The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Champlain tercentenary, by Henry Wayland Hill

Title: The Champlain tercentenary

Final report of the New York Lake Champlain tercentenary commission

Author: Henry Wayland Hill

Release Date: May 23, 2023 [eBook #70842]

Language: English

Produced by: Sonya Schermann, John Campbell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

The
Champlain Tercentenary

Final Report

of the

New York Lake Champlain
Tercentenary Commission

Prepared by Henry Wayland Hill, LL.D.,
Secretary of the Commission

ALBANY
J. B. Lyon Company, State Printers

1913

[Pg iii]

Final Report

of the

Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission
State of New York

Albany, N. Y., April 10, 1913.

To the Honorable the Legislature of the State of New York:

Pursuant to the statute in such case made and provided, we, the undersigned Commissioners, submit herewith the final report of the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of the State of New York.

Very respectfully,

H. Wallace Knapp, Chairman,
Henry W. Hill, Secretary,
Walter C. Witherbee, Treasurer,
John H. Booth,
Louis C. Lafontaine,
James J. Frawley,
James A. Foley,
James Shea,
John B. Riley,
Howland Pell,
William R. Weaver,
Commissioners.

[iv]
[v]

CONTENTS

[viii]
[ix]

ILLUSTRATIONS

[xi]

The

Tercentenary Celebration

of the

Discovery of Lake Champlain

[xii]
[xiii]

Part One

MEMORIALS TO SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN

[Pg 1]

I. CONSTRUCTION OF MEMORIALS TO SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN

The first Report of this Commission was presented to the Honorable the Legislature of the State of New York, September 19, 1911. Subsequently thereto Commissioner and Senator James A. Foley, while still an Assemblyman, introduced a bill in the Assembly designed to empower the Commission to build two suitable permanent memorials to Samuel Champlain in that valley, one at Crown Point Forts and the other at Plattsburgh. Commissioner and Senator James J. Frawley had charge of the bill in the Senate. It was also designed to extend the term of the Commission into the year 1913, long enough to complete such memorials and to dedicate them with appropriate ceremonies. That bill passed the Legislature and upon its approval by Governor Dix, it became chapter 273 of the Laws of 1912. By its terms, it imposed on the Commission the duty of submitting to the Legislature of 1913, a full and complete report of its proceedings and transactions.

On March 27, 1912, the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission submitted its Financial Report to the Legislature, showing its receipts and disbursements down to March 26, 1912. These two reports of the Commission, already submitted to the Legislature, comprise all the proceedings and transactions of the Commission down to their respective dates, so that all that is necessary to do in this Final Report is to continue the record of its proceedings and transactions from such dates. This will include an account of the visit to this country of the distinguished French delegation, headed by His Excellency, Monsieur Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux in April and May, 1912,—an event exponential of the perfect amity existing between the two Republics—and also an account of the dedicatory ceremonies of the Memorial Lighthouse at Crown Point Forts, New York, on July 5, 1912, and of the Champlain memorial at Plattsburgh, New York, on July 6, 1912.

[2]

These did not admit of so extensive an historical treatment of the important events occurring in the Champlain valley, nor of so wide a range of literary productions, as did the Tercentenary exercises, a record of which may be found in the First Report of this Commission. Nevertheless, the interchange of felicitations between the representatives of France and of this country, the cordial greetings everywhere extended to the French visitors and the amicable relations existing between the two peoples, prompting the warmest expressions of good will and generous impulses in addresses of rare literary quality, together with the dedicatory ceremonies themselves, are worthy a permanent record in this Final Report, thereby enlarging it into a volume, and are a fitting sequel to the historical Tercentenary Celebration.

The Commissioners fully realized the opportunity at Crown Point Forts for the construction and embellishment of a great Memorial Lighthouse to commemorate the advent of Samuel Champlain, the herald of civilization, into that valley, and they spared no pains to accomplish that result.

After examining some American memorials to Samuel Champlain and looking over the photographs of others and especially in view of the utilitarian character of the Crown Point memorial in the form of a Lighthouse and of its adaptability to sculptural embellishment, the Commissioners decided to undertake the production of such a Memorial after a design submitted by the architects, Messrs. Dillon, McLellan & Beadel of New York City, including a bronze statue group, the work of the sculptor, Carl Augustus Heber, of New York City. For three years, Mr. Heber was in the studios of Augustus St. Gaudens and Paul Bartlett in Paris and afterward worked on the embellishments of the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo under Karl Theodore Francis Bitter.

Among Heber’s more important works are the equestrian statue of General Sheridan at Somerset, Ohio; the statue of Franklin at Princeton University; the Schiller at Rochester, N. Y., the heroic statue “Roman Poet” in the Brooklyn Institute, and the bronze statue in St. Andrew’s[3] Church at Stamford, Connecticut. He received a medal at the St. Louis Exposition for his “Pastoral” which is now in the museum of the Chicago Art Institute, and he won the Avery prize at the Architectural League in 1910.

Contracts were let to Booth Brothers and Hurricane Isle Granite Company for the construction of the Memorial Lighthouse on the property of the United States at Crown Point Forts of Fox Island granite according to the design found at pages 346-347 of the original Report of the Commission and for the bronze statue group after the Heber model, consisting of a bronze statue of Champlain with one of his soldiers crouching at his feet at one side and an Indian at the other. Just below the group is a conventionalized stone canoe prow laden with the products of the country. The work progressed as rapidly as was planned. The Fox Island granite came from the State of Maine and had to be delivered at Crown Point Forts, several miles distant from a railroad station. The memorial was practically completed on July 5, 1912, although the foundry work on the bronze statue group was not finished, but was in place before the close of navigation. The Commissioners are gratified that the entire memorial, including granite and bronze work, and architects’ fees, was completed within the contract price of approximately $51,313.83, and has been generally approved by the Governors of New York and Vermont and by all others who have passed judgment upon it. In the production of such memorials, where æsthetics must be combined with utilitarian purposes, not readily susceptible of artistic treatment, it is not to be determined a priori from plans, what the result may be and especially when so much depends upon the location and landscape surroundings, as in the case of this memorial.

The artistic features of this memorial with its group of bronze statuary, with the Rodin allegorical bust “La France” set in its granite base, with eight free standing Doric columns surrounding its central shaft, supporting a visitors’ gallery, that gives a wide outlook over the lake and above that, a lantern platform 50 feet from the ground,[4] all surmounted by a circular capital with the garlands of the frieze binding the top together rising 73 feet above the circular terrace and 101 feet above the level of the lake and in the main after the style of the architecture prevailing in France at the time of Champlain, are rather accentuated by the grandeur of the natural scenery surrounding it, produced by the rugged Adirondacks in the west, the long expanse of undulating waters in the north, historic Chimney Point, the fertile fields, green vales and receding mountains in the east and the majestic ivy-clad ruins in the south, all under an azure vault of sky, “glorious as the gates of Heaven.” This memorial of highly artistic design with surroundings of such natural beauty and sublimity and nearly “throned among the hills” cannot fail to make an impression on the imagination and to produce a pleasing effect upon the mind, which is said by Sir Joshua Reynolds to be “the end of art.”

Inscriptions on the two granite pyramids are the following:

(Western pyramid)
NEW YORK
LAKE CHAMPLAIN
TERCENTENARY
COMMISSION

GOVERNOR CHARLES E. HUGHES
GOVERNOR JOHN A. DIX
H. WALLACE KNAPP
HENRY W. HILL
WALTER C. WITHERBEE
JAMES J. FRAWLEY
JAMES SHEA
WILLIAM R. WEAVER
JAMES A. FOLEY
JOHN H. BOOTH
JOHN B. RILEY
LOUIS C. LAFONTAINE
HOWLAND PELL

(Eastern pyramid)[5]
VERMONT
LAKE CHAMPLAIN
TERCENTENARY
COMMISSION

GOVERNOR GEORGE H. PROUTY
GOVERNOR JOHN A. MEAD
LYNN M. HAYS
FRANK L. FISH
WALTER H. CROCKETT
HORACE W. BAILEY
GEORGE T. JARVIS
JOHN M. THOMAS
WILLIAM J. VAN PATTEN
ARTHUR F. STONE
FREDERICK O. BEAUPRE

THE CHILDREN OF VERMONT PARTICIPATED IN
THE ERECTION OF THIS MONUMENT IN HONOR OF
SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN

The following arms appear on the base of the monument, in following order from front to rear:

(East side)

Arms of “ La Compagnie de la Nouvelle France.”
Arms of the State of Vermont.
Arms of France of the time of Louis XIII.

(West side)

Arms of the United States.
Arms of the State of New York.
Arms of Brouage. (Birthplace of Champlain.)

[6]

Inscription on bronze tablet on the base of the Lighthouse, below the statue of Champlain and the Rodin bust:

A description of the Rodin bust and the illustrations of this memorial may be found elsewhere in this volume. It was erected under the supervision of Commissioners Walter C. Witherbee, Howland Pell, James Shea, Louis C. Lafontaine and the chairman, Hon. H. Wallace Knapp. The Legislature authorized the construction of two permanent memorials to Samuel Champlain in the Champlain valley by chapter 181 of the Laws of 1911. The Commissioners appointed to supervise the construction of the Champlain memorial at Plattsburgh, were Judge John B. Riley, Judge John H. Booth, Senator James A. Foley and Hon. William R. Weaver, together with the chairman, the Hon. H. Wallace Knapp. They employed Messrs. Dillon, McLellan & Beadel to design the Plattsburgh memorial, the same architects who designed the Crown Point Memorial. Carl Augustus Heber was employed as the sculptor for the Plattsburgh Champlain Statue. The city of Plattsburgh purchased a commanding site for the memorial on the north shore of the harbor, below the outlet of the Saranac river overlooking Cumberland Bay and Lake Champlain.

The Plattsburgh memorial has been described by the architects as follows:

[7]

DESCRIPTION

The Plattsburgh memorial to Samuel Champlain consists of a statue and pedestal standing on a terrace in a park overlooking Lake Champlain. The Terrace is bordered by a granite coping, and a flight of steps leads down to the lake.

The pedestal is square, slightly tapering toward the top. It is twenty-two feet high, and built of Massachusetts pink granite. It stands on a platform two steps above the terrace. Its base is surrounded by a granite seat and ornamented in front by the figure of a crouching Indian with bow and shield, carved in granite; at each side by a canoe prow with trophies typical of America in Champlain’s time; and at the rear by a bronze tablet bearing the names of the Commissioners.

The canoe prows were chosen because the birch bark canoe is one of the highest achievements, both constructively and artistically, of any primitive race, and is typical of Eastern North America. Strongly and ingeniously made of materials found in the woods, seaworthy, capable of carrying a heavy load, and so light that it could easily be carried from one waterway to another, it provided the quickest and easiest means of travel for the Indians and for the explorers of this part of the country. Without its assistance, journeys such as Champlain’s would have been vastly more difficult, if not impossible.

The type is fast disappearing with our forests, so it seems fitting to perpetuate it in stone on the monument to Champlain, to whom it was of such service.

The upper part of the pedestal is decorated with carved garlands of Indian corn, and bears the following inscription on the front and back respectively:

[8]

(Inscription on Bronze Tablet on Rear)

LAKE CHAMPLAIN TERCENTENARY COMMISSION
STATE OF NEW YORK

The statue of Champlain, which is nearly twelve feet high and of bronze, represents him in his soldier costume holding in his hand the arquebuse of which he speaks in his memoirs. This and his breastplate, helmet or morion, cloak, doublet, boots, and sword follow carefully the style of his period: the arquebuse, morion and sword being modelled after the ancient pieces in the collection of Hon. Howland Pell.

The monument was designed by Dillon, McLellan & Beadel, the architects of the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at Crown Point Forts, and the sculpture was done by Carl A. Heber, who modelled the Crown Point memorial figures.

Contracts were let to Booth Brothers and Hurricane Isle Granite Company for the granite work of the Plattsburgh Memorial, which was to be built of Massachusetts pink granite and also for the bronze tablet, steps, coping, etc., and to Carl A. Heber, the sculptor for the bronze[9] statue of Champlain and for the models of the Indian, canoe prow and garlands. The approximate cost of the entire memorial, including architects’ fees, was $20,263.51. This memorial was completed in time for dedication on July 6, 1912. It is a stately and dignified memorial after an original design, about 34 feet high and rising 61½ feet above the level of the lake, and so located as to be readily seen from the decks of passenger steamers entering the port of Plattsburgh. As a work of art, it will stand comparison with any of the memorials to Samuel Champlain in this country.

[13]

II. THE ALLEGORICAL BUST, “LA FRANCE,” AND THE PERSONNEL AND MISSION OF THE FRENCH DELEGATION

As the memorials neared completion, it was learned through His Excellency, Jean Adrien Antoine Jules Jusserand, the French Ambassador, that His Excellency, Clément Armand Fallières, President of the Republic of France, and the French people were raising funds to purchase and present to the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions, which was to become a part of the Champlain memorial at Crown Point Forts, an allegorical bust by one of their noted sculptors. The cordial relations existing between the people of France and the people of America, as a result of the Champlain Tercentenary Celebration, awakened in the two peoples something of that friendship, which naturally springs from the pursuit of common purposes, similar ideals and like humanitarian impulses. The Tercentenary tributes to the God-fearing Champlain, whose noble qualities of mind and heart and whose unrequited services to mankind afford the occasion for the intermingling of the two races and the interchange of expressions of good will and cordial greetings, touched the hearts of the French people as nothing else had done, since the time when the people of this country bestowed their tributes on that other distinguished Frenchman and patriot, Marquis de Lafayette, whose services to this nation have ever since provoked the praises of our countrymen. This appears from what followed.

Through the columns of Le Figaro of December 22, 1911, His Excellency, Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux, of the French Academy and President of the Franco-American Committee, which assumed the undertaking of procuring the Rodin allegorical bust, “La France,” appealed to the people of France to support the Committee in its undertaking. In the course of this appeal (rendered into English), he said:

To this patriotic appeal generous response was made and the bust was secured. On April 26, 1912, the French delegation on their superb steamship France of La Compagnie Générale Transatlantique in New York harbor was welcomed by members of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission, Viscount de Jean, Secretary of the French Embassy at Washington, M. Étienne Marie Louis Lanel, French Consul-General at New York, Paul Fuller, Jr., representing the Franco-American Committee, Hon. McDougall Hawkes, representing the Franco-American Institute in the United States, and Mr. Henry L. Beadel, one of the architects of the Champlain Memorials. The interchange of greetings between the members of the Tercentenary Commission and the visitors prepared the way for the receptions that were to follow at New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Boston, Montreal, Quebec, and elsewhere. The delegation was accompanied by Hon. Robert Bacon, former United States Ambassador to France, and was one of the most representative that had ever come over from France. It included in its membership:

His Excellency, Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux, of the French Academy, former Minister of Foreign Affairs, President of the delegation; Hon. Louis Barthou, Member of the Chamber of Deputies, former Minister of Justice; Baron D’Estournelles de Constant, Member of the French Senate and of The Hague International Tribunal; M. René Bazin of the French Academy; General Lebon, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor and Member of the Superior Council of War; M. Étienne Lamy of the French Academy; M. Fernand Cormon, painter,[17] President of the Academy of Fine Arts; Count Charles de Chambrun, Secretary of the French Embassy at Washington, representing President Poincaré of the Council of Ministers; M. Paul Vidal de le Blache, Member of the Institute, representing the University of Paris; Le Duc Choiseul, descendant of an old distinguished French family; Count de Rochambeau, descendant of Count de Rochambeau, in command of the French forces in America during the Revolution; M. J. Dal Piaz, Director-General of La Compagnie Générale Transatlantique; M. Louis Blériot, Engineer and Aviator; M. Antoine Girard, Commercial Explorer; M. Léon Barthou, delegate from the Aero Club of France; M. Gabriel Louis Jaray, Member of the Council of State and Secretary of the General Franco-American Committee; M. Gaston Deschamps, representing “Le Temps;” M. Régis Gignoux, representing “Le Figaro;” M. Roger Gouel, Secretary of the delegation; the Countess de Rochambeau; Madame Blériot; Miss Valentine Girard and Miss Madeline Cormon.

Baron D’Estournelles de Constant, so favorably known to Americans on account of his advocacy of International Peace on a former visit to this country, introduced the members of the delegation to members of the New York Commission, which presented to each visitor one of the official souvenir Champlain badges and later a copy of the first edition of the Official Report of the Tercentenary Celebration. The mission of the delegation was to bring and present to the New York and Vermont Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions the allegorical bust “La France,” by Auguste Rodin, bearing the following inscription:

LE XX JUILLET MDCIX LE FRANÇAIS S. CHAMPLAIN
A DÉCOUVERT LE LAC QUI PORTE SON NOM.
LE III MAI MCMXII LES ÉTATS DE
NEW-YORK ET DE VERMONT
ÉLEVANT CE MONUMENT
UNE DÉLÉGATION FRANÇAISE
A SCELLE CETTE FIGURE DE
“LA FRANCE.”

A. Rodin

[18]

The architects of the Crown Point memorial thus described the bust:

The plaque represents France with a head-dress that follows somewhat the form of a liberty cap, and is half-indicated as the skin of a cock. A claw and a comb seem almost discernible in the boldly modelled planes and ridges. “La France” herself is a young woman with a strong face. The nose is modelled in a few bold planes, and is large. The eyes are staring and archaic. The mouth is firm, but is more kindly modelled than the nose, and the chin and cheeks are rounded, and, though firm, more feminine than the rest of the countenance. The pose is alert, even aggressive. It is too masculine to be immediately attractive, but familiarity with it seems to subdue its harshness and bring out its charm, until it is seen to possess that indescribable quality of mystery that belongs to a few famous portraits.

M. Hanotaux said that “it was fit to replace the Mona Lisa.” Perhaps he is right. There is no doubt at least that it is the work of a master. It has been placed on the front of the pedestal that carries the statue of Champlain.

Allegorical Interpretation.

[Suggested by Henry W. Hill, Secretary of the Commission.]

In addition to the foregoing technical description, this chef-d’œuvre may also have another interpretation, for it was designed to symbolize France, through the transformation of ten centuries of turbulence, revolution and evolution, the center of the Republican movement in Europe and finally emerging triumphantly reconstructed and self-reliant, the exponent among Continental nations of the liberty, equality and fraternity of mankind. In her new Renaissance of constitutional government, the spirit of intense patriotism has taken possession of her people and France is another illustration of the solidarity of those communities and stability of those nations, which are actuated by and founded upon popular liberties.

In contemplating this work, we are made to realize that the French as well as the Italians have an intuitive appreciation of the ideals in[19] æsthetics and they are setting the standards of their ideals in art so high, that France as well as Italy is leading most other nations in artistic achievement as may be seen in the marvelous productions of her modern sculptors, whose works are not only found in the Louvre, the Musée du Luxembourg and in other collections, but also adorn the palaces, boulevards and public grounds of Paris and other municipalities of France.

The moderate encouragement given there to art by the state and the people of the country has undoubtedly stimulated original and creative production in sculpture as well as in painting, notwithstanding the apathy once described by Théodore Duret, who declared that “there is nothing sadder to recount in the whole history of art than the persecution inflicted upon truly original and creative artists of the country.” In this martyrdom of those devoted to æsthetic achievements the world over inheres the truth of the Roman adage, patitur qui vincit. Auguste Rodin, who was born in Paris in 1840 and elected President of the International Society of Sculptors, Painters and Engravers in 1904, has conquered and lives to see his works admired in both hemispheres, notwithstanding his disregard of the canons and conventionalities of the French Institute, which were repulsive to him. He has devoted himself to a mastery of nature, as zealously as did Michael Angelo to the study of anatomy. He is original and creative and his works are now appreciated by members of the Institute as well as by the savants in art the world over. His success in his field of sculptural achievement is largely due to his intense application to nature, as interpreted through the perspective of a vivid imagination, a poetic temperament and a keen appreciation of the beautiful and the sublime. These have impelled him to reject the conventional details, due to uniform rules applying to all alike, regardless of the individual characteristics, apparent in the works of many sculptors and to devote himself to productions, which are the embodiment of individual realism. In “La France,” one appreciates that he has produced a work with an exuberance of detail as stately as the Greek conception of the ideal head, shown in the marble copy of the Athene Parthenos of Phidias. It is a production of marked originality and has[20] the character and the strength of the works of Donatello and of Michael Angelo, which contain “infinitely subtle shades of form in each sinuosity of contour” and are suggestive of living personalities. Whether or not we accept the intuitional theory of æsthetics, propounded by Benedetto Croce and others, that beauty is spiritual activity or expression and nothing more and is not predicable of nature apart from expression, we cannot fail to appreciate that the works of Rodin,[1] which are true to nature or an improvement upon it, are illustrations of perfect æsthetic expression and therefore fall within Signore Croce’s category of æsthetic productions.

The allegorical bust, “La France,” a work of poetic symbolism, reveals something of the culture and the contemplative character and native resolution of that nation, which struggles and conquers and whose intellectual development—through the various stages of a complex and progressive civilization, broadened by the discovery of her navigators and the assumption of the responsibility of colonial government of her own and alien races, ameliorated by the responsiveness of her statesmen to popular ideas, thus solving the perplexing problems of organization and administration, enlightened by the brilliant achievements of her scientists and of her littérateurs, ennobled by the ethical teachings of her philosophers and uplifted by the inspiration of her poets and by the marvelous creations of her sculptors, her painters and her architects—is the fruition of that universal genius, which is regenerating and immortal. This has enabled France to maintain a leading position in the onward march of civilization and to mold her institutions in conformity to the world’s approved ethical and political standards.

It is not necessary to enumerate her contributions to art, to literature or to science further than to call attention to the fact that her celebrated[21] Pierre Simonde de Laplace was the first to unfold the Nebular Hypothesis in his “Exposition du Système du Monde” to account for the formation of the solar system, and that her Charles Messier was the first to catalogue stationary objects so faint as to be hardly observable through his small telescope and by him first named “nebulae.” The diaphanous, spiral convolutions in such of these, as the great green nebula in Orion, the brilliant white nebula in Andromeda and the whirlpool nebula in Canes Venatici, by the aid of powerful telescopes, may now be photographed and by the revelations of the spectroscope, their dimensions, character and composition may be determined.

If these nebulae, first discovered by Messier, be distant universes, not unlike the Milky Way, as suggested by Dr. Edward Arthur Fath, who estimates the diameter of the nebula in Andromeda at thirty-five trillions of miles, we at most have but little conception of their magnitude and the wonders of the realms of infinite space about us. The contributions of Laplace and Messier as well as of Lalande, Leverrier and others to astronomy indicate to some extent the leading position France has always taken in the domain of science and original research. All nations recognize that La France est la patrie des sciences et des arts.

Her contributions to civilization and to the world’s diplomacy entitle her to the gratitude of other civilized nations.

The people of this nation are especially grateful to France for her services in opening up the heart of this continent to its early settlers, for her assistance to our people in their struggle for independence and for other acts of friendship, gratefully acknowledged elsewhere in this Report, the last of which is beautifully expressed in the gift of the Rodin bust, “La France.”

