi, Bengali, &c. The country N. of the Indus was called Arya-âvarta, “abode of the Aryas.”

⁂ A S.W. branch of the great Aryan family, who in pre-historic times were settled to the N. and N.W. of Kâbul, became in the end the Brahmanic Aryans of India, and the Zoroastrian Aryans of Iran (Persia). There is no doubt that the Indian Aryans travelled mainly to the S.W., crossing first, and settling in the Land of the Seven Rivers—the Indus, Punjâb (or Five Rivers), and the Sarasvâti—and that they proceeded thence gradually along the Jumna and Ganges, till they reached the Bay of Bengal. Ultimately, under the name of Hindûs (whence Hindûstan), they occupied all the district around and in connection with this great river system, displacing and driving to the south an earlier race, who still inhabit the S.E. and S. of the Deccan (Dakshina, so called as on the right hand—dexter—of the invading Hindû race), and who are allied to the Moghols of Central Asia. The dialect of the earlier, as of the existing populations to the S. and E., is of Turanian or Nishada origin. The principal Aryan dialects at present are Bengali, Hindi, and Mahratta, all of them lineal descendants of the Devanagari or Sanskrit, which is no longer a spoken language. Hindustani, though mainly Aryan in its vocabulary, and wholly so in its structure, is rather the language of general communication than a distinct dialect. See “Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages of India,” by Beames.     W. S. W. V.   See Dravidian.

Indo-Chinese.

A collective term for a class of languages embracing Anamite, Siamese, and allied dialects. See Leyden in “Asiatic Researches,” vol. x.; Brown’s “Comparative Table” in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” 1837.

Indo-European, see Aryan.

Bopp’s “Comparative Grammar”; “Vergleichende Grammatik des Sansk., Zend., Griech., Lat., Lithau., Altslav., Gothischen und Deutschen,” 4 vols., Berlin, 1833-42; English translation by Eastwick, 3 vols., London, 1862.

Indo-Germanic.

Same as Indo-European. See Schleicher: “Indo-Germanische Chrestomathie,” Weimar, 1869; Fick: “Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen,” Göttingen, 1871.     W. W. S.