[25]

III. SOCIAL FUNCTIONS AND HOSPITALITIES EXTENDED TO THE FRENCH VISITORS IN NEW YORK, WASHINGTON, PHILADELPHIA, BOSTON AND ELSEWHERE

Upon their disembarkation, the visitors took rooms in the Hotel Vanderbilt. In the evening, they witnessed “Les Fourberies de Scapin” of Molière, played by the students of French in the College of the City of New York at the Carnegie Lyceum, and also the French version of an English play. On April 27, 1912, Mayor Gaynor received the delegation in the City Hall of New York and expressed his pleasure at their safe arrival in the city. M. Hanotaux replied that it was an honor to present their respects to the first citizen of the great city of New York. On the same day, members of the French delegation and members of the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions were tendered a luncheon at the Metropolitan Club in New York by Hon. McDougall Hawkes, chairman of the American Board of the French Institute in the United States. Mr. Hawkes in a graceful address welcomed the guests and extended an invitation to the First Loan Exhibit of the Institute that afternoon. In the course of his address he said:

He was followed by Ambassador Jusserand, Mayor Gaynor, Baron D’Estournelles de Constant, M. Louis Barthou, Mr. Paul Fuller, who[26] spoke in French, and others. At the Loan Exposition that followed in the East Gallery of the building of the American Arts Society, John W. Alexander, President of the National Academy of Design and a Trustee of the French Institute in the United States, in a brief address spoke of the cordial reception given in France to students of art from this country and welcomed the delegation in a most cordial manner to the Institute. M. Fernand Cormon, President of the Fine Arts Academy of France, expressed his thanks for the cordial welcome they had received and declared that

On the following morning the members of the French delegation and the members of the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions were received by former Senator William A. Clark at his Fifth Avenue home and shown through his unique and valuable art collections, in which the visitors expressed deep interest. They were surprised to find so extensive and rare a collection in private hands, and congratulated Senator Clark upon his acquisition and possession of it.

Members of the delegation took the afternoon train for Washington, where they were met by Mr. Chandler Hale, Third Assistant Secretary of State, an aide-de-camp of the President, and Count de Peretti de la Rocca, Counsellor to the French Ambassador. On April 29th they were accompanied by Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, Major-General Leonard Wood, General Oliver and others on the Dolphin to Mount Vernon, where M. Hanotaux on behalf of his compatriots placed a wreath of flowers on the tomb of President Washington.

On their return to Washington, Ambassador and Mme. Jusserand tendered them a reception at the French Embassy, which was attended by the diplomatic corps and others, and later the National Press Club[27] also gave them a reception. In the evening Ambassador and Mrs. Jusserand gave them a dinner at the French Embassy, which was followed by a ball given by Mr. John Barrett at the Pan-American Building.

On Tuesday morning, April 30th, they visited the Congressional Library, the Supreme Court, the Senate and the House of Representatives and were then entertained at luncheon at the White House by President and Mrs. Taft, where informal expressions of good will concluded the Washington visit.

They returned to New York in the afternoon and were given a reception and dinner by La Compagnie Générale Transatlantique on board the new steamship France, said to be one of the most artistically decorated vessels that ever entered the harbor of New York and flying the largest American flag ever unfurled from the masthead of any vessel, the gift of Ambassador Robert Bacon to this ship on her maiden voyage. Members of the Champlain Tercentenary Commissions were also guests at the dinner, at which M. Paul Faguet, general agent of the company, presided. Among the speakers were M. J. Dal Piaz, director-general of the company, Ambassador Jusserand, M. Gabriel Hanotaux and others. Later in the evening, the Society of the Cincinnati held a reception at the beautiful home of Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Alexander at No. 4 West 58th Street, at which the members of the French delegation and the members of the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions were guests. On the following day, some members of the French delegation accompanied by Ambassador Robert Bacon went to Boston and were met by Prof. W. H. Schofield of Harvard and William Rotch, president of the Alliance Française at the south station. They were entertained at breakfast by Prof. Schofield and at luncheon by President Lowell of Harvard, where they addressed the students in French. Later in the afternoon they visited the State House and were presented to Governor Foss. Other members of the delegation went to Philadelphia, visited the University of Pennsylvania and Independence Hall, where they saw many[28] portraits of notable persons, including those of Marquis de Lafayette, Count de Rochambeau, Count Matthieu Dumas, the general’s aide, and others, in which they were deeply interested. They were then entertained at luncheon by the Hon. Charlemagne Tower, former Ambassador to Germany, and Mrs. Tower, at which luncheon were Dr. and Mrs. S. Weir Mitchell, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Rosengarten and others.

[31]

IV. BANQUET AT THE WALDORF-ASTORIA HOTEL, NEW YORK CITY, MAY 1, 1912, AND PRESENTATION OF RODIN BUST “LA FRANCE”

All the members of the delegation returned to New York in the afternoon to attend the principal State banquet tendered to them under the auspices of the Lake Champlain Association and the Tercentenary Commissions of New York and Vermont at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in the evening of May 1, 1912. The Astor gallery of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel where the dinner was served, was beautifully decorated with flowers and the flags of the two nations, intertwined, emblematic of the intimate friendship existing between France and the United States. Elaborate and beautifully designed menu cards with photographs of the Champlain memorials and with the names of the French delegation were provided and all other ante-prandial arrangements had been carefully looked after by the Hon. Frank S. Witherbee and Percival Wilds, the president and secretary of the Lake Champlain Association, and by Hon. Howland Pell of the New York Tercentenary Commission, to all of whom much credit is due for the success of the banquet.

* * * * * Just in time to banquet
The illustrious company assembled here. * * *

On the dais were seated thirty-one of the distinguished guests, including President John H. Finley of the College of the City of New York, the Toastmaster, Ambassador Jusserand, Attorney-General George W. Wickersham, representing the President of the United States, General Horace Porter, former Ambassador to France, Hon. Robert Bacon, former Ambassador to France, Lieutenant-Governor Thomas F. Conway, Mayor William J. Gaynor, Hon. A. Barton Hepburn, members of the French delegation, some members of the Lake Champlain Tercentenary[32] Commissions and others. The other members of the Tercentenary Commissions and the other guests were grouped around thirty-two separate tables, and among them were General Stewart L. Woodford, former Ambassador to Spain, Governor John A. Mead of Vermont, Hon. Francis Lynde Stetson, General Charles Davis, Adjutant-General William Verbeck, Hon. J. G. McCullough, Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, Hon. Henry W. Taft, Hon. Charles B. Alexander, Hon. McDougall Hawkes, Hon. William A. Clark, Stephen H. P. Pell, Esq., Philip Livingston, T. J. Oakley Rhinelander, Hon. Peter Barlow, Hon. Francis K. Pendleton, Hon. Rhinelander Waldo, Hon. Bird S. Coler, A. Eugene Gallatin, Hon. Edward W. Hatch, Hon. Chester B. McLaughlin, Bashford A. Dean, Esq., Hon. John F. O’Brien, Hon. Darwin P. Kingsley, Hon. Frederic R. Coudert, Dr. Lewis Francis, Viscount de Jean, Count Jacques de Portales, Count Henri de Saint Seine, Count de La Fayette, M. Étienne Marie Louis Lanel, Hon. Edward H. Butler, William P. Northrup and others.

The three hundred guests represented many of the historic families of France and America, which had played an important part in the history of the two countries. It was a notable assemblage and thoroughly representative of the official life, culture and best citizenship of the two nations.

After toasts to the President of the United States and to the President of France, the band played The Star Spangled Banner and La Marseillaise. Other national airs of France and the United States interspersed the speeches and were productive of convivial feeling.

President Finley had before him on the table the keystone taken from over the door of the birthplace of Samuel Champlain in Brouage. It was encircled by the French flags on the table. His illuminating and charming articles on “The French in the Heart of America,” commencing in Scribner’s Magazine for September, 1912, and continuing in succeeding numbers of that periodical, show the wide extent of the French settlements in America and something of America’s indebtedness to France.

[33]

Address of President John H. Finley

As Dr. Finley poured a few drops of champagne over the stone the banqueters went to their feet and cheered enthusiastically. President Finley then presented Attorney-General Wickersham, delegated to represent the President, who spoke as follows:

Address of Attorney-General George W. Wickersham

[36]

President Finley then introduced Ambassador Jusserand as follows:

We welcome the special embassies that come from time to time, but that is partly because of our affection and admiration for the permanent Ambassador from the Republic of France. It was rumored a few days ago that he was to be promoted to another court. Of course, in our opinion transfer to another court is not a promotion. But in any event, we are sure of this: that court is the most fortunate to whose sovereign he is accredited. I propose the health of the sovereign who has accredited him to us, the President of the French Republic.

Address of Ambassador Jusserand

[40]

In presenting the next speaker, President Finley said:

A few weeks ago I was in great peril of losing my life by falling off the western boundary of the State of New York into the Niagara river. I was trying to follow the path of the Frenchmen who carried from Lake Ontario to a point several miles above the Falls, the equipment for the first sailing vessel to navigate the waters of the Upper Lakes. While I was climbing to a narrow ledge of rock covered with ice, a hundred feet above the river, I appreciated as never before the hardihood of the French explorers and the dearness of the soil of New York to me. I have a particular satisfaction in being able to stand here to-night and to introduce to you the Acting Governor of this Empire State, Governor Conway.

Address of Lieutenant-Governor Thomas F. Conway

In alluding to the Governor of Vermont, President Finley remarked:

The Governor of Vermont, with rare forbearance, wishes to be excused from speaking. But as Jacques Cartier, nearly a century before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, saw, first of Europeans, the peaks of the Green mountains, so I wish you, from the land of the pilot of St. Malo, to see the topmost peak in Vermont to-day, its Governor, the Hon. John A. Mead.

Governor Mead stood and bowed to the audience. (Applause.)

The Toastmaster then introduced Mayor William J. Gaynor of New York City.

When in the most beautiful and largest city in the southwest of France a year ago (Bordeaux), I learned, to my surprise, that the great philosopher and essayist, Montaigne, had been its mayor. And it is possible that generations hence the distinction of Mr. Gaynor as Mayor may be surpassed even by his fame as a philosopher. Certainly no man in public life to-day is writing in his everyday letters with such pungency and appeal on some of the problems of life, which continue to disturb mankind.

Address of Mayor William J. Gaynor

President Finley then presented the French delegation as follows:

And now, ladies and gentlemen, how shall I characterize to you the men who constitute this notable delegation? I wish I were able to do so in my own tongue as did Baron d’Estournelles de Constant so eloquently a few days ago in an acquired tongue,—to tell you how this great historian and statesman, Hanotaux, has, with an art which only a Greek or a Frenchman could command, gathered into this company men representing every high interest of France to carry this symbol of international good will to our Republic and affix it to our monument, in eternal memory of their countryman.

Two members of the French Academy, M. René Bazin and M. Lamy; a foremost representative of the art of France, M. Cormon; two members of Parliament, one already our well-beloved friend, Sénateur Baron d’Estournelles de Constant, and M. Louis Barthou; the great geographer, Vidal de la Blache; General Lebon; the riders of the sea and the riders of the air; and then, the representatives of two great families who have been especially distinguished in America’s service. What art of selection! I must, however, be content simply to name to you the speakers already so well introduced to you. I present first, M. Gabriel Hanotaux.

M. Hanotaux responded in French, but he supplied the following English version of his address.

[45]

Address of His Excellency, Albert Auguste Gabrielle Hanotaux

President Finley then presented M. Louis Barthou, who was not on the programme, but who made a most favorable impression on all who had the good fortune to meet him and listen to his charming eloquence. His glowing and felicitous tribute was listened to with rapt attention. Unfortunately his address was not reported and no copy has been obtainable, much to the regret of all who have known him and his prominent position in the affairs of the French Republic. At one time he was the Minister of Justice in the Cabinet and is a noted lawyer as well as one of the leading parliamentarians of the Chamber of Deputies.

President Finley then introduced Baron d’Estournelles de Constant, who spoke in English in his usual felicitous manner in appreciation of the reception tendered to the delegation from France and the hospitality accorded to them in the various American cities which they had visited. The Baron is well known in America, where he has advocated International[51] Peace, and spoke in terms of affection of his friends in America and what they were doing to promote International Peace. It is a matter of regret that his speech was not reported in full so that it could be included in this Final Report.

President Finley then introduced Senator Henry W. Hill, the Secretary of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission, who on behalf of the two Commissions received the gift of the people of France and expressed the cordial feelings of appreciation with which the beautiful and appropriate bust is received in the following address:

Address of Senator Henry W. Hill

[59]

V. FRENCH DELEGATION ENTERTAINED BY THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

On May 2d, The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York entertained at luncheon the French delegation in the Hall of the Chamber on Liberty street, New York City. Ambassador Jusserand and the visiting delegation and other invited guests were presented to President A. Barton Hepburn by Hon. McDougall Hawkes and then seated on the dais. The flags of the United States and France were entwined behind the President’s chair.

In welcoming the distinguished visitors, President A. Barton Hepburn said:

President Hepburn then introduced the French Ambassador, J. J. Jusserand, who spoke eloquently on the importance of the extension of the commercial relations between France and the United States and also in appreciation of the hospitality shown in this country to the French delegation, comprising distinguished officials and civilians from the Republic of France.

President Hepburn then presented His Excellency, Gabriel Hanotaux as follows:

M. Hanotaux was greeted with loud applause and spoke in French.

Address of M. Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux

President Hepburn introduced the next speaker as follows: There are few homes in this country in which the benign face of Washington does not look down upon the family activities. Serious contemplation of the face of Washington must soon bring into perspective the face of that great Frenchman with whom he was so closely associated, whom he so highly esteemed, Lafayette. We are fortunate in having with us to-day a direct descendant of the great Lafayette, his great-great-grandson. He is upon this delegation as the personal representative of the Premier of the present government of France. I take great pleasure in presenting Count de Chambrun.

Count de Chambrun spoke in English.

Address of Count de Chambrun

President Hepburn said: “Only a few years ago we wanted the world, but now we want the air above it. We have with us to-day one of the pioneers in navigation of the air, the man who first crossed the English channel in a heavier than air machine. I present to you M. Louis Blériot.” M. Blériot said:

Addresses were also made in French by M. Louis Barthou, formerly a member of the French Cabinet, and others. They were enthusiastically received. At the luncheon which followed the meeting a toast was given in honor of the President of France which was responded to by M. Hanotaux, after which Baron D’Estournelles de Constant made an eloquent address. Since their return to France and the election of M. Raymond Poincaré to the Presidency of that Republic, M. Louis Barthou has been made President of the Council of Ministers. It is very gratifying to the many friends in America of M. Barthou that he has been so signally honored by the French nation.

[71]

VI. FRENCH VISITORS AND CHAMPLAIN COMMISSIONERS ENTERTAINED AT TICONDEROGA, LATER INSPECT CHAMPLAIN MEMORIAL LIGHTHOUSE AT CROWN POINT, WHERE THEY FORMALLY PLACE THE BUST “LA FRANCE” AND THEN JOURNEY TO PLATTSBURGH. REPORT TO PARIS

The members of the New York and Vermont Lake Champlain Commissions accompanied by His Excellency, M. Jusserand, the French Ambassador, Governor Mead of Vermont and the members of the French delegation left New York on the night train, May 2d, in special cars, which were detached from the train the next morning at Fort Ticonderoga station. The French visitors were entertained at breakfast by Mr. and Mrs. Stephen H. P. Pell at “The Pavilion,” their summer home, while the members of the Joint Commissions were entertained at breakfast by Commissioner Howland Pell in the Block House, rebuilt by him in the Germain Redoubt overlooking the Lake. Several hours were spent in looking over the ruins, fortifications and restorations, the details of which were explained by Mr. and Mrs. Stephen H. P. Pell, who own Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence. The visitors were greatly interested in all they saw, and especially the French lines, the scene of Montcalm’s victory in 1758 and the place where the battle occurred. The ancient flag of France with the Fleur-de-lis was displayed together with the Tri-color and each was saluted with formality.

Members of the delegation and Ambassador Jusserand called on Commissioner Pell at the Block House in the Germain Redoubt, where light refreshments were served.

General Lebon and other members of the delegation were quick to see[72] the strategic importance of Ticonderoga as a military fortification to command the passage of vessels up and down the lake as well as the passage of troops through the valley. In their judgment France made no mistake in taking possession of Ticonderoga and taking her stand there and at Crown Point in her efforts to control this entire territory. The history of the struggle has been graphically described by Parkman and others and the thrilling events, culminating in and about this “Gateway of the Country,” have been given realistic settings by Ira Allen, Hon. Lucius E. Chittenden, Rev. Joseph Cook, Dr. Hamilton W. Mabie, Percy MacKaye and others. These were well known to most of the visiting savants, who were profoundly impressed with Ticonderoga and the overtowering Mount Defiance on the southwest and the commanding position of Mount Independence across the narrow lake on the southeast. All these were occupied by military forces at times during the struggle for the control of the territory.

The Commissioners and visitors left on a special train at 11.30 A. M. for Port Henry, where they were met by Commissioner Walter C. Witherbee, Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, Lieut.-Gov. Thomas F. Conway and others. While going from Ticonderoga to Port Henry, lunch was served on the train, so that upon their arrival at Port Henry, while they were being escorted to the steamer, the Witherbee band played the Marseillaise, and to the delight of the French guests, it also played the airs of several French folk songs familiar to the visitors and known to their grandparents. They proceeded directly to Crown Point Forts. This was their first experience on Lake Champlain, their first view of the memorial in the process of construction. It was far enough along, however, to reveal its stateliness and artistic design. The impression it made on M. Fernand Cormon, President of the French Academy, and on M. René Bazin, M. Étienne Lamy, M. Gabriel Hanotaux and other members of the French Academy may be drawn from the remarks of M. Hanotaux and others. Suffice it to say here that the visitors were pleased with the artistic memorial lighthouse, which, in addition to its utilitarian uses, is designed to symbolize the illumination of the light of[73] civilization first shed in the valley by Champlain and his followers. After inspecting the memorial they suggested the permanent location for the bust “La France,” which had been temporarily placed in position and was inspected by the people from all parts of the Champlain valley. The bust was draped with the flags of the United States and the Tri-color of France and from all parts of the memorial lighthouse floated pennants and the Stars and Stripes in profusion.

Chairman H. Wallace Knapp presided at the formal exercises and in his opening address said:

I now take great pleasure in introducing to you the acting Governor, Lieutenant-Governor Conway.

Lieut.-Gov. Thomas F. Conway in the course of his address of welcome said:

Chairman Knapp then introduced Gov. John A. Mead of Vermont.

[74]

Governor Mead in welcoming the visitors said:

Chairman Knapp then presented the French delegation, saying: Many Commissions have come from France to us, but all of France has never been so well represented as it is by our guests to-day. They bring in their hands the gift that has been contributed by all the classes of all the French people.

I have the pleasure of introducing to you the Chairman of the Delegation, M. Gabriel Hanotaux.

Address of Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux

The states of Vermont and New York raise this monument, torch-bearer to the glory of the first Europeans who saw their territories and who foresaw their future prosperity. A French delegation has come to thank the constructors of this magnificent monument and to seal upon its base, as a sign of gratitude, an image of France.

This work of one of our greatest sculptors, Rodin, is of modest size, but it certainly expresses well what we have wished to say; it will bear testimony among you of the quality of French taste; it will depict to you France, such as we Frenchmen conceive it, such as we love it. See this countenance, smiling and at the same time grave, these delicate and pure features, these full cheeks indicating health, this firm look expressing resolution and sincerity. It is France as she wishes to be and as she is.

The France of the Crusades, the France of Joan of Arc, of Louis XIV and of Napoleon, of the Revolution, the France of the Richelieus and of the Champlains, that France cannot forget those who have worked and suffered for her, she gathers together their memory, she thanks those who remember. To the friendships[75] and smiles that are offered her, she replies by a smile and a sincere and faithful friendship.

To mention only the most recent events: In 1910, a statue of the great Washington was offered to Versailles by the State of Virginia; in December, the Surrender of Yorktown, by J. P. Laurens, was solemnly inaugurated in the Court House of Baltimore. In 1911, commemorative monuments were erected at Savannah, at Annapolis, at Mobile. Everywhere we find memorable proofs of American sympathy. How could we do otherwise than respond?

And it is for this reason, these acts and so many similar ones having been noted through the vigilance of the Ambassador of France at Washington, that the Committee of France-America, encouraged by the French Government, took the initiative of a subscription in order to bring to the lighthouse of Champlain a souvenir of French gratitude. The subscription includes, in the first rank, the President of the French Republic, Mr. Fallières; the President of the Council of Ministers, Raymond Poincaré, the Ambassador of France at Washington, Mr. Jusserand, the majority of the French ministers and a great number of our fellow-countrymen, anxious to express their gratitude and their sympathy to the American Republic.

The delegation here present bears no official character, but Mr. Jusserand accompanies it as the representative of the French Government and the Count de Chambrun appears in it as the representative of the President of the Council. The greatest French institutions also have their representatives therein; The Institut de France, the Parliament, the French army, the State Council, the University, Industry, Commerce, the Press; finally, the descendants of three of the families that have, from the very beginning, shown their sympathy for the Franco-American cause.

Friendship—it is with this word that I wish to close, as it expresses the real character of the sentiment that animates the Committee of France-America and which its delegation has endeavored to convey in coming to you. We are friends of the great American democracy; we come toward it with outstretched hands, saying: Accept this friendship that is offered you and in return grant us yours. We have nothing more to offer you than this image of that which we love best in the world, France; and we ask nothing more of you than to understand how lively, spontaneous and sincere this sentiment is.

Since the American democracy is at the head of the great human civilizations, since it always marches forward, without, however, forgetting the bonds that bind it to the past; since it has a noble heart, a generous soul, and since, according to the word of the Latin writer, nothing human is foreign to it, we come to remind it that these sentiments are also those that animate the French democracy; and, as the two ideas are to-day united in the same monument, so may the two words be[76] drawn closer together in the name of our Committee, France-America. We beg of you not to allow the memory of this ceremony to be effaced from your hearts, since the memory of Champlain is commemorated by you. We now confide to you the image of our beautiful France. Watch over it as over an eternal pledge of gratitude, of devotion, and of friendship. (Long applause.)

Commissioner Louis C. Lafontaine was then introduced and received the gift in the following manner, speaking in the French language:

This concluded the formal exercises.

The visitors were then shown the ruins of Fort St. Frédéric and of the English Forts, now included in the state reservation known as the Crown Point Reservation, which are among the best preserved original fortifications of the country.

The discoveries which are being made in and about the old French Fort under the direction of Annie E. (Mrs. Walter C.) Witherbee, are such as may lead to the rewriting of a description of these forts. She has located the ovens and found the oven doors, candle-sticks, snuffers, glassware, blue and white china of Fort St. Frédéric, built in 1731, the underground drain, from the English Forts, built of stone two and one-half feet high, resting on a solid rock and twenty inches in width in perfect condition. She has also found the casemate and bastions around[77] the English Forts, which were built in 1759 by Amherst. She has opened up the old forge and found many relics such as a gun-carriage, chairs, knives, spades, iron bars, bolts and other articles. The most remarkable discovery from a geological point of view was that of a glacier mill 14 feet and 7 inches in depth, containing spherical stones, unknown in the vicinity. Mrs. Witherbee has procured copies of old charts and maps from British archives relating to the region. She is also making a valuable historical collection of books, manuscripts and autographs of persons, who have written about or have been occupants of the forts now in ruins, but included in the State Reservation. These will throw new light on the history of the region to the lasting credit of Mrs. Witherbee, who intends to continue her researches in this hitherto unexplored field.

At three-forty o’clock, P. M., the Commissioners, accompanied by His Excellency Ambassador Jusserand and the French delegation, boarded the special train for Plattsburgh under the escort of Hon. John H. Booth and Hon. John B. Riley. Upon their arrival at Plattsburgh, they were officially welcomed by Mayor Andrew G. Senecal, the Guard of Honor, and St. Jean Baptiste Society in full uniform. The depot was trimmed with the American and French flags and the U. S. Reservation at Plattsburgh Barracks had been put in readiness by Colonel Cowles, Post Commandant, for the reception of the visitors to witness a dress parade in their honor. As they entered the Reservation, a national salute was fired and the regimental band played La Marseillaise and the Star Spangled Banner. The Fifth Infantry in full dress uniform was drawn up and saluted the distinguished visitors with military honors. Colonel Cowles and his staff were formally presented by Hon. H. Wallace Knapp to Ambassador Jusserand, M. Gabriel Hanotaux, General Lebon, Count de Chambrun, M. Étienne Lamy and others. The visitors were escorted to the temporary platform, whereupon the Hon. V. F. Boire, speaking in French in behalf of the people of Plattsburgh, welcomed the visitors. The English version of his address is substantially as follows:

[78]

The visitors demonstrated their pleasure over his remarks by vigorous applause. M. Étienne Lamy was then introduced and, speaking in French, told of the pleasure of himself and his associates at the hearty reception they had received at every place they had visited since coming to America and said that at no place was the reception more cordial than at Plattsburgh. General Lebon was the next speaker and his remarks were also in French. He spoke of the great achievements of the French people in all walks of life and especially in the military sphere. Count de Chambrun spoke in English and told of the great friendship which has existed between France and the United States ever since the first blow was struck by the colonies for liberty; how the Republic of the East, through him and his associates, sent greetings and promises of everlasting friendship to the Republic of the West. M. Gabriel Hanotaux spoke briefly in French and Ambassador Jusserand made a few remarks in both English and French, expressing his pleasure in again visiting Plattsburgh. The Saranac Chapter of the D. A. R. turned out in force with their regent. Mrs. George F. Tuttle, and were accompanied by the Nathan Beman Chapter of the Children of the American Revolution bearing the American colors. The D. A. R. delegation was seated on the grandstand at the left of the French visitors.

Mrs. George F. Tuttle, the regent of the Saranac Chapter, D. A. R., and president of the Nathan Beman Chapter, D. A. R., of Plattsburgh, both of which organizations took part in the reception of the French Delegation, expressed her pleasure and that of her Chapter at taking part in welcoming the visitors, and also said:

After regimental dress parade the visitors were returned to the depot by automobile and left for Montreal on the regular 6 o’clock train, expressing themselves enthusiastically in appreciation of the festivities arranged in their honor in this country.

One of the French delegation, M. Gaston Deschamps, on May 3, 1912, reported to Le Temps, published in Paris, the exercises at Crown Point and Plattsburgh, which is a graphic description of the impressions made upon the visitors on that occasion. From that report we excerpt the following, giving the English instead of the French original:

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VII. THEY VISIT CANADA, NIAGARA FALLS AND SAIL FOR FRANCE. IMPRESSIONS AND COMMENTS BY FRENCH VISITORS ON EXPERIENCES IN AMERICA

Their reception by the Board of Trade and Chamber of Commerce and Citizens Association in Montreal was very hospitable. A banquet was tendered the visiting delegation in the evening of May 4th and on the following day a luncheon was given them by the Franco-American Committee of Canada. Their reception at Quebec on May 6th was also very cordial. They were greatly interested in the city founded three centuries back by Samuel Champlain. They visited its churches, its Parliament buildings, the Heights of Abraham, and placed a wreath of flowers on the tomb of Montcalm. They were pleased with the majestic sweep of the St. Lawrence, the Falls of Montmorency and with the bracing air of Quebec, whose surrounding hills were white with snow. Among the many who united in entertaining them while in Canada were Senator Raoul Dandurand, President of the Franco-American Committee of Canada, Sir Lomer Gouin, Premier of the Province, M. Monk, Minister of Public Works, Lieutenant-Governor Langelier, M. Montagu Allan, Vice-President of the Franco-American Committee of Montreal, Mgr. Bégin of Laval University, Messrs. R. W. Reford and Chaput, Presidents of the Canadian Chambers of Commerce, M. Revol, President of the Montreal Chamber of Commerce, M. Montpetit and M. de Crèvecœur, M. Ferdinand Roy, President of the Canadian Institute at Quebec, and many others. The mental exhilaration of the visitors increased as they moved about amid the French speaking people of the Province, where the descendants of French colonists with French customs dominated its language, its laws and its institutions. On their return to France they spoke very appreciatively[90] of their visit to the Dominion of Canada, its hospitable people and of its possibilities.

On their return from Canada via Niagara Falls, they were met there by Senator Henry W. Hill, Secretary of the Commission, and were entertained at luncheon by General Francis V. Greene, who in faultless Parisian French paid a glowing tribute to their countrymen. He escorted them about the Falls and showed them the power plants on the Canadian shore and took them in a special car around the Gorge Route. They were deeply interested in the Falls, the Whirlpool and power houses. They took the evening train for New York, where they embarked on La Provence, May 9th, for France.

Commissioners Howland Pell and Senator James A. Foley and Viscount de Jean of the French Embassy at Washington, Senator Raoul Dandurand of Montreal and others were on the dock to bid them “farewell” and “bon voyage.” Each gentleman of the delegation was presented with a photograph of the Waldorf-Astoria banquet and each lady with a bouquet of La France roses.

All the delegates were charmed with the cordiality of their reception, both in the United States and Canada, and most of them expressed their intention of coming again.

M. Gabriel Hanotaux, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and president of the delegation, in a conversation before La Provence left the quay, said:

M. Gabriel Hanotaux, in referring to French literature, said:

On a prior occasion M. Gabriel Hanotaux expressed the pleasure of the delegation at the reception given it in this country, saying that from the moment they had placed foot upon this soil they have been captivated and carried away in a whirlwind of cordiality and good-fellowship. About the reception by President Taft the French statesman said:

On its return from America, the French delegation which had attended the Champlain exercises, was entertained in Paris at a grand dinner, on June 17, 1912. It was a truly brilliant assemblage, presided over by M. Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. Prominent among the large number at the tables were the sculptor, Rodin; Paul Hervieu, of the French Academy; Louis Barthou, deputy and former Minister; General Brugère, former vice-president of the Conseil Supérieur of War, and president of the United States section of the Franco-American Committee; and many[92] others eminent in the official, military, naval, financial, literary and art circles of France. The aviator, Blériot, was a guest, representative of a putative new science. Many ladies also graced the occasion.

Among the Americans in attendance was the American Ambassador, the Hon. Myron Herrick, to whom the presiding officer, M. Poincaré, in his opening remarks, most happily referred as having come “to testify that his country, less near to us by parentage than is Canada, is still just as near at heart.” American hospitality, he said, which surprises and charms the French, whenever they cross the ocean, is but an expression of a constant memory. “As Monsignor Ireland so well says: ‘The United States forget nothing. In learning the history of his own country, an American learns to love France. The Past has not ceased to be felt in the Present. American sentiment is unable to detach itself from France. Emigrants, it is true, arrive in vast numbers on our soil; but there is a something, I know not what, in the air we breathe, that assimilates them in less than a generation. And the new-comers become like the earlier ones.’”

M. Gabriel Hanotaux, of the French Academy, President of the Franco-American Committee, reviewed the experiences of the French delegation in their journey to Lake Champlain, and in his very felicitous remarks, “addressed, across the seas, a salutation of thanks and of gratitude, on the part of France to the United States of America and to the Dominion of Canada, in response to the welcome extended by these two countries, last month, to the French delegation visiting Lake Champlain.” He drew a lively picture of incidents of the journey, especially of the arrival at Ticonderoga:

The speaker paid graceful tribute to the genius of Rodin; dwelt upon the welcome which the delegation had met with in Canada; thanked all who had contributed to the pleasure and success of the mission, and concluded by proposing the health of the President of the United States, His Majesty George the Fifth, the people of all Latin America, of the delegation’s hosts in the United States and Canada, and of the Franco-American Committee.

He was followed by Senator Dandurand, President of the Franco-American Committee of Montreal, who spoke of Canadian development, and of the relations of Canada and the United States. At the close of his address he was invested with the insignia of the Legion of Honor.

Then followed the address of the Deputy, Louis Barthou, which sparkled with wit and happy hits. The speaker paid particular tribute to M. Hanotaux; dwelt upon the enthusiasm with which their delegation had been met, and made repeated acknowledgment of the courtesies they had received. His Excellency, M. Puga-Borne, Minister from Chili, spoke briefly, and was followed by the American Ambassador, Mr. Herrick, who happily acknowledged the compliments and courtesies bestowed upon him and his country, and closed by proposing the health of the President of the French Republic. The exercises were concluded by a brief address from the presiding officer, M. Raymond Poincaré, who referred to the part which the Franco-American Committee had borne in the carrying out of the Champlain commemorative project.

On May 25, 1912, the newly-appointed Ambassador from the United States to France, Mr. Myron T. Herrick, and Mrs. Herrick, gave a reception at the American Embassy to the French delegation which[94] represented France in the Champlain ceremonies. Some seventy guests were present, and were welcomed by the Ambassador in a felicitous speech, to which M. Hanotaux replied most happily in behalf of the delegation. M. Antonin Dubost also spoke on the unbroken amity so long existing between France and the United States.

The Courrier des États-Unis of November 10, 1912, published an address delivered at the annual meeting of the Five Academies by M. Paul Vidal de la Blache, delegate of the Academy of Moral and Political Science. On the occasion referred to, M. Frédéric Masson, of the French Academy, presided. M. de la Blache said in opening his address:

The speaker found that a visit to places thus endowed with associations, was like reviewing history condensed. He sketched the course of history in the Champlain valley, recalled the scenes of strife between Iroquois and Huron, English and French, English and “Americans of the Union.” “These memories,” he said, “crowded upon our thought and took form as we visited the scene which served to frame them.” The speaker lightly reviewed the varied scene as presented to the French visitors passing northward from New York to Ticonderoga. When he[95] found himself on the battlefield of July 8, 1758, he exclaimed: “How fiction pales before history!” The memories of Montcalm and his army are so vivid that he sees again the memorable conflict of the old days. “This corner of historic earth,” he said, “by turn the property of the State of New York and of Columbia University, in 1818 passed into the hands of an old New York family. The descendants of Mr. William F. Pell honor themselves in preserving the souvenirs of the past, which they have in keeping.” He described the work of restoration which has been done at Ticonderoga, and dwelt with pleasure on the reception accorded the visitors at the old house with its souvenirs, its old furniture, pictures and relics, and with its distinctive portico, or veranda, which M. de la Blache found an interesting feature of Anglo-American Colonial architecture, from New England to Virginia.

Crossing to Crown Point, he reviewed in like strain the scenes and the associations of the place. At Crown Point, the speaker was overwhelmed by the memory that here, in 1609, came Champlain with his Algonquin allies. In a few picturesque sentences, he sketched the first conflict in this region, of white man against Iroquois, not forgetting to emphasize the higher mission which Champlain sought to accomplish.

Of the exercises which were held at this point, where M. Hanotaux delivered a notable address, M. de la Blache spoke at length. It was, he said, a ceremony very beautiful in its simplicity. “Around us familiarly crowded the people of the neighborhood, worthy farmers with something of a Puritan aspect, an attentive throng in which mingled many French Canadians; for we had come near to the actual boundary line of the languages.” “While the orator recalled the expressions by which Champlain described the country which revealed itself to us, our attention sought and found the distinctive features in the setting of this scene. Opposite, on the western shore, reared the massive granite of the Adirondacks, wooded, and partly covered with snow, the silhouette of which recalled, in grander proportion, that of the mountains of Morvan, seen from the south. On the other side, the more distant outline of the Green mountains, bathed in the luminous calm of a spring-time day.”

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In similar vein, the speaker described his progress down the lake to Plattsburgh, where he recalled the associations of 1814. Thence on to the first Canadian town of St. John: “The fading day permitted us only to dimly see in the shadows of evening the Grand Isle, Isle La Motte, Isle aux Noix, which Champlain describes as ‘These beautiful islands filled with the finest woods and prairies,’” etc. The speaker passed on in his address to recall his visit to Montreal and Quebec, with tributes to the heroes of France who have made this region famous. “There remains to-day in our minds,” he says, “a sentiment of high regard for those who inspired in 1909 the commemoration of the tercentenary of Champlain’s discovery. Resulting from the initiative of the states of New York and Vermont, and endorsed by Federal authority and later honored by the participation of France, this celebration has taken a more general character than the mere glorification of a great man. It signifies the adoption by America of all the heroes who have contributed to our greatness. This homage was not confined to Champlain; it is shared with Montcalm, it is addressed to La Salle, to Marquette, whose statue appears in the Capitol at Washington; to Maisonneuve, the founder of Montreal, to whom is reared a statue upon one of the city places; to La Clède, whose statue is reared in one of the parks of St. Louis; to Joliet, to d’Iberville, to Hennepin and Duluth, and to many others who, on Lake Champlain, on the Ohio, on the Great Lakes, or on the Mississippi, were the pioneers of a dominion, which should come to be realized some day, but far after them and otherwise than they would have conceived. Doubtless America honors herself in honoring and adopting our glories. With this act of courtesy mingles a strong sentiment of pride. It costs us nothing, however, to associate ourselves with an homage which concerns us, and from which we can draw a sense of consolation.

“The names which I have recalled are more popular in America than in their own country. We show ourselves forgetful of their fame, as if to make their memories bear the blame of our failings. A somewhat pusillanimous feeling makes us neglect this part of our historic inheritance,[97] as one turns aside from painful memories, the bitterness of which he fears. These regrets assuredly are justified. ‘Sic vos non vobis’: such is the phrase which springs to the lips. I do not believe, however, that such should be the last word, nor the final sentiment at which we ought to stop. In an address delivered three years ago, July 4, 1909, on the occasion of the Champlain Tercentenary fêtes, Cardinal Gibbons said: ‘We are much indebted to France for the great men whom she has sent to our country.’ Must one see in these words only a passing compliment? Rather do I perceive therein the emphasis of history. These Frenchmen, above all others, had prophetic vision of the extent and dimensions which this continent could afford to political domination. They perceived with larger vision than the tenacious colonists who applied their Puritan virtue and their practical sense to inlaying their settlements, one by one, between the sea and the Appalachians. These were the founders; but we may ask whether, without the perspectives opened by our countrymen, without their example and the emulation which it stimulated, this powerful unity, of which our epoch has seen the accomplishment from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, would be realized. There is a something in the views, the plans, of this generalizing spirit, characteristic of our compatriots. Thinking of France, they have outlived the grandeur of the United States. Since by commemorations and by monuments, America honors herself by reminding us that in her eyes, as happy inheritor, a part of her present grandeur is the work of Frenchmen of other days, it becomes us to take her at her word. In the work of civilization, as it evolves, each bit of metal which the old nations throw into the crucible adds a quality and communicates its own resonance to the ingot which comes out. Doubtless it is to recover this past, which arouses hope within us—something besides the memory of deceit, the sense of having lost what the heroic contemporaries of Richelieu and Colbert caught sight of, for their country. Our American work is not to be summed up as a failure. It is the Americans themselves who recognize this and who say it.”

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VIII. IMPRESSIONS OF M. RENÉ BAZIN

In the Revue des Deux Mondes for September, 1912, is published a pleasant article by M. René Bazin, of the French Academy, entitled “Paysages d’Amérique,” in which he gives a graphic and poetic account of his American visit as a member of the French delegation, which presented the statue of France for the Champlain memorial. He tells of the voyage, paints vividly his first impressions of New York, chats of his visit to Washington, with many fresh impressions of scenes and people. His article, which is in journal form, brings him to Lake Champlain, May 3, 1912. After noting various incidents of the journey north, he continues:

M. Bazin concludes with a running account of his continued journey to Montreal and Quebec, recalling at length their wealth of historic associations.

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IX. COMMENT IN APPRECIATION OF THE VISIT OF THE FRENCH DELEGATION AND HONORS CONFERRED

The mission of the French delegation proved to be of far deeper import, than the mere presentation of the Rodin bust, gratifying to Americans as was that superb gift on the part of its donors. It awakened in the people of this country, quite as much as it did in the members of that delegation, renewed interest in the activities and achievements of the peoples of the two Republics, which are the foremost democracies of the world. M. Hanotaux, a scholar, a statesman and a diplomat and his distinguished colleagues, are among the foremost citizens of France. They represented the several departments of the Government as well as the various trades and professions in the civil life of that Republic. Commerce and industries were represented by M. Antoine Girard, Counsellor of Foreign Commerce. Their reputation had long been established in science, in literature and in the fine arts and also in jurisprudence, in statesmanship and in diplomacy, as exemplified in the genial and charming personality of Ambassador Jusserand. They are among the present day celebrities of the French nation and were invited to become members of the Embassy on account of their individual standing in the official, social and intellectual life of that Republic.

One cannot read their addresses and their reports to Paris of the impressions, which they formed on their visit to America, without appreciating the spontaneity of their tributes to the American people and to their institutions, the warmth of their expressions of good will and generous impulses towards the people of this nation and their gratitude for the deep interest shown by the people of the United States, and especially by those of Vermont and New York, in commemorating the achievements and the character of one of their countrymen.

The unreported addresses of Baron D’Estournelle de Constant, member of the French Senate and the representative of France at the[110] Hague International Peace Tribunal, and of M. Louis Barthou, ex-Minister of Justice and one of the leading Parliamentarians of the Chamber of Deputies, will long be remembered for their urbanity, for the breadth of their views, and for the brilliancy of their eloquent periods. The addresses of M. Hanotaux and others and the foregoing reports of Gaston Deschamps, of M. de la Blache, the geographer of the University of Paris, and of René Bazin, of the French Academy, disclose the character and beauty of the style of the French littérateurs. Wherever the members of the delegation went, they were gratefully welcomed and entertained in stately manner. The social functions taxed the powers of endurance on the part of the visitors to their full extent. They made hosts of friends and gave Americans opportunity to meet them and to become acquainted with gentlemen and ladies possessed of the rare culture and refinement of French life. Their visit was timely and did much to strengthen the ties that bind the peoples of the two Republics in friendly accord. They made an impression on the people of this country that will be quite as enduring as the bronze testimonial of the good will of the people of France towards those of the United States, firmly set in the granite base of the Champlain Memorial at Crown Point Forts and there was voiced by the friends, whom they made in America, the sentiment, Vive la France.

Some months after the return of the French delegation to France, Commissioner Walter C. Witherbee was appointed by the President of the French Republic a Knight of the Legion of Honor, which was formally and appreciatively acknowledged by this Commission.

Knighthood in the Legion of Honor was also conferred by the President of France upon Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, a member of Preliminary Champlain Commission and President of the Lake Champlain Association, which participated in the entertainment of the French delegation at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet on May 1, 1912.

Hon. A. Barton Hepburn, President of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, which entertained the French delegation at[111] luncheon on May 2, 1912, has recently been decorated by the President of France with the honorary rank of Officer in the Legion of Honor.

The French Government has recently presented to Honorable Charles B. Alexander, member of the Society of the Cincinnati, who gave a reception on April 30, 1912, to the French delegation in his beautiful home at No. 4 West 58th Street, New York City, the artistic Sèvres bisque group of national manufacture, known as “Télémaque chez Calypso,” by the sculptor, M. Louis Simon Boizot.

Knighthood in the Legion of Honor was also conferred by the President of the Republic of France upon President John H. Finley of the College of the City of New York, who has taken deep interest in the life of Samuel Champlain and in French colonization in America. His felicitous remarks at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet on May 1, 1912, were genuinely appreciated by Ambassador Jusserand, the members of the French delegation, and all others in attendance. President Finley was the Harvard Exchange lecturer under the Hyde Foundation in 1910 at the University of Paris and at ten other French universities.

In February, 1913, His Excellency, Raymond Poincaré, President of the Republic of France, appointed Henry W. Hill, Secretary of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission, a Knight of the Legion of Honor, in recognition of his public, literary and other services in connection with the Tercentenary Celebration from its inception in 1907 to the conclusion of the Final Report of the Commission in 1913.

These delicate and touching expressions of appreciation on the part of President Fallières, President Poincaré, Ambassador Jusserand and the citizens of France of the courtesies shown to the members of the French delegation, while in the United States, are still further evidences of the warmth of the kindly feelings existing between the people of that Republic and those of this nation, and are gratefully appreciated.

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Part Two

DEDICATORY CEREMONIES

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I. PREPARATION FOR DEDICATORY CEREMONIES, INCLUDING MILITARY FEATURES

The Commission decided to have the dedicatory ceremonies of the Crown Point memorial on July 5, 1912, and of the Plattsburgh memorial on July 6, 1912, the anniversary week of the Tercentenary Celebration. Formal invitations to the dedicatory ceremonies of the Crown Point memorial were sent by the New York and Vermont Lake Champlain Commissions, and to the dedicatory exercises of the Plattsburgh memorial, by the New York Commission, to the President and Vice-President of the United States, to the United States Senators of New York and Vermont, to the members of Congress from the Champlain valley, to the French Ambassador, His Excellency, J. J. Jusserand, the British Ambassador, the Right Honorable James Bryce and to Count and Countess de Peretti de la Rocca and to M. Maugras, members of the French Embassy and to members of the British Embassy at Washington, to the Governors, Lieutenant-Governors and other officials of New York and Vermont, including Hon. William Sohmer, State Comptroller, Hon. Andrew S. Draper, State Commissioner of Education, Hon. Henry W. Hoefer, State Architect, Major-General John F. O’Ryan, Adjutant-General William Verbeck and Hon. James A. Holden, State Historian, Hon. John A. Bensel, State Engineer and Surveyor, to prominent members of the State Legislature, to Justice Charles E. Hughes, former Governor of New York, to Hon. George H. Prouty, former Governor of Vermont, to Col. Calvin D. Cowles, to Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, President of the Champlain Association, to Percival Wilds, Secretary of that Association, to Mr. Stephen H. P. Pell, to Hon. James A. Roberts, President of the New York State Historical Association, to Frederick B. Richards, Secretary of the New York State Historical Association, to Dr. George F. Kunz, President of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, to Hon. Charles B. Alexander, to Hon. McDougall Hawkes, to Carl A. Heber, the sculptor, to Paul Faguet of the French Line, to Hon. William[118] Cary Sanger, to Hon. Francis Lynde Stetson, Hon. Robert Roberts, to Hon. Job E. Hedges, to President Guy Potter Benton, LL. D., of the University of Vermont, to President John M. Thomas, D. D., of Middlebury College, to President Charles H. Spooner, Ph. D., of Norwich University, and to others, in addition to the invitations sent to members of the New York and Vermont Tercentenary Commissions, and to some prominent citizens of Vermont.

The special invitations included in most instances the ladies of the gentlemen so invited and they were present at all the exercises.

The Board of Governors of the Lake Champlain Association through its Secretary, Percival Wilds, sent to its members notice they were invited to the dedicatory exercises and to accompany the guests on the steamer “Ticonderoga” through the lake.

President Frank S. Witherbee and many members of the Association were present at the dedicatory ceremonies of the Crown Point and the Plattsburgh memorials. The officers and members of the Lake Champlain Association took a deep interest in the Tercentenary celebration and from time to time rendered assistance to the Tercentenary Commissioners in various ways, and especially so in assuming the responsibility and conduct of the banquet to the French delegation at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City on May 1, 1912.

In arranging for the dedicatory exercises, no effort was made to augment the attendance, nor to rival in elaboration the programme of the Tercentenary celebration of 1909.

All that remained on this occasion for the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissioners to do was to turn over formally to the properly constituted authorities the Champlain memorials, which had been constructed pursuant to law at Crown Point Forts and at Plattsburgh. The exercises, therefore, were planned with that end in view. They were dignified and stately, but did not extend beyond the formal presentation and acceptances of the memorials as will appear from the record that follows. The President, Vice-President, United States Senators, Foreign Ambassadors and some other specially invited guests were unable[119] to attend on account of the prolonged second session of the Sixty-second Congress, or absence from the country, at the time of the dedicatory ceremonies, to the regret of the members of the Commissions and the people of the Champlain valley. The participation of these officials of the United States, France and Great Britain in the Tercentenary exercises had added national as well as international stateliness to that commemorative celebration, still fresh in the memory of all who chanced to witness it. The unavoidable absence of these distinguished guests was in a measure compensated for, however, in the presence of their representatives, who contributed much to the success of the dedicatory ceremonies. All arrangements were carried forward for the dedication of the Crown Point memorial by Commissioners Witherbee, Knapp, Pell, Lafontaine and Shea with all the forethought and care that had characterized their painstaking efforts from the first. Commissioner Hill, and President John M. Thomas of the Vermont Commission planned the programme and secured the speakers. Commissioners Booth, Riley, Weaver and Knapp were no less vigilant in preparing for the dedicatory ceremonies of the Plattsburgh Champlain Memorial. In this they were materially assisted by the mayor of the city, the Chamber of Commerce and the people of Plattsburgh as well as by Colonel Calvin D. Cowles of the Fifth U. S. Infantry, stationed at Plattsburgh Barracks. The people of Plattsburgh purchased and improved the site for the Champlain memorial, decorated the streets for the dedicatory exercises, provided automobiles for the visitors to make a tour of the city and aided the Tercentenary Commissioners in other ways in carrying to a successful conclusion the dedicatory ceremonies.

The attendance at both the Crown Point and the Plattsburgh exercises was thoroughly representative of the people of the Champlain valley, though not as large as at the Tercentenary exercises. The steamer “Ticonderoga” was chartered by the New York Tercentenary Commission and brought the invited guests from Plattsburgh, Burlington and Port Henry. After the exercises at Crown Point Forts, the “Ticonderoga” took the guests back to their several destinations and the members[120] of the Tercentenary Commissions to Bluff Point, where they registered at the new Hotel Champlain.

The military features of the dedicatory ceremonies are given in the following report of the Military Committee:

The military features of the ceremonies attending the dedication of the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at Crown Point, N. Y., July 5, 1912, and the unveiling of the Statue of Champlain at Plattsburgh, N. Y., July 6, 1912, were on a much smaller scale than those of the celebration of 1909, but the presence of the United States and State troops added greatly to the dignity of the ceremonies at both places. When the chartered steamboat “Ticonderoga” left the dock at Port Henry at 11:30 A. M., July 5th, Governor John A. Dix and the following members of his staff were on board:

Major-General John F. O’Ryan, N. G., N. Y., came up on the special car from New York and was the guest of the Commission until evening, when he was obliged to return to review the Sixty-ninth Regiment, N. G., N. Y.

Governor John A. Mead of Vermont was unable to be present but was represented by:

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Company “M,” 1st Infantry, N. G., Vt., Captain J. M. Ashley commanding, and forty enlisted men came down from Burlington on the steamboat.

The 9th Separate Company of Whitehall, or Company “I,” 2d Infantry, N. G., N. Y., went into camp at the Lake House, Crown Point Village, on July 4th, and proceeded on a ferryboat early in the morning of the 5th to the Crown Point Forts. Captain R. G. Hays was in command with First Lieutenant J. J. Kelly, Second Lieutenant Dewey A. Forbush, and fifty enlisted men.

CROWN POINT FORTS

On the arrival of the “Ticonderoga” at the wharf at the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse, Crown Point, N. Y., Captain Hays’ Company was drawn up in line to receive the guests. Captain Ashley’s Company marched off the boat preceded by the Port Henry Band. Governor Dix, the Tercentennial Commissioners and the invited guests followed and the line of march was formed under escort of the two companies. Company “I” being on the right. The column then proceeded to the English forts, where the bronze memorial tablet presented to the State by the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York was unveiled by Miss Evelyn Witherbee. The two companies were drawn up to the right and left of the tablet which was guarded by a sergeant from Company “I.” At the conclusion of the brief ceremonies, the column returned to the wharf, where the invited guests boarded the steamboat for luncheon while the troops bivouacked on the shore. At 1:30 P. M. the companies were drawn up in line near the Lighthouse, Company “I” being on the New York side of the Government Reservation, and Company “M” on the side toward Vermont. At the conclusion of the ceremonies Company “I” returned to their camp, on the ferryboat, and Company “M” boarded the “Ticonderoga” to be landed at Burlington.

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PLATTSBURGH

At 10 A. M., July 6th, Governor Dix, the Tercentenary Commissioners and the invited guests were present at a review of the Fifth Infantry, U. S. A., at Plattsburgh Barracks, ordered in their honor by Colonel Calvin D. Cowles, Commanding Officer of the Post. As Governor Dix approached the reviewing stand, the regulation salute of seventeen guns was fired. At 1:30 P. M. the regiment escorted the party from the hotel through the streets of Plattsburgh to the new Champlain Park, where line was formed and the proper salutes given. At the conclusion of the ceremonies of the unveiling of the Champlain Monument, the regiment returned to its quarters. The names of the officers and number of enlisted men, including the band, participating in the ceremonies are as follows:

Colonel Calvin D. Cowles, Fifth Infantry; Major William F. Martin, Fifth Infantry; Major Armand I. Lasseigne, Fifth Infantry; Major Peter C. Harris, Fifth Infantry; Chaplain Horace A. Chouinard, Fifth Infantry; Captain Edward Sigerfoos, Adjutant, Fifth Infantry; Captain William D. Davis, Quarter-Master, Fifth Infantry; Captain Girard Sturtevant, Fifth Infantry; Captain Robert Field, Commissary, Fifth Infantry; Captain Robert E. Frith, Fifth Infantry; Captain Clement A. Trott, Fifth Infantry; Captain Ralph McCoy, Fifth Infantry; Captain Howard C. Price, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Leonard J. Mygatt, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Auswell E. Deitsch, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Sydney H. Hopson, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Will D. Wills, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Daniel A. Nolan, Battalion Adjutant, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant James E. McDonald, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Deshler Whiting, Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Walton Goodwin, Jr., Fifth Infantry; First Lieutenant Thomas L. Crystal, Battalion Adjutant, Fifth Infantry; Second Lieutenant Charles F. White, Fifth Infantry; Second Lieutenant Alfred H. Erck, Fifth Infantry; Second Lieutenant Oliver A. Dickinson, Fifth Infantry; Second Lieutenant John M. McDowell, Fifth Infantry; Second Lieutenant Thompson Lawrence, Fifth Infantry; Second Lieutenant Sumner Waite, Fifth Infantry—714 enlisted men.

Howland Pell,
Chairman.

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II. UNVEILING TABLET AT THE ENGLISH FORT.

Upon reaching Crown Point Forts, a tablet was unveiled on the walls of the old Barracks at the English fort, built by General Amherst and occasionally called “Fort Amherst,” by members of the Society of Colonial Wars, which was witnessed by the Champlain Commissioners and the large assemblage of people. The following report of the Tablet Committee is of historical interest:

REPORT OF THE TABLET COMMITTEE

To the members of the Society of Colonial Wars, in the State of New York, your committee beg to report that the tablet has been designed, cast and erected on the walls of the old Barracks at Fort Amherst in the State Reservation at Crown Point, New York.

The design was drawn and the details of modeling were carried out under the supervision of Mr. Walter B. Chambers, of the committee. The sculptor who made the Tablet was Mr. Herman Wurth.

The tablet was unveiled with appropriate ceremony on Friday, July 5, 1912, on the occasion of the dedication of the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse, erected by the states of New York and Vermont, at Crown Point, N. Y.

The members of the Society were guests of the Tercentenary Commissions on the steamboat “Ticonderoga,” leaving Port Henry, New York. At 11:30 A. M. on the day mentioned, and on landing at Crown Point, a procession was formed and led by the Port Henry Band, and an escort of Company “I,” 2d Regiment, N. G., N. Y., and Company “M,” N. G., Vt., Governor Dix and staff, Adjutant-General Tillotson and staff, representing Governor John A. Mead, of Vermont.

Major-General John F. O’Ryan, N. G., N. Y., Count and Countess de Peretti de la Rocca, and Mr. Maugras, representing the French Embassy.

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Members of the New York and Vermont Champlain Tercentenary Commission, Colonel William Cary Sanger, Governor of our Society, Frederick B. Richards, Dr. Reynolds Webb Wilcox, George G. Reynolds, Stephen H. P. Pell, and other members of the Society, and about one hundred invited guests marched from the wharf to the English Fort built under Amherst, where the tablet was handsomely decorated with American flags guarded by a soldier of the 2d Regiment.

Hon. Howland Pell, your chairman, called the meeting to order, and stated that the committee had finished its task, and asked Miss Evelyn Witherbee to unveil the tablet. As this was done the band played the National air, the troops came to attention, and the audience of several thousand applauded. Its inscription showed that the tablet was erected by the Society of Colonial Wars in commemoration of the erection of the Fortress by Amherst and capture of Fort St. Frédéric.

The chairman then introduced Col. William Cary Sanger, who in a few well chosen words presented the tablet to the State of New York. Governor Dix then made a brief address, accepting the Tablet and placed it in the custody of the New York Historical Association in charge of the Reservation. Mr. James A. Holden, Treasurer, and Mr. Frederick B. Richards, Secretary, of the Association, accepted the charge and made short addresses. Judge Pyrke, of Port Henry, chairman of the local committee, promised to see that the tablet would be well cared for. The tablet bears the following inscription:

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The tablet is of the finest bronze, 30 by 24 inches in size, and represents a soldier of the Black Watch, and a provincial soldier holding a scroll of inscription. General Sir Jeffrey Amherst’s head is in the upper center, and the insignia of the Society in the lower, the background shows the English forts, and a list of the English and American regiments in the campaign is given.

Howland Pell,
Chairman.

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Address of Acceptance of Tablet by James Austin Holden, State Historian and Treasurer, New York State Historical Association

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Frederick B. Richards, Secretary of the New York State Historical Association, at the unveiling of the tablet at Crown Point Forts, N. Y., July 5, 1912, said:

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III. DEDICATORY CEREMONIES OF CHAMPLAIN MEMORIAL LIGHTHOUSE AT CROWN POINT FORTS JULY 5, 1912

At the appointed hour for the dedicatory ceremonies at Crown Point Forts on July 5, 1912, a large multitude had assembled from the Champlain valley and from the two states to witness the exercises.

Seated on the temporary platform in front of the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse were: Colonel William Cary Sanger, representing the President of the United States, Count de Peretti de la Rocca, representing the French Ambassador, Governor John A. Dix of New York, Adjutant-General Lee S. Tillotson, representing the Governor of Vermont, and Commissioners H. Wallace Knapp, Chairman; Henry W. Hill, Secretary; Walter C. Witherbee, Treasurer; Senator James A. Foley, Judge John B. Riley, Judge John H. Booth, James Shea, Louis C. Lafontaine, Howland Pell and William R. Weaver of the New York Tercentenary Commission; and Lynn M. Hays, Secretary; Judge Frank L. Fish, Treasurer; President John M. Thomas, Walter H. Crockett, George T. Jarvis, William J. Van Patten, Arthur F. Stone and F. O. Beaupre of the Vermont Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission, and the speakers, invited guests and others.

The memorial as already stated was not complete in that the bronze statuary group was represented by the models, as the bronze work had not been put in position. That did not detract, however, from the artistic features of the memorial, which were much admired by the assembled multitude. The platform and memorial were artistically decorated with the flags of the United States.

The programme at the dedicatory ceremonies was the following:

Hon. H. Wallace Knapp, Chairman of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission, presided:

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The exercises were opened with appropriate music by the Sherman Military Band of Burlington, Vermont. The following Invocation was then pronounced by Rev. Lewis Francis, D.D., of New York City.

Then followed the formal unveiling of the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse by Miss Louise G. Witherbee, daughter of Commissioner Walter C. Witherbee, as the patriotic strains of the Star Spangled Banner were being played by the Port Henry Band. As the memorial was exposed to full view, its symmetry and beauty provoked the applause of the admiring spectators, who thus saw the fulfillment of their long cherished hopes, that there be erected in the Valley a stately memorial to Samuel Champlain. Chairman Knapp, in speaking for the New York[135] Tercentenary Commission, thereupon formally presented the memorial to the Governor of New York. In doing so he spoke as follows:

President John M. Thomas, D.D., of Middlebury College, representing the Vermont Tercentenary Commission, spoke as follows:

Gov. John A. Dix of New York, in accepting the memorial and transferring it to the United States, said:

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In the absence of Gov. John A. Mead of Vermont, who was detained at home by slight illness, Adjt.-Gen. Lee S. Tillotson received the memorial on behalf of the Governor of Vermont and in turn presented it to the United States in the following address:

President William H. Taft was unable to be present and commissioned the Hon. William Cary Sanger of Sangerfield, former Assistant Secretary of War of the United States, to receive the memorial on the part of the United States and, in doing so, he spoke as follows:

These interesting ceremonies illustrate one of the great principles which the founders of our country and the framers of our Constitution so wisely made a fundamental part of our national life. To each State is left the care and supervision of those matters which directly and exclusively concern the citizens of the State, and thus individuality and initiative in the development of local spirit and character, are stimulated and encouraged, but those matters which properly concern the people as a whole are cared for by the representatives of the people in one department or another of the National Government. The lighthouses are not only for the use of those who live in their immediate vicinity, but they protect the interests and they encourage the activities of all the people, and consequently they have been placed under the control and care of the National Government.

It was my pleasure on one occasion to hear President Eliot of Harvard University deliver an address on the subject, “Democracy and Beauty.” At first the title seemed strange, but before President Eliot had finished it was apparent to everyone who heard him that it is a privilege, as well as a duty, for those who constitute a democracy to see to it that what is beautiful in nature, in art, and in architecture, should, so far as possible, be brought within such easy reach of the people that the pleasure and benefit which come from beauty may be theirs. This lighthouse marks a step forward in a most important direction. It is true that our public buildings and our private residences and our parks have been growing more and more beautiful under the careful work of those who are responsible for them, but this is the first instance in which an attempt has been made to make a lighthouse a thing of beauty. For this, those responsible for its construction and the architect and the sculptor are entitled to our most grateful appreciation. The lighthouse will be none the less useful to the mariner and will be vastly more valuable[141] to the community because architect and sculptor have united to make it so attractive and interesting that it is a pleasure to look at it.

This light will not only guide those who voyage on these waters, but we can see in it and in all those other lights which mark our coasts and the harbors of our inland seas a symbol of what our national life should be, not only for our people but for the entire world. The lighthouse guides to the desired haven; it warns against shoals; in the dark and in the storm it enables the mariner to find his way in safety past the perils which threaten him. There is storm on land as well as on sea; there are in our national life perplexities and dangers; amid the turmoil of our political, business and social activities there is the right course which leads to the well-being of our people, and there are rocks of error and wrong which threaten with peril or destruction those who do not avoid them. May these lighthouses serve their useful and beneficent purpose, and may the light of liberty and truth burn so brightly that our country, through stress and storm, may see its way clear to such a course of national life as will bring to us the full rewards and blessings of a national life well lived and wisely directed.

It is indeed a disappointment to us all, as well as to the President himself, that he has not been able to be present to-day. He has honored me by asking me to represent him, and on his behalf I accept for the Government of the United States this light, and assure you that it will ever burn to serve the splendid purpose for which you have created it. (Applause.)

Chairman Knapp then presented Count de Peretti de la Rocca, Chargé d’Affaires de France, who, in the absence of the French Ambassador, represented the Republic of France, and spoke as follows:

The Chairman then introduced the orator of the day, the Hon. Robert Roberts, LL. D., Mayor of Burlington, Vermont, who delivered the following scholarly address:

The ceremonies concluded with the following:

The large assemblage, including many distinguished citizens from Vermont, then dispersed to their several homes, except the Commissioners and their guests, who boarded the “Ticonderoga” for Plattsburgh and intermediate ports.

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IV. SAIL DOWN THE LAKE TO BLUFF POINT

The first stop was at Port Henry, one of the five gateways to the Adirondacks and one of the large iron-ore ports of the country. This picturesque village, nestling under the foothills of the Adirondacks, the home of Commissioner Walter C. Witherbee and Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, overlooks the lake, the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse and historical Chimney Point on the Vermont shore. In this town is located the principal office of Witherbee, Sherman & Company, extensive iron producers and donors to the State of New York of the lands on which are situated the Crown Point Forts. It has a public library and other public buildings, churches, etc. The steamer then proceeded northward past Westport and Essex, attractive summer resorts on the west shore of the lake and also past Thompson’s Point, Cedar Beach and other resorts on the east shore of the lake to Burlington, which rises above the blue waters of the lake in some such manner as does Naples above the blue Mediterranean. It has its beautiful semicircular bay with its two arms, projecting far out into the lake, similar to the beautiful bay of Naples with its Sorrento and Posilipo, projecting far out into the sea. It has its University, as has Naples, which has been a center of learning and culture for many years. It rises less precipitously and with more uniform gradation from the margin of the lake to the college campus, where the University buildings crown the summit as does the castle of St. Elmo the city of Naples. Its streets and avenues are broader and better shaded than are those of Naples, but it has many points of resemblance, which are suggestive of that rare Neapolitan fascination not found elsewhere. Instead of the active and ever-threatening Vesuvius, there rises in the background superbly beautiful Mt. Mansfield silhouetted against the deep blue eastern sky. The commanding view from the elevation of the University of Vermont to the eastward and especially to the westward across the lake toward the rugged Adirondacks, rising precipitously from the water’s edge to the sky line, is such as to enable one to survey the width as well as something of the length[152] of the valley and appreciate its pictorial grandeur. As the sun gilds the sky-pointing peaks and fills the valleys with rosy light, except where drifting clouds cast their shadows athwart the mountain ranges and as the placid waters of the lake reflect the overarching azure sky, in an atmosphere—the clarity of which like that on the summit of Salvatore accentuates nature’s beauties,—one is reminded that the Champlain valley presents many views worthy the brush of a Turner, a Corot or a Cormon. In the poem on “Lake Champlain” by S. S. Cutting, D. D., will be found the following:

The “Ticonderoga” pointed westward north of the Four Brothers, where Edward Hatch, Jr., of Lord & Taylor of New York City maintains a hatchery for breeding and rearing lake gulls and also easterly of Port Kent, one of the gateways to the Adirondacks. On the right were seen some of the beautiful islands described by Samuel Champlain. One of these was for many years the abode of that sweet bard of Grand Isle County, Vt., the Rev. Orville G. Wheeler, who once sang in this wise:

The steamer passed Valcour, where occurred one of the principal naval engagements of the Revolution, in which Benedict Arnold distinguished[153] himself for his daring and for his adroit escape in the night from the enemy. The Commissioners and their guests were landed at Bluff Point and took rooms in the new Hotel Champlain, which was built on the site of the former Hotel Champlain, burned in the winter of 1910. Its commodious apartments, broad verandas and commanding outlook over Cumberland Bay and the lake were admiringly appreciated after the strenuous day’s exercises at Crown Point Forts and the ride down the lake.

CHAMPLAIN HOTEL, BLUFF POINT, JULY 6, 1912.

The rosy-fingered dawn was eloquent with the loud, rich, skilfully modulated song of the thrasher and the melody of the many birds that frequent the tree-clad slopes along the shores of the lake. Nature has with profusion bestowed her inexhaustible wealth of beauty in and about Lake Champlain. The site of the new hotel at Bluff Point is one of the places where this may be seen to advantage. As one gazes on the blue waters of the lake, with its picturesque islands, stretching far away toward the Vermont shores and over to the sloping hillsides that lead up to the majestic Green Mountains in the distance and then to the towering Adirondacks that wall in the lake on the west, he is quite apt to compare the scene with that unfolded to the tourist, who looks out from Locarno on the expanse of the blue waters of Lago Maggiore with its charming islands and the encircling mountains, crowned with villas and historic castles, “a perfect efflorescence of loveliness.” The grandeur and sublimity of the Alpine scene is to some extent compensated for by the broader expanse of undulating waters, the larger sweep of productive valleys and verdant slopes, “set with the homes of men,” breathing the air of freedom, whose heritage is liberty under law.

Amid such scenes the words of William Watson occur to one,

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V. CALL AT THE SUMMER SCHOOL, REVIEW OF THE FIFTH INFANTRY REGIMENT, U. S. A., AT PLATTSBURGH BARRACKS, TOUR OF THE CITY, RECEPTION GIVEN BY THE HON. SMITH M. WEED AND LUNCHEON AT THE FOUQUET HOUSE

The morning hours quickly passed and the Champlain Commissioners and their guests were waited upon by a delegation of citizens of Plattsburgh.

The Commissioners, Governor Dix, Count de Peretti de la Rocca, and other guests left the Hotel Champlain in automobiles at 10 o’clock, under the escort of the Reception Committee of the Chamber of Commerce of Plattsburgh, headed by Mayor Andrew G. Senecal. They were driven to the Catholic Summer School at Cliff Haven, where they were formally received by Rev. Father D. J. Hickey, President of the Summer School, who delivered the following address:

Appropriate response was made thereto by his Excellency, Gov. John A. Dix.

The party was then driven to the Plattsburgh Barracks, where the Fifth Infantry, U. S. A., on dress parade, under command of Col. Calvin D. Cowles, was reviewed, and the cannon thundered forth salutes in honor of the Governor and of Count de Peretti de la Rocca, of the French Embassy at Washington. It was an imposing sight and a reminder of the brilliant review of the same and other regiments and the Canadian troops, on the same parade grounds, by President William H. Taft, Ambassador Jusserand, Ambassador Bryce and Governors Hughes and Prouty, July 7, 1909.

Thereafter, a tour was made of the city, in which the party was shown the graves of Captain George Downie and other British officers, who had fallen in the battle of Plattsburgh. The Commissioners and other guests were then formally received in the beautiful home of the Hon. Smith M. Weed, on Cumberland avenue, which is situate near the Champlain Memorial. Mr. and Mrs. George S. Weed assisted in the[159] reception of the distinguished guests. The guests were interested in seeing in Mr. Weed’s library the noted painting of “The Battle of Lake Champlain,” by Julian Oliver Davidson, a copy of which may be seen in the original Report of this Commission.

At the close of the reception, the Commissioners and guests were given a luncheon under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce, at the Fouquet House, which stands on the site of the old Stage House occupied by Major-Gen. Benjamin Mooers, of Revolutionary military fame, who commanded the militia in the land engagement at the Battle of Plattsburgh. Judge and Commissioner John B. Riley presided and extended to the Commissioners and to the guests a hearty welcome. At the conclusion of the luncheon, the Commissioners and their guests were escorted by a platoon of mounted police, the entire Fifth Infantry, U. S. A., under command of Col. Cowles and staff, through the principal streets, whose buildings were beautifully decorated. Following the fifty automobiles containing the party were the Guard of Honor of the Society of St. Jean Baptiste, and the Horicon, Rescue and Lafayette Hose Companies. They proceeded to the site of the Champlain Memorial statue, where a platform for the speakers and guests had been erected, decorated with white and blue and the fleur-de-lis of France. Seats had also been provided for the general public.

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VI. DEDICATORY CEREMONIES OF THE CHAMPLAIN MEMORIAL STATUE AT PLATTSBURGH, N. Y., JULY 6, 1912

The dedicatory ceremonies, over which Chairman H. Wallace Knapp presided, were opened with music by the Fifth Infantry, U. S. A. Band. The Invocation was pronounced by Rev. H. P. LeF. Grabau, Rector of the Episcopal Church of Plattsburgh.

The Champlain memorial was then unveiled by Miss Katharine M. Booth, daughter of Judge and Commissioner John H. Booth of Plattsburgh, as “The Star Spangled Banner” was being played by the band. As the Stars and Stripes were drawn from the statue and it was revealed to view, a shout of applause broke forth from the enthusiastic assembly. Then followed a salute fired by the Fifth Infantry of the U. S. A.

The Commissioners had the memorial draped with the historic flag owned by Dr. George F. Kunz of New York City, President of the Scenic and Historic Preservation Society of New York, which had been offered for the occasion and accepted. That flag had flown from the top of the Eiffel Tower in Paris on July 4, 1900, when the Lafayette statue by Paul Bartlett was presented by the school children of America to the French nation. It was also used at the dedication of Stony Point Park on the Hudson, and on the funeral train when the remains of Governor Clinton were transferred from New York to Kingston.

Senator H. Wallace Knapp, Chairman of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission, then delivered the following address:

I now take pleasure in presenting to you His Excellency, Gov. John A. Dix.

Governor Dix spoke as follows:

Gov. John A. Mead of Vermont was officially represented by the Adjutant-General of that State, Col. Lee S. Tillotson of St. Albans, who was introduced and delivered the following address:

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Plattsburgh has many enterprising citizens and has had some liberal benefactors. In the latter class, the name of the Hon. Francis Lynde Stetson of New York City, a native of Clinton county and long-time resident of Plattsburgh, will be cherished in grateful remembrance for his many beneficent acts to that city. It was quite natural, therefore, that he accept the Champlain memorial in behalf of the city of Plattsburgh, which he did in the following touching address:

Ambassador J. J. Jusserand was unavoidably absent on a visit to the Republic from which he is accredited to this country. He was represented,[170] however, on this occasion by Count de Peretti de la Rocca, Chargé d’Affaires de France, at Washington. Count de Peretti de la Rocca was introduced and spoke as follows:

The address was enthusiastically received.

The Hon. John A. Stewart of New York was the next speaker and in the course of his address, which was extempore and therefore unreported except in substance, he said:

The last speaker was the Hon. Job E. Hedges of New York City, whose address sparkled with wit and kept the audience in a ripple of laughter. It was also extempore. In the course of his address he said:

Benediction was then pronounced by the Rt. Rev. Monsignor M. J. Lavelle, Vicar General of New York, as follows:

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Part Three

CONCLUSION

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I. FEDERAL CO-OPERATION AND ASSISTANCE RENDERED BY SENATORS OF THE UNITED STATES, REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS AND OTHERS.

This record would be incomplete without reference to the active co-operation of the Government of the United States in authorizing formal invitations to be extended through the Department of State to the Republic of France and the Kingdom of Great Britain including the Dominion of Canada to be officially represented at the Tercentenary Celebration and in making ample appropriation for the entertainment of the foreign guests and of the President, Vice-President and other officials of the United States; and without formal acknowledgment in appreciation of the activities and assistance rendered by Vice-President James S. Sherman, whose grandfather was a navigator of Lake Champlain, and by the Senators of New York and Vermont and other states in the Senate of the United States and by the Representatives from those states in Congress. The New York and Vermont members of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, namely, Hon. James Breck Perkins, a writer on French history; Hon. David J. Foster, Hon. Jacob Sloat Fassett and Hon. Francis Burton Harrison, all forceful and influential Representatives, assisted by Hon. John J. Fitzgerald, Hon. Edward B. Vreeland, Hon. George R. Malby, Hon. James S. Sherman, Hon. Michael E. Driscoll, Hon. John W. Dwight, Hon. William H. Draper, Hon. George N. Southwick, Hon. William Sulzer, Hon. William S. Bennet, Hon. Jacob Van Vechten Olcott, Hon. Peter A. Porter, Hon. De Alva S. Alexander, and other Representatives of New York, and Hon. Kittredge Haskins of Vermont, were zealous in their support of the project from its inception. On February 16, 1909, Representative Foster of Vermont from the Committee on Foreign Affairs reported the following Joint Resolution favorably to the House, viz.:

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When said resolution was reached on the House Calendar on February 17th, Mr. Foster said:

The Joint Resolution after a brief discussion was thereupon unanimously passed.

The Report of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs was printed in full in the Congressional Record of March 3, 1909, in the form in which it was adopted and appears in the Appendix of this Report. (See[181] Congressional Record 60th Congress, Second Session, pp. 2531, 2582 and 3770.)

Speaker Joseph G. Cannon, Representative James A. Tawney of Minnesota, Chairman of Committee on Appropriations and other members of the House from states not in direct touch with the undertaking gave it their support.

The Joint Resolution was favorably reported through Senator Henry Cabot Lodge from the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate on February 24, 1909, and on motion of Senator Chauncey M. Depew it was passed. (See Congressional Record 60th Congress, Second Session, p. 2987.)

Senator Thomas C. Platt of New York and Senators William P. Dillingham and Carroll S. Page of Vermont also gave this and other matters pertaining to the celebration such consideration as was necessary to ensure Federal co-operation. The Joint Resolution was approved by President Roosevelt on March 2, 1909. (See Congressional Record 60th Congress Second Session, p. 3666.)

In this connection it will be remembered that Senator Redfield Proctor of Vermont and the Honorable Elihu Root, while Secretary of State had presented the matter at a late day in a prior session of Congress and had in a measure prepared the way for favorable action in 1909. Senator Proctor took deep interest in the project, but to the great regret of his many friends he did not live to see it carried to completion. His death occurred in Washington, D. C., March 4, 1908.

His son, the Honorable Fletcher D. Proctor, while Governor of Vermont in 1906, had approved the original Concurrent Resolution, introduced in the House of Representatives of Vermont in November of that year by Hon. Robert W. McCuen of Vergennes, providing for the appointment of a Commission to confer with several Commissions to be appointed in New York and in Canada to arrange for a celebration of the Three Hundredth Anniversary of the Discovery of Lake Champlain.

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From that time on Senator Redfield Proctor and Governor Fletcher D. Proctor of Vermont gave the matter their official and strong personal support as long as they lived.

Congressmen George R. Malby and David J. Foster were untiring in their efforts to insure Federal co-operation, as was Honorable Elihu Root, both as Secretary of State and as United States Senator, whose masterly address at Plattsburgh on July 7, 1909, is a contribution to the history of the Iroquois Confederacy.

The untimely deaths of Governor Fletcher D. Proctor, of Congressmen David J. Foster and George R. Malby before the Champlain memorials were dedicated and the work of the Commissions completed, to whose success they had all materially contributed, were deeply deplored. The loss of Professor Walter E. Howard of the Vermont Commission and of Assemblyman Alonson T. Dominy of New York Commission, both of whom were desirous of co-operation in the work of their respective Commissions, was keenly felt by their colleagues.

Senators John Raines and Thomas F. Grady of New York, who were majority and minority leaders of the Senate when the project was given legislative sanction, did not live to see the Champlain memorials constructed. Senator Patrick H. McCarren of Brooklyn, who assisted in interesting the Representatives in Congress from the City of New York in the celebration, did not live to participate in it himself.

All these friends of the project in its initial and later stages will be remembered for their interest in this historical commemorative celebration, the results of which have been felt in both hemispheres in strengthening the amicable relations existing between the three great nations participating in the international festivities. Its scope in a measure was outlined in the presentation of the matter to the Legislative Committees, making the original and second appropriation, over which Senators William W. Armstrong and Jotham P. Allds in the Senate and Hon. Edwin A. Merritt, Jr., in the Assembly, presided.

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II. BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE COMMISSION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN APPRECIATION OF THE ASSISTANCE RENDERED BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF FOREIGN NATIONS, MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS AND OTHERS.

An outline of the work of the Commission was embodied in the recommendations adopted at the conclusion of the investigation and deliberation of the Preliminary Commission, found at pages 21 to 40 of the First Report of this Commission. Some modifications in the original plan were found necessary as the preparation for the celebration took definite form, but in the main there was substantial adherence to the original recommendations of the Preliminary Commission as may be seen from an examination of the Tercentenary Exercises and the transactions of the Commission hereinbefore given in some detail which involved, in addition to the celebration, the construction of two memorials to Samuel Champlain in the Champlain valley. One of these was a joint memorial constructed by the Vermont and New York Commissions in co-operation from funds jointly contributed by the two Commissions. That is the Champlain memorial at Crown Point Forts. Without the friendly assistance and co-operation of the Vermont Tercentenary Commission in planning and in sharing the expense involved in the construction of the Crown Point memorial, it is not likely that two memorials would have been built. This Commission takes this occasion to make permanent record of the fact that the members of the Vermont Commission were quite as desirous of erecting a fitting memorial to Samuel Champlain as were the members of the New York Commission, notwithstanding the fact that it was apparent to them that the joint memorial was likely to be located within the confines of the State of New York, rather than in Vermont. Undoubtedly the character of the memorial in the form of[186] a lighthouse and its location on a point projecting far into the waters of the lake where it may be seen quite as readily by the citizens of Vermont as by those of New York, had something to do in bringing about unanimity of sentiment in the action of the two Commissions in deciding to erect a joint memorial.

It is hoped that this memorial will stand for all time as a monument to the wisdom of the two Commissions in thus performing a public duty in the spirit of fairness to the people of both states and in grateful appreciation of the character and services to humanity of Samuel Champlain. It met with the hearty approval of the French delegation, who placed on it the Rodin bust, a work of art, selected by M. Hanotaux and others and purchased with funds contributed by His Excellency, Clément Armand Fallières, President of the Republic of France, M. Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs, recently elected President of the Republic of France and many others, as the seal of the Republic of France. They spoke in commendation of its artistic proportions and of its unique symbolism of the diffusion of the light of civilization through the valley by Champlain and his followers, who sought to inculcate in the “untutored minds” of the savages in the region the humane principles and benign precepts of the Christian religion.

The Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh was erected by the New York Commission out of the funds appropriated solely by the Legislature of New York. It occupies a commanding position at the outlet of the Saranac river overlooking the lake. The bronze statue of Champlain, the crouching Indian at its base and the granite approach together constitute an unique memorial, artistic in outline and worthy the discoverer of the lake, which bears his name. This will stand comparison with any memorial of the kind in the country.

The Commission submits these two memorials to the considerate judgment of the people of the State in the confidence that they will meet with general approval.

The Commission has thus constructed two suitable permanent memorials[187] to Samuel Champlain in the valley as it was authorized to do by Chapter 181 of the Laws of 1911. In this as in other matters the Commission has endeavored to carry out the spirit as well as the letter of the acts under which it performed its labors.

In addition to the building of the Champlain memorials, the Celebration with its varied literary, military and naval features was carried to a successful conclusion by the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions of New York and Vermont with the co-operation of the Government of the United States and the attendance of the official representatives of France, Great Britain and Canada. The Dominion of Canada sent over the Governor-General’s Foot-Guards under Lieut. Colonel D. R. Street with twenty-two officers and three hundred and eleven enlisted men and also the Fifth Royal Canadian Highlanders under Lt. Colonel George S. Cantlie with twenty-eight officers and four hundred and thirty-eight men.

The participation of the Canadian troops in their brilliant uniforms in the Plattsburgh and Burlington parades on July 7 and 8, 1909, gave color to the marching columns and elicited the commendation of President Taft as well as of the French and British Ambassadors. It was a graceful compliment on the part of the Canadian Government to the people of the United States and gratefully appreciated by members of the Commission and others interested in the success of the celebration, to which this contributed not a little.

The presence of the French Ambassador, His Excellency, J. J. Jusserand, the British Ambassador, the Right Honorable James Bryce, the Postmaster-General of the Dominion of Canada, the Honorable Rodolphe Lemieux, the Premier of the Province of Quebec, Sir Lomer Gouin, the Lieut.-Governor of the Province of Quebec, Sir Adolphe Pelletier, the Vice-Admiral of the Japanese Navy, Baron Stakichi Uriu and others officially representing their respective Governments, gave it international significance, and the history of Lake Champlain in this and other ways has become a matter of interest to the people of other lands.

The participation of these distinguished representatives of France,[188] Great Britain, Canada and Japan in the Tercentenary Exercises added dignity and stateliness to the public and social functions of the celebration, which was widely commended through the press of this and other countries and has since become known as one of the principal commemorative celebrations of the century.

The discriminating and brilliant addresses of the French Ambassador, well known as the author of “The Literary History of The English People” and of many other works, as well as for his celebrity as a great diplomat, were keenly appreciated and will be read by all interested in the tragic events occurring in the Champlain valley during the period of its French occupancy. His touching tribute to Marquis de Montcalm, his graceful expressions of the warmth of the friendship existing between the people of France and those of America and his profound appreciation of the generous impulses of the people of New York and Vermont in projecting and carrying to a successful conclusion this commemorative celebration, in which Samuel Champlain was the central figure, will long be remembered. His long residence at Washington as the Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of France, his deep interest in American institutions and in American history, and his wide and favorable acquaintance with the people of this country have ingratiated him in their affections, until they have become accustomed to look upon the distinguished French Ambassador as a member of the official circle of the nation.

The profound and illuminating addresses of the Rt. Hon. James Bryce, the British Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, delivered by him at Ticonderoga, Plattsburgh and Burlington, were full of that ripe scholarship found in all his public papers and in such works as his “Holy Roman Empire,” “The American Commonwealth,” “Studies in History and Jurisprudence” and in his other treatises. They were overflowing with good will toward the people of this country who consider Ambassador Bryce as a staunch friend of American institutions, as evidenced in “The American Commonwealth” and in all his public addresses.

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Rarely, if ever, have there been accredited to this country by foreign nations two Ambassadors at the same time possessing such rare literary and diplomatic qualities as Ambassadors Jusserand and Bryce, each of whom achieved distinction and has been honored in his own country.

The able and instructive addresses of Hon. Rodolphe Lemieux, Postmaster-General of Canada and Sir Lomer Gouin, Premier of the Province of Quebec, at Plattsburgh and Burlington were replete with historical suggestions touching the Champlain, St. Lawrence River and Great Lake regions and conveyed to the people south of the international boundary the good will of the people of Canada and their gratitude at the efforts being put forth to commemorate the life, the character and achievements of Samuel Champlain, who founded Quebec, the oldest city in the Dominion. There breathed through these the spirit of good will and genuine appreciation for what was being done in this celebration. The Canadian visitors created a most favorable impression and on their departure left many warm friends behind.

By a fortunate coincidence, Vice-Admiral of the Japanese Navy, Baron Stakichi Uriu, was visiting this country during the period of the Tercentenary Celebration and was one of the invited guests of the New York Commission. He spoke briefly at Ticonderoga and since his return to Japan has conveyed to the Commission his appreciation of the honor conferred upon him in being permitted to witness the Tercentenary Celebration and at receiving the official Report containing a record of it.

The addresses of these representatives of Foreign Governments were entertaining and valuable contributions to the Tercentenary Exercises, giving them an international character exponential of events to be commemorated in tracing the history of the discovery of the lake and the subsequent control of the territory by three successful sovereign nations.

The Commission takes this occasion to acknowledge its obligations in this respect to the distinguished visitors and Foreign Governments, which they severally represented, for their assistance and co-operation in giving the Tercentenary Celebration its international character and some of its most charming features.

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We cannot close this report without again expressing our grateful appreciation to the people of France for their thoughtfulness and generosity in sending to this country a work of art by one of their most distinguished sculptors, to embellish the Memorial Lighthouse erected by the States of New York and Vermont to commemorate the life of Samuel Champlain. It was a delicate and beautiful expression of appreciation on the part of the leaders of thought and culture in our sister Republic across the sea to present a bust of such symbolism as “La France” as the seal of their approval of our efforts in this regard.

As far as we have been able to do so, we have preserved in this report the addresses of M. Hanotaux and others, as well as some of their reports on their return to Paris, embodying their views and expressing their feelings toward the people of this nation, which throw new light on the sympathetic character and generous impulses of the French people. The coming of a delegation of so many distinguished Frenchmen was a great compliment to the people of this nation. This in itself was a testimonial of good will, appreciated fully as keenly as the work of art. The people of the Champlain valley and elsewhere will not be likely to forget the fact that in addition to the distinguished line of great Frenchmen from Champlain to Ambassador Jusserand, who have visited the Champlain valley, there came to that valley in the month of May, 1912, a delegation of the most distinguished Frenchmen representing industry, commerce, science, literature and art, as well as civil and military affairs, jurisprudence, statesmanship and diplomacy, that ever visited this country. They came to place the seal of France upon the Crown Point Memorial Lighthouse to Samuel Champlain, and to convey to the people of this country the appreciation of the French Nation for what was being done to commemorate the life and character of one of their countrymen. The names of this delegation have already appeared, but let record be herein made of the fact that Fernand Cormon, member of the Institute and President of the Academy of Fine Arts, was one of the delegation that brought the Rodin allegorical bust from France and directed its location on the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse.

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The President of the United States, William Howard Taft, Governor Charles E. Hughes, Governor George H. Prouty, Secretary of War Jacob M. Dickinson, Senator Elihu Root, Congressmen George R. Malby, David J. Foster, Frank Plumley and the other speakers, the poets and the clergymen who participated in the Celebration as well as Governor John A. Dix of New York and Governor John A. Mead of Vermont and other speakers and clergymen, who took part in the dedication of the two Champlain memorials, not only put the members of the two Champlain Commissions, but the people of the Champlain valley under obligations to them for their contributions to the excellence and high quality of the literary exercises.

Col. Calvin D. Cowles and staff of officers and the Fifth U. S. Infantry; Col. William Paulding and staff of officers and the Twenty-fourth U. S. Infantry; Captain William T. Littebrant and staff of officers and the Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry; Brigadier-General J. H. Lloyd and staff of officers of the Third Brigade of the National Guard, New York; Col. James W. Lester and staff of officers and enlisted men of the Second Regiment of the National Guard, New York; Col. John I. Pruyn and staff of officers and enlisted men of the Tenth Infantry of the National Guard, New York; and the Canadian Military Organizations heretofore referred to and the Flotilla, comprising the torpedo boat Manley and two steam cutters named Plattsburgh and Burlington, respectively, under command of Lieut. G. W. Steele, Jr., with Midshipman Gerard Bradford second in command, and L. O. Armstrong, with his company of 150 Indians, descendants of the tribes originally occupying the Champlain valley, were important factors in the military, naval and pageant features of the Tercentenary Celebration contributing materially to its success. The maneuvering of these troops in the Champlain valley was suggestive of the military expeditions and fierce engagements that characterized its history for nearly two hundred years after the discovery of the lake by Samuel Champlain.

This Commission takes this occasion to acknowledge its obligations in this direction to the commissioned and other officers and members of[192] these various military organizations as well as to the Brigadier-General, Major-General and other officers and members of the National Guard of New York, who took part in the celebration and in the dedicatory ceremonies of the two memorials in July, 1912.

The Commission is also grateful to Hon. Robert Bacon, former Ambassador to France, to Paul Fuller, Jr., Secretary of Franco-American Committee, to Hon. Frank S. Witherbee, President and to the members of the Lake Champlain Association, to President John H. Finley of the College of the City of New York, to Hon. McDougall Hawkes, Chairman of the American Board of the French Institute in the United States, to Hon. Charles B. Alexander, to former Senator William A. Clark of New York, to Hon. A. Barton Hepburn, President of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York and to all others, who assisted in the entertainment of the French Delegation on their visit to this country in April-May, 1912.

Acknowledgment is also made of the entertainment of the members of the Preliminary Champlain Commission by the Hon. and Mrs. Nelson W. Fisk at their home at Isle La Motte on September 7, 1907, and of the transportation of the members of that Commission on the Valcour, owned by Hon. Joseph C. Sibley, to Burlington in the afternoon of that day, where they were entertained by the Ethan Allen Club in the evening. Representative Sibley also placed his yacht, Valcour, at the disposition of the Commission during the week of the Celebration.

It will also be remembered that Mr. and Mrs. Stephen H. P. Pell entertained President Taft and other distinguished guests at their home at Ticonderoga on July 6, 1909, and also the French delegation on May 3, 1912.

Commissioner and Mrs. Walter C. Witherbee entertained members of the Commission at their beautiful home at Port Henry on July 5, 1909.

Through the courtesy of Col. Robert M. Thompson, accommodations were provided by him for entertainment of members of the Commission at Ticonderoga on July 5 and 6, 1909.

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Commissioner Howland Pell entertained the members of the Commission at his reconstructed Germain Redoubt at Ticonderoga on May 3, 1909.

Hon. John R. Myers of Rouse’s Point supervised the transportation of the participants in the Indian pageants during the celebration and in other ways aided the Commission in its labors.

Frank H. Severance, secretary of the Buffalo Historical Society, was secretary of the Preliminary Lake Champlain Commission and prepared two historical papers, which appeared in the First Report of this Commission. In these respects and otherwise he rendered important services to this Commission.

The Notes on the Archæology of the Champlain valley, contained in the Appendix of this volume, by Prof. George H. Perkins, Ph.D., state geologist of Vermont, is a valuable contribution to this Report and is gratefully appreciated by the members of this Commission.

The typographical excellence of the First Report of this Commission elicited general commendation and the State Printers, J. B. Lyon Company of Albany, New York, have spared no pains in the presswork of this Final Report to insure its general excellence.

The exhaustive analytical Index to the First Report and also that to the Final Report, prepared by Charles Alexander Nelson, A. M., will greatly facilitate their usefulness for historical and other purposes.

The members of the Commission were among the invited guests of the Hudson-Fulton Commission during that memorable celebration.

All these were gratefully appreciated as well as all other things done and courtesies shown to the Commission by the people of the Champlain valley in their enthusiastic support of the project of suitably celebrating the discovery of the lake.

In concluding their work, the Commissioners take this occasion to express their appreciation of the generous support and wide publicity given to the Tercentenary project by the Press of this Country and of Canada, which contributed much to the popular interest shown in this commemorative celebration.

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III. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TERCENTENARY CELEBRATION

If the Tercentenary Celebration has awakened a deeper popular interest in the history of the Champlain valley, and as a result of that a broader and more profound appreciation of the principles of civil and religious liberty underlying our American institutions, and of the heroic sacrifices made by the founders of this government to insure its perpetuity, then the members of the Commission and the people of the state may feel well repaid for all efforts put forth in its prosecution.

In the various papers and addresses of the celebration frequent allusion was made to the important events occurring in the several epochs of the history of Lake Champlain, and many of these were elaborated upon at some length. It was not possible, however, to do more.

The critical history of the Champlain valley is yet to be written. For three centuries it has been the arena wherein have occurred many crucial events affecting the evolution and the character of American institutions.

Ira Allen in his “Natural and Political History of the State of Vermont,” Francis Parkman in his various historical works, Hon. Lucius E. Chittenden in his addresses and public papers, Peter S. Palmer in his “History of Lake Champlain,” and in his “History of the Battle of Valcour on Lake Champlain,” Winslow C. Watson in his “History of Essex County,” his “Pioneer History of the Champlain Valley” and his “Men and Times of the Revolution,” Thomas Hawley Canfield in his “Discovery, Navigation and Navigators of Lake Champlain,” Zadock Thompson in his histories of the State of Vermont and in his “Northern Guide,” Hiland Hall in his “History of Vermont,” Winslow C. Watson in his “Military and Political History of Essex County,” [N. Y.] in the “History of Essex County,” [N. Y.] by H. P. Smith, in the papers entitled “The First Battle of Lake Champlain,” by George F. Bixby, Rev. Joseph Cook in his “Historical Address at the Centennial Anniversary of the Settlement of Ticonderoga,” and in other addresses and writings, Walter H. Crockett in[198] his “History of Lake Champlain,” and others, have given much of the history of the successive periods, although the works of some of these are necessarily too limited to include a complete history of the region in all its amplitude and in all its details.

In the papers and proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, as well as in the “Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York” and the “Documentary History of the State of New York,” and in other transcripts of documents in foreign and American archives, and in the Military Records of the United States, France, Great Britain and Canada may be found much material relating to the history of Lake Champlain. There will be found in such libraries as the State Library at Albany, the State Library at Montpelier, the library of the Ticonderoga Historical Society, the libraries at Port Henry and at Plattsburgh, as well as in the library at Middlebury College and in the library of the University of Vermont, at Burlington, Vt., in the Collections of the New York State Historical Association, the New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and other State Historical Societies, and in the libraries of Ottawa, Montreal and Quebec, maps, charts, documents and other material relating to the region. The foreign material is confined principally to events occurring prior to 1783, except such British and Canadian documents as relate to the War of 1812.

The correspondence between the Colonial Governors and military and naval officers in America, including General Jeffrey Amherst and General John Burgoyne, with William Pitt and other representatives of the home government, throws much light on the events of the British period from 1758 to 1783. Other historical writings and standard histories may also be consulted with profit.

Since the conclusion of the War of 1812 the history of the Champlain valley has been that of a record of the settlement, the agricultural and mineral development of the territory bordering on the lake, and of an active transportation and commercial business done on the lake until the construction of railroads paralleling it on either side, which checked the volume of transportation by water as well as the active passenger service that had been done by steamers for three-quarters of a century.[199] The completion of the barge canal between the Hudson and Lake Champlain may to some extent restore the volume of transportation on the lake.

From pre-historic times the Champlain valley has been one of the thoroughfares of successive nations occupying the region, inviting alike to discoverer, trader, pioneer, warrior and traveler. It was but natural that its circumjacent shores and beautiful islands should become the homes of sturdy men, breathing the ozone of the mountain air wafted down into the valley, and possessing an independence and resolution found in such men as the Allens, the Warrens, the Bakers, and the Chittendens. It was this spirit which moved Ira Allen to incorporate in the first constitution of Vermont, adopted July 2 to 8, 1777, a mandatory provision providing for a common school in each town, a grammar school in each county, and a university in the state, and afterward he gave all his property to found the University of Vermont.

The conditions obtaining in the Champlain valley during the Tercentenary Celebration were thus picturesquely but aptly described by Dr. Hamilton Wright Mabie, the Tercentenary orator at Ticonderoga, in the Outlook of July 31, 1909:

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IV. REPRESENTATIVE MEN OF THE CHAMPLAIN REGION

Out from that valley have come a host of statesmen: Stephen A. Douglas, Samuel Prentice, Solomon Foote, Silas Wright, Samuel S. Phelps, Jacob Collamer, Robert S. Hale, William A. Wheeler, Chester A. Arthur, George F. Edmunds, John M. Thurston, born at Montpelier, August 21, 1847, and U. S. Senator from Nebraska, 1895 to 1901; Matthew H. Carpenter, born at Moretown, December 22, 1824, U. S. Senator from Wisconsin, 1869 to 1875, and from 1879 to February 25, 1881; Jacob M. Howard, born at Shaftsbury, July 10, 1805, representative in Congress from Michigan from 1841 to 1843 and U. S. Senator from 1862 to 1871; William Pitt Kellogg, born at Orwell, December 8, 1831, U. S. Senator from Louisiana, 1868 to 1874; Leslie M. Shaw, born at Morristown, Vt., November 2, 1848, Governor of Iowa in 1898 to 1902, and became Secretary of U. S. Treasury on February 1, 1902, under President Theodore Roosevelt; Alexander W. Buel, born in Rutland in 1813, representative from Michigan in Congress from 1849 to 1850; Selucius Garfielde, born at Shoreham, December 8, 1822, and representative from Washington Territory in the 41st and 42d Congresses; Josiah B. Grinnell, born at New Haven, December 22, 1821, and representative from Iowa in the 38th Congress; Joseph Ketchum Edgerton, born in Vergennes, February 16, 1818, and representative from Indiana in the 38th Congress; J. Allen Barber, born at Georgia, Vt., member of the first Constitutional Convention of Wisconsin and representative from Wisconsin in the 42d and 43d Congresses; Lucien B. Caswell, born at Swanton, Vt., representative from Wisconsin in the 44th-47th Congresses; Joel Turrel, born at Shoreham, Vt., February 22, 1794, and representative from New York in Congress from 1833 to 1837; John Fassett Follett, born in Franklin County, Vt., and representative from Ohio in 48th Congress; Stephen C. Millard,[204] born at Stamford, January 14, 1841, representative from New York in the 48th and 49th Congresses; John M. Parker, born at Granville, N. Y., June 14, 1805, and representative in Congress from 1855-9; Aaron F. Perry, born at Leicester, Vt., January 1, 1815, representative from Ohio in 42d Congress; Ossian Ray, born at Hinesburgh, Vt., December 13, 1815, and representative from New Hampshire in the 46th and 47th Congresses; Almon H. Read, born at Shelburne, Vt., June 12, 1790, representative from Pennsylvania in Congress from 1842-1844; John Gilbert Sawyer, born at Brandon, Vt., June 5, 1825, and a representative from New York in the 49th and 50th Congresses; Philetus Sawyer, who spent his youth in the Adirondacks, was a representative from Wisconsin in the 39th and ten succeeding Congresses, and in 1881 elected to the United States Senate and re-elected in 1887, where he served with great distinction; George Willard, born at Bolton, Vt., March 20, 1824, and a representative from Michigan in 43d and 44th Congresses; Joseph W. Babcock, born at Swanton, Vt., March 6, 1850, and representative from Wisconsin in the 53d to the 60th Congresses; Martin J. Wade, born at Burlington, Vt., October 20, 1861, and representative from Iowa in the 58th Congress; George Edmund Foss, born at Berkshire, Vt., July 2, 1863, a representative from Illinois in the 54th to 62d Congresses; Eugene N. Foss, born at West Berkshire, Vt., September 24, 1858, representative from Massachusetts in Congress in 1910, and Governor of Massachusetts since 1910, and such diplomats as John A. Kasson, George P. Marsh, Levi P. Morton, Edward J. Phelps, and such journalists as James R. Spalding, founder of the New York World, Jeremiah Evarts, father of William M. Evarts, and scores of others. Some of these, however, were not born in the valley, but they received their early impressions from conditions existing there, while attending college or spending their youth in that invigorating atmosphere. Among such was Henry J. Raymond, who took his course at the University of Vermont, and became founder of the New York Times and representative in Congress during the Lincoln administration.

In the Congressional representation of the Champlain valley occur the[205] names of many distinguished citizens: Peter Sailly of Plattsburgh, representative in Congress in 1804, who enjoyed the confidence of President Thomas Jefferson and who appealed to the Secretary of the Treasury in August, 1813, to prevent the further destruction of property on the west side of the lake, where, he said, “there is not a military post nor a soldier to be seen”; Hon. Reuben H. Walworth of Plattsburgh, representative in Congress in 1821-1823 and Chancellor for the State from 1828 to 1848; General Henry H. Ross of Essex, representative in the 19th Congress and on General Macomb’s staff at the battle of Plattsburgh; Hon. Augustus C. Hand of Elizabethtown, representative in Congress in 1839-1840; Hon. William Slade of Middlebury, representative in Congress from 1831 to 1843; Hon. Lemuel Stetson of Plattsburgh, representative in the 28th Congress and later County Judge of Clinton County; Hon. Orlando Kellogg of Elizabethtown, a representative in the 30th, 38th and 39th Congresses, and an intimate friend of President Lincoln; George R. Andrews of Ticonderoga, representative in Congress, 1849-1850, and later Justice of the Supreme Court; George A. Simmons of Keeseville, one of the most eminent lawyers in the State at that time and representative in Congress in 1853-1855; Hon. Frederick E. Woodbridge of Vergennes, representative in Congress for several terms; Hon. Robert S. Hale of Elizabethtown, N. Y., representative in Congress in 1865; Hon. George W. Palmer of Plattsburgh, representative in the 35th and 36th Congresses; Judge Homer E. Royce of St. Albans, Vt., representative in Congress and later Chief Judge of the Supreme Court of Vermont; Hon. John W. Stewart of Middlebury, Vt., representative in Congress and United States Senator; Hon. Henry G. Burleigh, representative in the 48th and 49th Congresses; Judge Horace Henry Powers of Morrisville, Vt., Chief Judge of the Supreme Court of Vermont and representative in Congress from 1890 to 1900; John H. Moffit of Plattsburgh, representative in the 50th and 51st Congresses; Hon. John M. Wever of Plattsburgh, representative in the 52d and 53d Congresses; Hon. Wallace T. Foote, Jr. of Port Henry, representative in the 54th and 55th Congresses; Richard Keese, representative in the 20th Congress;[206] Orange Ferris, representative in the 40th Congress; John Rogers, representative in the 42d Congress; John Hammond, representative in the 46th and 47th Congresses; Roswell G. Horr, representative in the 46th, 47th and 48th Congresses; and others.

Honorable Azariah C. Flagg of Plattsburgh was Secretary of State in 1826, and State Comptroller in 1834, and Hon. John F. O’Brien of Plattsburgh was Secretary of State from 1903 to 1907.

Hon. St. John B. L. Skinner of Clinton County was Postmaster-General under Andrew Johnson.

Among the early settlers, who located in Plattsburgh, were Judge Zephaniah Platt, formerly of Poughkeepsie, member of the first Provincial Congress of New York and a member of the Convention called to consider the Federal Constitution and the advisability of its adoption; Judge Melancton Smith, a native of Queens County, member of the First Provincial Congress of New York from Dutchess County and an opponent of Hamilton and Livingston in the Convention called to consider the advisability of the ratification of the Federal Constitution; and Judge Thomas Treadwell, a member of the First Provincial Congress of New York and of the Convention called to formulate the First State Constitution, who was also a member of the Convention called to consider the Federal Constitution and the advisability of its adoption.

In a later period, it will be remembered that Hon. Matthew Hale, Hon. Francis Lynde Stetson, Hon. John I. Gilbert, Hon. Richard L. Hand, and others were natives of the Champlain valley.

Many judges have been natives of the Champlain valley. Some of them have served in the courts of Vermont and New York, but more have become residents of other states, and there filled judicial positions in the state and Federal Courts. It would be interesting to record the names of all such judges who had their birth in the Champlain valley, if space permitted. We must content ourselves, however, with giving the names of a few. The first of these to occur to one is Samuel Nelson, born at Hebron, N. Y., November 10, 1792, who was a member of the State Constitutional Conventions of 1821 and 1846, a Justice of the Supreme Court of New York from 1831 to 1845, and a Judge of the[207] Supreme Court of the United States from 1845 to 1872, one of the longest judicial tenures ever held by a judge in this country.

The following may also be mentioned: Chancellor Reuben H. Walworth, Samuel Hand, Judge of the Court of Appeals, Judges, John C. Churchill, William Sweetland, John Lynde, Charles Henry Phelps, Aldace F. Walker, Wheelock G. Veazey, William P. Kellogg, Henry Chipman, Pliny Moore, John M. Parker, George Martin, Mark Skinner, Charles L. Benedict, John Alexander Jameson, Melville A. Sheldon, Eugene E. Sheldon, Walter C. Dunton, Perry G. Ellsworth, Joseph Potter, S. Alonzo Kellogg, Chester B. McLaughlin, Winslow C. Watson, Albert C. Barnes, Henry T. Kellogg, Jesse Walker, Thomas H. Noonan, John H. Booth, and John B. Riley.

Only a few of the lawyers, who were natives of the Champlain valley, can be mentioned out of the great number that have gone forth to take up their residences elsewhere. Many of them have located in New York and other Atlantic states, although a goodly number have located in the Central and Western states, and are among the persons heretofore mentioned as holding, or who have held official positions.

In addition to such, however, may also be mentioned George L. Clarke, Hon. Smith M. Weed, Hon. George M. Beckwith, Hon. Robert D. Benedict, Hon. Thomas F. Conway, Elroy N. Clark, Charles W. Waterman, George Murray Wright, John C. Clark, Hon. John J. Allen, James M. Gifford, William L. G. Smith, Hon. Benjamin E. Hall, Charles E. Shaw, James B. Ross, Hon. Henry W. Hill, member of the New York Constitutional Convention of 1894 and State Senator from 1901 to 1911, Julius H. Seymour, George W. Alger, Adelbert W. Boynton, Hon. Daniel Roberts, Charles C. Farnham, Samuel B. Botsford, Harold J. Adams, Hon. Lucian L. Shedden, Oliver D. Barrett, Rome G. Brown and Charles F. Blair.

Among the natives of the Champlain valley who entered the Army and Navy during the Civil War and since that time were Gen’l Wm. F. Smith, Gen’l George J. Stannard, Gen’l William Wells, Col. Frank Palmer, Col. George F. Nichols, Lieut. Matthew M. Standish, Gen’l[208] Stephen Moffitt, Col. John Hammond, Rear-Admiral John W. Moore, Commodore A. V. Wadhams, Admiral George Dewey, and many others, who maintained the high standards of efficiency and bravery exhibited by those who a century earlier participated in the engagements at Ticonderoga, Bennington and Saratoga, and in the naval engagements of Valcour and Plattsburgh Bay.

In addition to those already named, there have come from the Champlain valley many to fill positions of responsibility in the state and nation, of whom only the following few need be mentioned, viz., Loyal L. Smith the philanthropist, Hon. John H. Converse, President of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Thomas Waterman Wood, President of the National Academy of Design in 1891, Hon. Stephen A. Walker, at one time Commissioner of the Board of Education of the State of New York, Hon. Darwin P. Kingsley, President of the New York Life Insurance Company, the late Dr. Abel Mix Phelps, the orthopedic surgeon, Henry H. Vail, publisher of school books, Samuel Sheldon, expert in electric science, Charles F. Longworth, expert in food products, Augustus Torrey, chief engineer of M. C. R. R., Rt. Rev. Bishop Edgar P. Wadhams of Ogdensburg, Rev. Byron Sunderland of Washington, D. C., the late Rev. Constans Liberty Goodell, D. D. of St. Louis, Mo., Rev. George F. Herrick, D. D., author of many Biblical works, located in Constantinople, Rev. George F. Hunting, D. D., President of Alma College, author of many papers and poems, Rev. George B. Spalding, President William Nelson Ferrin of Pacific University, Prof. Warren H. Landon, the late Prof. Walter E. Howard, Prof. John Dewey of Columbia University, Prof. Davis R. Dewey of Boston, Prof. Frank E. Woodruff of Bowdoin College, the Hon. Edwin Ferry Johnson, civil engineer and educator, James R. Chapman, General Manager of the Metropolitan District Electric Traction Company of London, England, Charles A. Catlin, expert in chemistry, and others.

Among the prominent educators of the Champlain valley have been Presidents James Marsh, Joseph Torrey and Matthew H. Buckham, all of the University of Vermont; Presidents Benjamin Larabee, Ezra[209] Brainerd and John M. Thomas, all of Middlebury College, Captain John Alden Patridge, and Presidents Allen Danvers Brown and Charles Horace Spooner, all of Norwich University. These were and are representatives of the higher culture of its educational institutions.

There have also been many noted and learned professors, filling their respective chairs in these educational institutions since their foundation, with distinction. These institutions have maintained educational standards so high that they have exerted a marked influence on the culture and refinement of people residing in and outside of the valley. Other educational institutions have also made their influence felt on students coming from the Champlain valley, as well as on their graduates returning to it, thereby contributing materially to the intellectual uplift of the people of the territory. All this is evidenced by the large number of liberally educated men and women who have gone forth to fill civic, technical, professional, political and other positions with marked ability, in various parts of the country.

Representatives of the Champlain valley are found in the Army, the Navy and in all departments of the national Government, as well as in the various state governments. They will also be found in the learned professions, in commercial, technical, engineering, mechanical and electrical pursuits, and are thus spreading abroad the professional, technical and general information, which they have received in the institutions of the Champlain valley and in the institutions outside of the Champlain valley, which they attended.

If space permitted, it might be of interest to submit a bibliography of the works of the authors, who have at various times lived in the Champlain valley. A few only need be cited to show their character and scope.

In addition to his services as a civilian and a Major-General of the State Militia, Ira Allen wrote the “National and Political History of the State of Vermont,” and many state papers, wherein were treated matters in controversy between the State of New York and the people under the New Hampshire grants.

The state papers of Governor George Clinton of New York, and[210] Governor Thomas Chittenden of Vermont, in relation to matters in dispute between New York and Vermont, and the correspondence between Nathaniel Chipman and Alexander Hamilton in relation to the boundary dispute, and the speech of Alexander Hamilton before a committee of the Assembly in relation to the same matter, and the controversy as to the boundary line between the two states, and other matters of interest to both commonwealths, form a most important chapter in the early history of the two states, and are contained in the Documentary History of New York and the publications of the Vermont Historical Society.

As an evidence of the intellectual and moral culture of the people of the Champlain valley, attention is called to the writings of James Marsh, President of the University of Vermont, including his Preliminary Essay to Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Aids to Reflection.”

Dr. Joseph Torrey, President of the University of Vermont, read an important paper on “The Discovery and Occupation of Lake Champlain,” before the Vermont Historical Society, on October 16, 1860, and he also wrote a work, which had an extensive sale, known as “A Theory of Fine Art,” but he is widely known as the translator of Neander’s “General History of the Christian Religion and Church.”

The works of George P. Marsh, for many years United States Minister to Turkey and Italy, include “Lectures on the English Language,” published in 1861, “The Origin and History of the English Language,” published in 1862, “The Earth as Modified by Human Action,” published in 1874, some of which were standard treatises.

Judge Edmund Hatch Bennett was the author of an edition of the works of Judge Joseph Story and also of an hundred volumes of law reports.

Rev. William G. T. Shedd, lecturer at the University of Vermont, was a prolific writer on historical, philosophical and literary subjects, and his works became standard authorities on the subjects treated.

Thomas Jefferson Conant of Middlebury, born at Brandon, Vt., and a graduate of Middlebury College, was the author of various Biblical works, and a member of the American Bible Revision Committee.

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Rev. John B. Wentworth, D. D., was the author of “The Logic of Introspection,” and “The Philosophy of Methodism.”

Rev. George N. Boardman, graduate of Middlebury College, was the author of the “History of New England Theology.”

Samuel Ward Boardman, of Middlebury College, was the author of “Arbitration” and other works.

Rev. Charles Marsh Mead, a graduate of Middlebury College, was the author of several works, and a member of the American Bible Revision Committee.

Prof. John E. Goodrich, D. D., of the University of Vermont, is the author of several historical papers, including a volume entitled “Vermont Revolutionary Rolls,” and parts of the Standard Dictionary and other publications.

Col. George Grenville Benedict of Burlington, President of the Vermont Historical Society, was the author of “Vermont in the Civil War” in two volumes, and “Vermont at Gettysburg,” and “Army Life in Virginia.”

Prof. George H. Perkins of the University of Vermont is the author of several works and reports on the Geology of Vermont and the archaeology of the Lake Champlain region.

Prof. Brainard Kellogg, formerly of Middlebury College, is the author of several school and college text books.

A recent work is “Three Centuries in Champlain Valley,” by Mrs. George Fuller Tuttle of Plattsburgh, Regent of Saranac Chapter, Daughters of American Revolution.

Several works have heretofore been cited in this report relating to the history of Lake Champlain, by persons residing in the valley and deeply interested in its history. All these will be carefully examined by students and writers of the events occurring in the Champlain valley.

Among the poets of the valley is John G. Saxe, born at Highgate, Vt., June 2, 1816, a graduate of Middlebury College in 1839. It has been said of him that he was second only to Dr. Holmes as a humorist.

Lucretia Maria Davidson of Plattsburgh, a promising poetess, died at an early age, in 1825.

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For many years Julia Ward Howe, born in New York, resided in Rutland county, and wrote poetry. Her principal poem is the “Battle Hymn of the Republic.”

Rev. Orville G. Wheeler, born at Charlotte, Vt., resided in Grand Isle county, and wrote poems occasionally, the principal one of which is his Semi-Centennial Poem of the University of Vermont, read in 1854.

Daniel L. Cady, L.H.D., a graduate of the University of Vermont in the class of 1886, was the poet at the Tercentenary Exercises at Plattsburgh, and his poem entitled “Champlain and Lake Champlain” is an Epic of the Champlain valley.

Prof. Davis R. Dewey is the author of a work and several papers on Economics and kindred subjects, and has done much in that field of political science.

Prof. John Dewey is the author of one or more works on Psychology, and is one of the leading authorities in this country on philosophical subjects.

Rev. George F. Wright, D. D., born in Whitehall, is the author of many works, including the annual publications known as “Records of the Past.” He is also the author of “Logic of Christian Evidences,” and works on geological and archæological subjects.

Rev. Joseph Cook, born at Ticonderoga in 1838, after pursuing his studies in American and German universities, delivered several courses of lectures in Boston, New York and elsewhere, on current topics and on such subjects as “Transcendentalism,” “Orthodoxy,” etc., with such clearness and force as to arouse deep interest in them, notwithstanding their abstruseness. His lectures were published in book form and widely read. His noted “Centennial Address” at Ticonderoga on July 25, 1864, is a valuable contribution to the history of Lake Champlain, in which he took a deep interest. In some respects he was one of the best informed living writers on the subject at the time of his death.

The Hon. Lucius E. Chittenden, born in Williston, Vt., May 24, 1824, who became Register of the United States Treasury under President Lincoln, collected a valuable library relating to the history of Lake Champlain, and delivered the annual address before the Vermont[213] Historical Society on October 8, 1872, on the “Capture of Ticonderoga.” He is also the author of “Recollections of President Lincoln and his Administration,” and other works.

Henry W. Hill, President of the Buffalo Historical Society, a native of Isle La Motte, Vt., one of the first points visited by Samuel Champlain in the valley, is the author of “Waterways and Canal Construction in New York State,” of “The Development of Constitutional Law in the State of New York,” the framer of several constitutional provisions of New York, a contributor to the Bibliophile edition of the works of Horace, the author of several articles in encyclopaedias and the compiler and editor of the Reports of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission.

Hon. Robert Roberts of Burlington, Vermont, is the author of the valuable Digest of the Vermont Reports.

Charles W. Baker is the author of “Monopolies and the People” and editor of the Engineering News, New York City.

Moses Nelson Baker is the author of books, papers and numerous articles on engineering, sanitation, and economic subjects, and associate editor of the Engineering News, New York City.

Kirby Flower Smith, Ph.D., a native of Rutland county, Vermont, a graduate of the University of Vermont in 1884, is the Dean of the Latin Faculty of Johns Hopkins University and is the author of several articles, books and papers on various phases of the Latin language and the literature of the Romans. He is one of the leading authorities of America in this domain of classical literature.

Henry Norman Hudson of Cornwall, Vt., a graduate of Middlebury college, was one of the principal Shakspearian scholars in the United States at the time of his death in 1886.

One of the more recent contributors to the literature of the Champlain region was the late Robert O. Bascom of Fort Edward. A bibliography of his papers may be found in the New York State Historical Association Publications, vol. 10, p. 301.

Frederick B. Richards, Secretary of the New York State Historical Association, Hon. James A. Holden, State Historian, Victor Hugo[214] Paltsits, former State Historian, Dr. George F. Bixby, Dr. William A. E. Cummings, President of the Ticonderoga Historical Society, and others, have contributed valuable papers in recent years on different phases of the History of Lake Champlain, some of which have been included in the publications of the New York State Historical Association.

James Buckham, son of President Matthew H. Buckham, the essayist and poet, whose writings possess a charm and purity of diction not unlike those of Matthew Arnold.

Prof. James R. Wheeler, Ph.D., of Columbia University, one of the leading authorities in this country on the Greek language, archæology and art.

Bert Hodge Hill, Ph.D., of Bristol, Vt., is Director of American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece.

Rev. Earl M. Wilbur, a graduate of the University of Vermont, is Dean of the Pacific Unitarian School at Berkeley, Cal.

These are a few of the native authors and writers of the Champlain valley, and the list might be extended, if space permitted.

Others might be cited, but the foregoing will suffice to show the trend of thought in the Champlain valley and that it has been quite as productive of men of noble culture as any other part of the country. This may have been lost sight of in the attention given to its more spectacular and thrilling military and naval history. But for a century past, the amenities of peace and the fruition of high ideals have accelerated its intellectual and moral uplift and contributed to that general culture which has long prevailed in the Champlain valley.

Its residents are for the most part well-trained, thoughtful, cultured people. They thoroughly appreciated the Tercentenary exercises, as well as the dedicatory ceremonies. The social as well as the atmospheric conditions there are wholesome and invigorating, consequently it is fast becoming the resort during the summer months of the people from the metropolis and other cities, seeking rest and recreation under conditions that are healthful and inspiring. The Tercentenary celebration brought its advantages to the attention of a large portion of our population, who may find in the Champlain valley such resorts as they need for health and pleasure.

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V. CONCLUSION OF THE WORK OF THE NEW YORK LAKE CHAMPLAIN TERCENTENARY COMMISSION

The work of the Commission was done largely through committees after a presentation and consideration of such problems as arose under instructions adopted at formal sessions of the Commission from time to time with reference to the conduct of the celebration and the construction of memorials. The Commission held upwards of thirty-seven formal sessions and the results may be seen in the work accomplished. From the first it was the purpose of the Commission to organize and carry to a successful conclusion such a celebration as would be in keeping with the dignity of the state and true to the historical events to be commemorated. The members of the Commission fully appreciate their limitations in undertaking to present in outline the history of the Champlain valley in the form necessarily pursued in the Tercentenary Celebration, which President Taft humorously characterized as a “traveling show,” but there was no other way suggested or that occurred to members of the Commission, whereby that could be done and any adequate presentation of the tragic events following the discovery of the lake could be made, than that adopted by the Commission.

Though there may not have been given “the substance,” the members trust that they may not have failed to so present its essentials as to enable many to behold something of what Professor William M. Sloane denominates “the vision of history,” as unfolded in the Champlain valley.

Activities of the Tercentenary Commissioners

The multifarious duties, devolving upon the members of Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission during the period of five years of its existence, and involving activities of a wide range and great detail, may never be fully appreciated nor even fully understood. The members of the Commission were business and professional men actively engaged, but they were so deeply interested in the celebration, that they left nothing[218] undone to ensure its success. Senator James J. Frawley was chairman of the Finance Committee of the Senate from 1911 and also a member of another State Commission, Senator James A. Foley, who was a member of Preliminary Champlain Commission, took a deep interest in the project from its inception, Senator H. Wallace Knapp, chairman, Hon. Walter C. Witherbee, treasurer, Hon. Howland Pell, whose family has done much to restore Ft. Ticonderoga, Hon. Louis C. Lafontaine, Judges John B. Riley and John H. Booth and Hon. James Shea, and Hon. William R. Weaver, all freely gave their services and as much of their time as they were able to the Tercentenary celebration.

At the final meeting of the New York Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission a resolution was adopted expressing the appreciation of its members to its secretary, Henry W. Hill, for his long and unrequited services in preparing the comprehensive, historical and scholarly First and Final Reports of the Commission, which possess a literary finish and a perfection in every detail worthy the commemorative Tercentenary celebration and the bi-state, national and international functions involved.

In presenting their Final Report to the Legislature, the Tercentenary Commissioners avail themselves of this opportunity to make it a matter of record that they have had the support and active co-operation of the several Governors and successive Legislatures of the state in office during the life of the Commission in carrying to a successful conclusion the celebration and in the construction and dedication of the two permanent memorials to Samuel Champlain, the first white man to set foot on the soil of what is now within the confines of the state. The Government of the United States invited and, out of an appropriation made by it for that purpose, entertained the foreign guests. The state of Vermont contributed its proportionate share of the general expenses and of the cost of the joint memorial at Crown Point forts. The state of New York paid its proportionate share of the general expenses and of the cost of the joint memorial at Crown Point forts and the entire cost of the Champlain memorial at Plattsburgh and the Commission has turned a small balance back into the State Treasury, as will appear from the Financial Statement in the Appendix of this Final Report.

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Appendix

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I. REPORT OF HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Sixtieth Congress, Second Session. House of Representatives. Report No. 2169

Tercentenary Celebration of Discovery of Lake Champlain

February 15, 1909—Referred to the House Calendar and ordered to be printed.

Mr. Foster, of Vermont, from the Committee on Foreign Affairs, submitted the following report.

[To accompany H. J. Res. 257.]

The committee on Foreign Affairs, to whom was referred House joint resolution 257, submit the following report [taken from the joint memorial presented to Congress by the New York and Vermont Tercentenary Commissions in January 1909.]

In the month of November, 1906, a joint resolution for the appointment of a commission for the celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Lake Champlain was adopted by the senate and house of representatives of the State of Vermont, containing the recital that—

which resolution was approved by Governor Fletcher D. Proctor on November 15, 1906; and thereafter Governor Proctor appointed as members of such commission Walter E. Howard, of Middlebury; Horace W. Bailey, of Newbury; R. W. McCuen, of Vergennes; Lynn M. Hays, of Essex Junction; Walter H. Crockett, of St. Albans; M. D. McMahon, of Burlington; and thereafter, on April 15, 1907, on motion of Senator Henry W. Hill, of Buffalo, the senate of the State of New York adopted the following resolution, which was concurred in by the assembly on April 16, 1907:

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The New York commission appointed under the foregoing resolution consisted of Governor Charles E. Hughes, Lieutenant-Governor Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler, Senators Henry W. Hill, John C. R. Taylor, and Assemblyman James W. Wadsworth, jr., speaker of the assembly, Alonson T. Dominy, James A. Foley, and Frank S. Witherbee and John H. Booth.

That commission, together with the Vermont commission, during the summer of 1907 made a tour of Lake Champlain, held several joint and separate meetings, and the New York commission formulated its report and transmitted it to the New York legislature of 1908, a copy of which is annexed hereto, in the conclusion of which report they recommend as follows:

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ANNIVERSARY OF 1909.

Thereafter a bill was prepared and submitted to the legislature, which was amended in some respects, and subsequently enacted and became chapter 149 of the New York Laws of 1908, providing in substance for a celebration of the tercentenary of the discovery of Lake Champlain by Samuel Champlain in the month of July, 1609, which celebration,[226] by the terms of the bill, is to occur in the month of July, 1909, at various points in the Champlain valley.

The commission appointed thereunder consisted of H. Wallace Knapp, Mooers, N. Y., chairman; Henry W. Hill, of Buffalo, secretary; Walter C. Witherbee, Port Henry, treasurer; James J. Frawley, New York City; James Shea, Lake Placid; James A. Foley, New York City; John H. Booth, Plattsburgh; John B. Riley, Plattsburgh; Louis C. Lafontaine, Champlain; Howland Pell, New York City.

This commission was empowered under the last-mentioned statute to enter into negotiations and co-operate with the State of Vermont, the Government of the United States, the Dominion of Canada, and the Province of Quebec, and either or all of them in such tercentenary celebration, and appropriated by chapter 466 of the New York Laws of 1908 the sum of $50,000 for that purpose.

The Vermont commission made its report to the legislature of Vermont, held in the fall of 1908, also recommending, among other things, that a proper celebration be held in conjunction with the State of New York, the Government of the United States, and the Dominion of Canada, a copy of which report is annexed hereto. Subsequently the State of Vermont made an appropriation of $25,000 to enable that State to participate in the tercentenary celebration.

The commission appointed thereunder consisted of Governor George H. Prouty, chairman; Lynn M. Hays, of Burlington, secretary; Walter H. Crockett, of St. Albans; Rev. John M. Thomas, of Middlebury; Horace W. Bailey, of Rutland; W. J. Van Patten, of Burlington; Frank L. Fish, of Vergennes; Arthur L. Stone, of St. Johnsbury; and F. O. Beaupre, of Burlington.

The facts warranting federal appropriation are briefly set forth in the report of the New York and Vermont commissions, and in amplification thereof the following additional facts are respectfully submitted to the consideration of the President and the Congress of the United States:

Long before its discovery by Samuel Champlain, in July, 1609, Lake Champlain was the resort and battle ground of the savage Algonquin, Huron, and Iroquois nations who peopled its islands and circumjacent[227] beautifully shaded and picturesque shores. It was a paradise for the aborigines, whose native customs and adventurous but precarious life were a startling revelation to such an explorer as Champlain, coming as he did from the refinements of French life of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Still he was hospitably received and escorted to and through the lake, then known as “Caniaderiguarunte,” which signifies the “gate of the country.” The lake was also known as “Mer des Iroquois,” and traversed by the warring Indian tribes, whose canoes formed picturesque flotillas in those early days on the blue waters of the lake.

Had Champlain been gifted with the poetic imagination of a Homer or a Virgil, he might have cast into an epic the story of his explorations and discoveries, which were quite as thrilling as those of the Iliad, the Odyssey, or the Aeneid. Other poets have dwelt upon the beauties of this lake and have sung of the tragic events that have occurred on its waters.

The Champlain valley is one of the historic portions of the American Continent. Its Indian occupation was succeeded by that of the French, and in turn by the English. From its discovery in July, 1609, to the battle of Plattsburgh, in September, 1814, Lake Champlain was the thoroughfare of many expeditions and the scene of many sanguinary engagements. Noted French, British, and American officers visited it and stopped at its forts, from Ste. Anne on the north, founded at Isle La Motte in 1665, to St. Frédéric, founded in honor of the French secretary of foreign affairs, Frédéric Maurepas, by Marquis de Beauharnois, governor-general of Canada, at Crown Point in 1731, and Fort Carillon, founded at Ticonderoga in 1766, on the south.

The grants of some of its islands and adjacent shore lands under French seignories were the subject of a long controversy between the French and British Governments, challenging on the one side the consideration of such officials as Marquis de Beauharnois and others under Louis XV and Louis XVI, and on the other side such statesmen as Lord Dartmouth, Edmund Burke, and Sir Henry Moore under the British Crown. But few, if any, occupations were made under French seignorial grants, and the controversy finally ended after the Seven[228] Years’ French and Indian war, which terminated with the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point by the British in 1759, and the later sovereign control by the Americans during the Revolution.

The Champlain valley was the scene of important military and one naval engagement during the Revolutionary war, and permission has been obtained from the War Department to raise from the waters of Lake Champlain the Royal Savage at Valcour Island, the flagship of Benedict Arnold during that engagement. The history of Ticonderoga and Macdonough’s victory at the battle of Plattsburgh, in September 1814, are of such national importance as to merit federal consideration during the forthcoming celebration of the discovery of the lake.

For two hundred years or longer the Champlain valley was the highway between Albany on the south and Quebec on the north, through which surged the tides of war and travel, until every prominent point and important island in the lake was marked by some notable event worthy of historic mention. The proposed celebration of the discovery of the lake will commemorate some of these important events. Sewall S. Cutting, D. D., in a poem read at the University of Vermont in 1877 thus describes some of these events. He says:

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No part of the United States can vie in comparison with Lake Champlain and its environs for historic importance and the ultimate significance of the national and international events occurring in that valley. “Every bay and island of the lake and nearly every foot of its shore have been the scene of some warlike movement—the midnight foray of the predatory savage, the bloody scout of frontier settlers, the rendezvous of armed bands, or the conflict of contending armies.” These stirring events cover a period of centuries—from the traditional history of the Indians to the close of the war of 1812.

From the earliest periods of settlement in Canada, New England, and New York the valley of Lake Champlain, both as watercourse or highway, served as a thoroughfare by which, in hostile times, predatory excursions were directed against both the French and English frontiers, and over which captives were conveyed into unenviable captivity. This was the route traversed by delegations engaged in diplomatic relations between the French and English colonists, and was used by agents employed to arrange an exchange of captives. The valley was a highway of commerce, particularly in the operations of the fur trade. Its Indian name, meaning “door of the country,” was an apt designation, for into it there marched the flower of contending armies of France, England, and the United States, who struggled persistently for its control. The destinies of the United States and Canada and of England’s colonial policy were largely decided by what occurred in the Champlain valley.

An unjust historical perspective is often created by placing too high value upon the significance of figures. Large armies do not always count for as much in their influence upon the course of the world’s history as events more hidden from view and surrounded with less of glamour. The one more easily bewitches the eyes, but the other is more likely to appeal to reason. The history of the Champlain valley exhibits in relief momentous martial and naval engagements and in intaglio the deeds of individuals and collections of men pregnant with far-reaching results in the evolution of the continent of North America.

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Samuel Champlain laid the foundations of New France at Quebec in 1608, and in 1609 led an expedition into the Richelieu River, accompanied by a retinue of Algonquian and other Canadian Indians. At the falls of Chambly he abandoned the vessel in which he had sailed, and by portaging and canoeing reached the entrance of a great lake, which he named Lake Champlain. Its confines constituted one of the hunting grounds of the well-organized Iroquoian Confederacy. The Iroquois were then at great enmity with the Algonquians and the Canadian Hurons.

On the night of July 29, 1609, Champlain fell in with one of the hunting parties of the Iroquois. They spent the night in parleying and uttering defiance at one another, and on the morning of July 30 the now well-known battle of Champlain took place at or near the site of Ticonderoga, as is generally believed by the best historians. The significance of this battle is attested by the alienation of the Iroquois from the French and their affiliation with the Dutch and English, and was one of the embryonic factors which, under development, ultimately saved northern New York and a large contiguous territory to English instead of French interests.

France claimed the region by right of discovery, but England sought to repress her by the limitations of treaty. In 1731 France violated the compact of peace by the erection of Fort St. Frédéric on the peninsula known better as Crown Point. The Iroquois, as claimants of territorial ownership, in June, 1737, protested against the French occupation. In 1739 the French commandant promised the Iroquois that France would not encroach or settle south of Fort St. Frédéric, but he claimed for his King all the watershed of the St. Lawrence, inclusive of Lake Champlain and Lake George. In 1742 the fort, having been enlarged, was the strongest work held by the French in Canada—Quebec and Louisburg only excepted. The five years’ war, familiarly known as King George’s war, involved the subjects of France and England in conflict, both in Europe and in America. A nominal peace was established by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. But soon[231] the Acadian and other boundary contentions between the two Crowns were in ferment.

France practiced subtlety in her diplomatic negotiations, strengthened her frontier posts, and inoculated her Indian allies with hatred of her English colonial neighbors. In 1755 she built Fort Carillon, afterwards Ticonderoga, and thus advanced her outposts. Henceforth, and in a seven years’ war, Fort Carillon and Ticonderoga bore the brunt of frontier aggrandizement. In August of that year Dieskau occupied Crown Point with 700 regulars, 1,600 Canadians, and 700 Indians. In 1756, 2,000 men of France were engaged on Fort Carillon; in 1757 it was garrisoned with 9,000 men under the Marquis de Montcalm. On July 8, 1758, Abercromby, with regulars and provincials, unsuccessfully stormed its works and lost nearly 2,000 men. In the same year Robert Rogers, the intrepid ranger, lost 125 out of a total of 180 men. Upon the evacuation of the region by the French in 1759 General Amherst took possession of Ticonderoga in July, and of Crown Point in August. In 1760 Amherst assembled an army of 15,000 men at Crown Point, and in August of that year Colonel Haviland, with about 3,300 men, opened fire upon the French post at Isle aux Noix, forced the French commander, Bourlamaque, to withdraw, and captured the garrison that remained behind.

For a time after the treaty of Paris, in 1763, the region rested in comparative quiescence. England’s acquisition by treaty of the vast domain of Canada eradicated the long-standing imbroglios with France in North America; but the intercolonial wars had schooled the English-American colonists in the arts of prowess and of war. The colonists also had greater freedom to consider internal interests, being now relieved from the erstwhile collisions with the French. A narrow colonial policy lent itself toward the growth of a spirit of resentment in the colonies, and England’s determination to enforce obedience to her will by the employment of military authority served only to fan the slumbering embers into a conflagration. It was under these conditions in May, 1775, that the audacious Ethan Allen, accompanied by[232] only about 83 men, surprised the English garrison at Fort Ticonderoga and that Seth Warner took Crown Point, in each case without bloodshed. When De la Place, the English officer at Ticonderoga, asked Allen by what authority he demanded the fort’s surrender, he replied with these now memorable words: “By the authority of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress.” The personality of Allen was and is yet a subject of academic controversy, but his action in this affair is a landmark in the romantic history of America.

Benedict Arnold has been execrated for his treason to his country, yet his name is connected with one of the greatest of patriotic services during the American Revolution. On October 11, 1776, he engaged in an extraordinary naval battle on Lake Champlain against the overwhelming odds of the British fleet under Sir Guy Carleton. This battle is in our naval annals of the Revolution what Bunker Hill is to our military history—“a battle wherein glory and renown were gained in defeat.” Spears, the naval historian, has characterized it thus: “Not only was the moral effect of this battle quite as great in the courage it gave the Americans, and the pause for thought it gave the enemy; it served to head off a victorious invading British army bound for Albany and the subjugation of northern New York. It taught the British that the Americans were not only willing, but they were able fighters. In spite of the tremendous odds against them, at the last they had proved themselves as unyielding as the rocks that echoed back the roar of the conflict.”

Burgoyne made an unsuccessful attack upon the American occupants of Fort Ticonderoga in June, 1777, but with 7,000 men had forced the abandonment of Crown Point in that month; and in July, having erected a battery on Mount Defiance, which commanded Fort Ticonderoga, forced the Americans to evacuate it on the night of the 6th. The termination of the American Revolution, save for internal controversies between New York and Vermont, ended the storm and stress period in the Champlain valley for many years, until our second war with Great Britain.

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From September 6 to 11, 1814, various land engagements took place about Plattsburgh. The British forces, numbering about 11,500 troops and including many of Lord Wellington’s veterans, were under Sir George Prevost, governor and commander-in-chief in British North America; the Americans, commanded by Macomb and Bissell, numbered 4,500 men. On September 11, 1814, the American navy on the lake, commanded by Thomas Macdonough, defeated the British squadron under the command of Commodore George Downie. This naval battle was crucial in bringing the war of 1812 to a termination. The success was acclaimed by the American people everywhere by rejoicing, bonfires, and illuminations, and was sung in the folk and war ballads of the day. Congress recognized its national significance by officially thanking the whole force engaged, and by voting gold medals to Macdonough, Henley, and Cassin, and a silver medal to each of the other commissioned officers. In this victory the United States gained prestige for the demands of the treaty of peace, and an estoppel was put upon England’s endeavor to get possession of the northeast corner of the State of Maine.

If the lake itself was the door of the whole northern country, Larrabee’s Point, on the Vermont side, opposite Fort Ticonderoga, was a side door to New England, and from that side door the New England frontiers suffered repeatedly the havoc of Indian devastations. But there are other places, besides those hitherto mentioned, whose historic associations are inseparable from a narration of the landmarks of the Champlain valley. At Burlington, Vt., the first steamboat on the lake was launched in 1808 and bore the name of that state. This was only a year after Fulton’s steamer, the Clermont, first plied the Hudson from New York to Albany. Shortly thereafter, during the period of our second war with Great Britain, Burlington was a garrisoned post and a base of supplies.

On the Isle La Motte (named from Pierre de St. Paul, sieur de la Motte-Lusière, a captain of the famous Carignan regiment), the French built a fort in 1666, which was named Ste. Anne, and in July of that[234] year, while garrisoned by several companies of the regiment above alluded to, was invested by hostile Mohawks, whose depredations included the death of Captains de Traversy and de Chazy. In October, 1666, M. de Tracy, governor-general of New France, guided and assembled an expedition on the Isle La Motte for the purpose of chastising the Iroquois. Twelve hundred combatants, borne by a fleet of 300 bateaux and canoes, and strengthened by two pieces of artillery, were engaged. They penetrated to the remotest hamlets of these Indians and planted the arms of France, in token of taking formal possession of the whole northern part of New York. The French remained undisturbed from the Mohawks for nearly a quarter of a century. Fort Ste. Anne became a Jesuit mission station and was visited by Bishop Laval in 1668. In August, 1690, Capt. John Schuyler camped there during his return from a foray into Canada. Gens. Philip Schuyler and Richard Montgomery met on the island in September, 1775, during their advance against St. John’s and Montreal, and laid there the plans for that invasion of Canada. Now the shrine of Ste. Anne, on the west side of the island, is visited annually by thousands of devout pilgrims.

Maj. Robert Rogers and 142 men came into Missisquoi Bay in the autumn of 1760, secreted their boats and some provisions, and went off on an expedition against the St. Francis Indians, near the village of Three Rivers, which they burned. Earlier in that year this same intrepid ranger had landed at the place called Rouse’s Point, near which he was attacked by a superior body of French from the Isle aux Noix. The French were defeated and their commander was slain.

Swanton, in Vermont, at an early period formed a considerable settlement of the French and Indians, being then “probably the largest in the Champlain valley with the exception of Crown Point.” At the mouth of Otter Creek, the largest river in Vermont, where Fort Cassin was built, the American squadron was fitted out in 1814 for battle against the English navy. This fort was named for Lieutenant Cassin of our navy, who, with Captain Thornton of the United States Artillery, in May, 1814, had defended the American fleet then building there from attempted destruction by the British.

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A little to the north of Rouse’s Point are the ruins of Fort Montgomery, built by error in what was then Canadian soil, and often called on that account “Fort Blunder,” but corrected by international boundary concessions. Rouse’s Point is a place of commercial interest and the most important port of entry on this frontier. Near by is Point au Fer, fortified in 1776 by the patriot General Sullivan, but occupied by the British in June of the next year and relinquished by them only as late as 1788. At Valcour Island, off Bluff Point and Hotel Champlain, the scene of Arnold’s naval battle of 1776, the wreck of the Royal Savage lies under water to this day as a reminder of the beginnings of our national naval adventures. At the head of the lake to the south, near the present Whitehall, Maj. Israel Putnam, in August, 1758, was engaged in watching the enemy’s maneuvers, and had a fierce encounter in the forest with French and Indians. He was captured, tied to a tree by the Indians, who made preparations to roast him alive. Only the stern interposition of the French officer, Marin, prevented them from dispatching him thus cruelly and robbing the patriot cause of one of its bravest leaders during the American Revolution.

The New York and Champlain commissions have concluded contracts with Mr. L. O. Armstrong, of Montreal, to present Indian pageants on Lake Champlain during the tercentenary celebration. These will be presented by 150 native Indians, descendants of the original tribes that occupied portions of the Champlain valley at the time of its discovery by Champlain. They will reproduce the battle of Samuel Champlain with the Iroquois and also present a dramatic version of Longfellow’s Hiawatha on floating barges anchored on the waters of the lake at various places where exercises are to be held.

It is desirable that the United States detail national troops and the States of New York and Vermont regiments from the National Guard to present military pageants at Ticonderoga, Plattsburgh, and Burlington. The two commissions have decided to hold formal exercises on July 5, 1909, at Crown Point, on July 6 at Fort Ticonderoga, on July[236] 7 at Plattsburgh, on July 8 at Burlington, and on July 9 at Isle La Motte, at each of which places Indian pageants will be presented.

The proposed celebration of the discovery of Lake Champlain may also include a celebration of such colonial, national, and international events occurring since the discovery of the lake as to make it eminently proper that the Government of the United States officially participate in the exercises commemorating these historical events. Historical addresses and other literary exercises are to be held, and it is important that the United States Government invite and entertain representatives of the Republic of France, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Dominion of Canada. The celebration is of national and international importance, and the committee recommends that the resolution do pass.

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II. ENGLISH FORTS

The Crown Point forts standing within the confines of the State Reservation at Crown Point, were frequently mentioned during the Tercentenary celebration exercises as well as during the dedicatory ceremonies of the Champlain memorials.

They are of historical and public interest, now that they belong to the State, through the generosity of Witherbee, Sherman & Co., and will be preserved from further devastation.

Fort Frédéric was built by Marquis de Beauharnois in honor of the French Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Frédéric Maurepas, in 1731. The English forts were constructed under the supervision of General Jeffrey Amherst as will appear from the following excerpts of the official “Correspondence of William Pitt,” edited by Gertrude Selwin Kimball and published by the Macmillan Company.

In his report under date of Crown Point, August 5, 1759, General Amherst says: “I arrived at Crown Point [August 4th] before the evening, landed and posted all corps. * * * I ordered [August 5th] Lt. Colonel Eyre to trace out the ground for a Fort, which I will set about with all possible expedition.” Correspondence of William Pitt, Vol. 2, pp. 147-148, published by the Macmillan Company.

General Amherst in his report under date of Crown Point October 22, 1759, to William Pitt, says “to make the fortress as formidable as I can I ordered with the advise of the Engineer three Forts to be erected, which I named the Grenadier Fort, the light Infantry Fort, & Gages light Infantry Fort, ordering those Corps’s to build each their own as fast as possible.” Correspondence of William Pitt, Vol. 2, p. 191.

In a later report under date of New York December 16, 1759, to William Pitt, General Amherst (on November 10, 1759, that being the birthday of George II), says: “The Troops worked till three o’clock, excepting the Grenadiers, who were under Arms at one o’clock and fired Volleys. * * * The three Forts firing 21 Cannon, and the Battalions[240] volleys. The Fortress 21 Cannon, the Army a running fire, the Park of Artillery 21 Cannon, the Army a general volley * * *.” Correspondence of William Pitt, Vol. 2, p. 222.

Again in a later report under date of New York, January 7, 1761, to William Pitt, General Amherst says: “The works of the Fortress of Crown Point, and of the Forts of Oswego, Pittsburg, and Fort Stanwix, are not finished so much as I could wish, and I judge, it will be proper to compleat them in the Spring, and that the Provincials should furnish men for this Service.” Correspondence of William Pitt, Vol. 2, p. 382.

It thus appears that the fortress at Crown Point was not completed in 1761, and in fact it was never fully completed.

It does not appear from the foregoing correspondence between General Amherst and William Pitt or from any of the official reports of General Amherst that the fortress at Crown Point was officially named “Fort Amherst,” as it was occasionally denominated in common parlance.

Additional light is thrown on the early history of the region in the papers of Victor Hugo Paltsits, State Historian, and W. Max Reid, on the Rock Inscription at Crown Point, found in the New York State Historical Association Publications [Vol. X, pp. 106-113]. In the papers of Mr. Reid, he says that “The Earl of Waldegrave writes to the Board of Trade, June 13th, 1732: ‘the French have caused a fort to be built * * * at a place called Pointe de la Couronne, in English, Crown Point.’” [N. Y. Hist. Assoc. Pub. X, p. 113.]

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III. REPORT OF CAPTAIN EDWARD MOTT

In the Journal of Captain Edward Mott, of Preston, Connecticut, published in the Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society, Vol. I, pages 163-174, may be found the report of Captain Mott on the expedition to Ticonderoga and the part taken by the troops under his command. Therein will be found a discussion of the demand made by Col. Benedict Arnold that he be placed in command of the men who had assembled to attempt the capture of Ticonderoga and the reasons assigned for refusing such demand. An order was finally issued by Captain Mott as follows:

The foregoing order appears to have been issued without direct authorization, but it was acquiesced in by Col. Arnold, who submitted to the command of Col. Allen and accompanied him in the attack. They were guided by young Nathan Beman, who was familiar with every passage of approach to the fort. After the capture of Ticonderoga, Captain Mott returned to Hartford and was sent to Philadelphia to inform Congress of the capture of Ticonderoga. And thereafter he resumed command of his company in the northern army and was present at the taking of Chambly and the surrender of St. John’s. His elder brother, Samuel, was appointed engineer and was stationed at Ticonderoga[244] and Crown Point, and in August became Chief Engineer under General Schuyler of the northern army. Captain Edward Mott became major in the regiment under Col. Gay. The devotion and distinguished services of Captain Mott and Samuel Mott, his brother, during the Revolution were recognized in their rapid promotion in the northern army.

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IV. NOTES ON THE ARCHÆOLOGY OF THE CHAMPLAIN VALLEY

By Professor George H. Perkins, Ph.D.

State Geologist of Vermont

It is undoubted that the Champlain valley at the time when the first Europeans entered the region was occupied by two great Indian peoples, the Confederacy of the Six Nations and the Algonkins or Abnaki. To the Six Nations the name Iroquois was generally given by the French explorers. They held full sway over the New York side of the Champlain valley, but the occupancy of the eastern, or Vermont, side is less certain. There can be no question that this side of the valley was possessed by the Algonkins for the greater part of the time, but there are several centuries when it is not easy to determine certainly the precise relations of these two peoples. Most of what became New England and the Atlantic border and a vast territory in Canada was always, so far as can be now discovered, occupied by the Algonkins who also reached far westward and southward through the Mississippi valley. The Iroquois occupied a comparatively small area about lakes Erie and Ontario and eastward along the St. Lawrence, including the whole of what is now New York, as well as parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and a long, narrow strip of Canada north of New York.

They also occupied territory in the south, west of the Carolinas. How long or how completely the Iroquois possessed the Vermont side of the Champlain valley we may never know, but it appears to be pretty certain that they did for a time, and probably several times, dispossess the usual owners and hold as their own the entire shore of Champlain. It appears from various records that sometime about 1540 the Iroquois were in control of both sides of the lake and of the Vermont as well as the New York shores. It also appears that these people held the region for a century when they withdrew. Why they retired to the western side is not plain.[248] Considering their warlike disposition and reputation and the very great fear in which they were held by the Algonkins it is impossible to believe that these latter drove them back across the lake, and yet why they should have voluntarily left their eastern possessions one cannot readily explain.

In 1640 Father Ducreux made a map of the region and on this map Lake Champlain is made the western boundary of the Algonkin territory, so that by this time the ownership had again changed.

In 1690, as is well known, the Algonkins and French destroyed Schenectady and, though their force was very small, they appear to have passed without any difficulty through the Champlain valley, and had it been occupied by Mohawks or any Iroquois tribe this could not have been possible.

At different times for many years various Vermont legislatures were beset by claims which the Caughnawaga Indians persistently entered. These claims were for remuneration for land taken by the white men from their ancestors and which they declared were formerly the property of their tribe.

The territory which the Caughnawagas claimed was finally defined by them as bounded by Lake Champlain on the west and on the east by the mountain ranges which divide the waters running into Lake Champlain from the Missisquoi, Lamoille and Winooski rivers from those which run into the Connecticut, together with so much of the land drained by Otter creek as would be embraced by a line drawn from Ticonderoga to the sources of the Winooski.

So far as can be ascertained by examination of documents, the validity or invalidity of this claim was neither denied nor allowed, but the claim was never in any way granted. As intimated, it was repeatedly advanced at different sessions of the General Assembly until finally abandoned in 1874. From the persistency with which the Indians brought forward their claim it seems probable that whether it had any substantial basis or not, they really believed that it had.

In a very full and interesting discussion of this question, Mr. D. P. Thompson in an Appendix to the History of Montpelier, Vt., writes as[249] follows: “In the published journal of the expedition of Champlain when in the summer of 1609 he discovered the lake that bears his name we have full and direct evidence that the Iroquois were in possession of just about the same tract of territory in Vermont as that to which their descendants have latterly been laying claim as a part of their original domain.”

Champlain also found that the Algonkins were at war with the Iroquois and, as this author suggests, this war may very likely have grown out of the encroachment of the Iroquois upon this territory which formerly had belonged to the Algonkins. Moreover, Champlain states in his narrative that when he asked his companions who lived on the east shores of the lake through which they were passing they told him that they were Iroquois. It also appears to be true that the early French explorers called Lake Champlain the Lake or Sea of the Iroquois. However, while the Algonkins admitted at the time of Champlain’s visit that the Iroquois held the Champlain valley on both sides, they asserted that it originally belonged to them, as it was occupied by their forefathers. The truth, so far as it can be ascertained, appears to be that the first inhabitants of the western side of the Champlain valley were Iroquois, and those of the eastern side were Algonkins; that at some time before 1540 the Iroquois crossed the lake and drove out the people then living on the eastern side, and for many, perhaps a hundred, years, themselves occupied that territory. In or about 1640, for reasons not discoverable, they left the eastern shores and all the territory now included in Vermont and no further trace of them appears in that region. How long the Champlain valley was occupied by these two peoples can never be known, or whether at any early time some other and different people roamed over the region. All that we do know or can know is that at the coming of the white men, and for at least several centuries before, these and only these tribes were here.

Turning now to a consideration of some of the evidence of former occupation which these peoples have left we find a great variety of implements and weapons of stone and a smaller number of copper and iron.[250] Household utensils, simple and few as were the needs of people, who were in the stone age of civilization, are also found made of stone, earthenware and bone. A detailed enumeration of these, though of great interest to the archæologist would be tedious to the general reader. For this reason only a general account of these objects will be given.

From what has been written above it will be obvious that practically all of the objects found on the New York side of the valley are of Iroquois origin, but of those found in Vermont we may be sure that many are Algonkin. It is also sure that mingled with these there must be many of Iroquoian origin. When, however, we attempt to decide which of the implements or other objects are Algonkian and which Iroquoian we undertake a very difficult task. Some of the pottery and some of the stone objects are plainly of Iroquois manufacture and others are Algonkian, but most of our specimens are not to be classified. The Iroquois were superior in culture to other tribes and their handiwork is finer as a whole, but after all the quality of the work does not, as a rule, at all suffice to distinguish between their implements and others. Quite extensive collections have been made on both sides of the lake, and when these are compared very great similarity is at once observed. And yet there are some differences though, as has been indicated, not enough to differentiate one group from the other. It is noticeable that in any considerable collection of objects of Indian manufacture from the Champlain valley, there are many of exceedingly fine workmanship. No better specimens of their kind are to be found anywhere than the best of our Champlain valley specimens. Probably because of the rocky and, at times inaccessible, character of the western shore, and the more level and inhabitable nature of the Vermont shores, Indian relics of all sorts have been found in much greater abundance on the eastern than on the western side of the lake.

Much of the New York shore is rugged and affords no good camping ground or village sites, while the Vermont shores are mostly level, or nearly so, and offer abundant invitation to wandering tribes to remain. And yet, as Champlain informs the reader, there were in his day no permanent villages because of hostilities. The whole Champlain valley, or at any[251] rate that part of it which adjoins the lake, was unsafe territory to the long-staying camper, and still more to those who would establish a village. War or hunting parties might traverse its forests, but none might safely tarry long.

As every collector of Indian relics well knows, it is about the camp, or better still, village sites that most abundant specimens occur, and as these are very few in the immediate vicinity of the lake so the number of objects found is comparatively small as compared to such localities as the Ohio or Mississippi region. Still some thousands of specimens have been collected along the shores of Lake Champlain and in their immediate neighborhood. As everywhere, the spear and arrow points, and similarly shaped knives, are by far the most abundant of all objects that have been found. These chipped points are almost always made from hard, often quartzose rock, and are of many forms and various degrees of excellence. By far the greater number are of a gray quartzite which is abundant in ledges in the region. The most common form on both sides of the lake is the simple triangle. This shape occurs of many sizes from little points a half inch long to those that are four or five inches long. They may be narrow or broad, usually without haft or barb, though these may be present in some of the less common specimens. While none are as large as the larger flaked implements of the west, some are several inches long, a few of the very largest being seven or eight. Some few of the points are as finely proportioned and elegantly made as can be found anywhere, though as a rule the flaked objects are less attractive than those from the west. This is partly due to the color and texture of the material, for the quartzites, etc., of the east are much less prettily colored than those which are found in the west or middle west. Finely barbed and stemmed points and knives are less abundant than the simpler forms, but many specimens occur and some are very finely made.

Besides these points other chipped or flaked objects are found, such as scrapers and drills. A form of point or, more probably, knife is found more commonly, I think, in the Champlain valley than elsewhere, though not peculiar to this region. These are of similar form to the better hafted[252] and stemmed, chipped points, but they are of red or purple slate and were ground at least as they were completed, though they may have been first shaped by chipping, as some of them undoubtedly were. Some of these are strikingly like the modern Eskimo knife. Dr. Beauchamp has figured some of these slate knives in Bulletin 18, New York State Museum, and says as to their distribution: “In some parts of Canada they are about as common as in New York, being most abundant on both sides of Lake Ontario. They have not been reported east of Lake Champlain, except in its immediate vicinity, with the exception of one in Maine, nor do they reach more than half way southward to the Pennsylvania line.”

Perhaps that class of implements known as gouges is more common in the Champlain valley than elsewhere. These objects are of various proportions, some being long and slender, others short and wide, but whatever the shape, there is always the U-shaped groove which gives the name. This groove may extend only a short distance from the cutting edge as in the ordinary carpenter’s gouge, or it may go from end to end. The gouges are usually fashioned from moderately soft stone though some are of that which is very hard. They are generally well finished and some are so regular in form and so beautifully smoothed and polished that they are not surpassed by any specimens that we have. As a rule they are of medium size, six or eight inches long, but most elegantly finished specimens are in our museums that are fourteen to twenty inches long.

What are called celts or hand axes are more numerous and, as a class, somewhat ruder than the gouges, though some of them are as finely made as possible.

Like the gouges the celts were rubbed and ground into shape, except in very rare cases, when a very hard stone was shaped by flaking. They are generally not more than four or five inches long, though some have been found that are twice this size. The material is usually some sort of very hard stone.

Of ruder sort than other implements are the numerous hammers. Often these are merely water smoothed river or beach pebbles upon which no[253] work at all has been expended, and the only proof of human usage is seen in the battered ends. More rarely the hammer has been worked over its whole surface. Of course hammers or other implements used for pounding would not ordinarily be carried on long journeys and consequently would not be likely to be found far from a somewhat permanent camp. Hence, although very abundant in a few localities, these objects are not widely distributed. And the same is true of the boiling stones, which are of the same sort as the hammer stones, the difference being that the latter bear the bruises caused by their use, while the pebbles which were heated and thrown into the earthenware pots to heat the water show evidence of being heated, but no abrasion.

The hammer stone when long and more or less slender becomes a pestle. Pestles are not common though in all a considerable number have been found in the Champlain valley. Some of these are only five or six inches long, and from this size they may be found of various lengths and weights to those over two feet long and weighing nearly thirty pounds. Some of these large pestles are finely shaped and of hard stone, so that great labor must have been expended in their making.

Several so-called pestles have been found in the region we are considering which are especially interesting because they are not only well shaped, but at one end they are carved to resemble the head of some animal. These are long and slender and should probably be regarded as clubs rather than pestles.

Without some sort of mortar the pestle would be of little use, and where one is found the other may be expected. Yet it is noticeable that mortars are very uncommon in this region. Some very excellent examples have been found, but more often little labor was expended upon the mortars beyond that necessary to hollow out the cavity. This cavity was in some cases hollowed on one side only, but often there was made a hollow on each side. These were usually circular and several inches deep, but in some of the largest mortars the hollowed portion is oval and more or less irregular. Naturally the mortars would be of considerable weight, from ten to fifty pounds.

[254]

The most common axe or hatchet was undoubtedly the celt or hand axe, already mentioned, but for heavier work larger axes were needed, and these are found, though not in large numbers. These larger axes may be six, eight or ten inches long and weigh several pounds, though we have none as large as many which have been found in the west and south. Some are very rude, others very carefully shaped and well finished. All have a groove around them by which a handle could be more firmly attached. These large grooved axes seem to us very clumsy and inefficient tools, but Champlain in his account of making a camp for the night on one of the large islands in the lake, says that his Indian companions cut down large trees with these “meschantes haches,” so that they were certainly much more useful than they appear to us to be.

There is a class of objects which seem to be more or less problematical. They are of very different shape, but always quite unlike objects designed for use as implements; always well and often very finely made and finished and of handsome material. These occur on both sides of the lake and form the chief treasures of collections. They are some of them suitable for ornament or for ceremonial purposes, but some do not appear designed for any known use. Nevertheless they are fashioned with such care and are so attractive in themselves that it is not possible to regard them as unimportant to those who made them. By different writers they have been called as they are of one form or another—ceremonial stones, banner stones, gorgets, etc. And it is more than probable that some were used as indicated by these names, but some of them are quite puzzling. The flat pieces of slate or other stone which are included among the specimens mentioned are usually drilled once or twice and were apparently attached to the clothing or hung about the neck as ornaments. Others, the so-called banner stones, are thicker, of harder material, semi-lunar or more or less crescent shape and have a large hole bored through the middle. It is possible, but not certain, that these were in some way badges of office. A very few of the so-called birdshead stones have also been found.

The discoidal stones, found especially in the south, are very rare in the Champlain valley. A few rather rough specimens have been found, but[255] I have seen only one really fine specimen and this is small, about two and a half inches in diameter, of white quartz and very finely made.

Stone and earthenware pipes, some of them of very interesting form and finely polished are not numerous, but a goodly number have been found. The earthenware pipes are of various shape, a few tubular, more with bowl and stem, much like the modern pipe. The stone pipes are very variable in form, no two being alike, but as elsewhere, finely finished. Yet the pipes of the Champlain valley are much less elaborate than those from the mounds or other localities, and none of the earthenware specimens are effigies, or with head-shaped bowls, such as are found in New York west of the Adirondacks.

A very interesting form of pipe has been found in Swanton, on the Vermont side of the lake. A dozen or more of these have been obtained. They are simply straight tubes of stone from seven to twelve inches long and about an inch in diameter. They very closely resemble the tubular pipes of the Pacific coast and South America.

It is noticeable that the pipes of the Champlain valley rarely imitate any human or animal form. I know of only one which resembles an animal and two or three which bear on the bowl the human face.

Of earthenware or pottery a very great variety has been found. In this more than in any of the stone objects we are able at least partially to separate the Algonkian from the Iroquoian. The earthenware of the Champlain valley is sometimes almost without decoration, but by far the greater portion was ornamented at least about the rim and usually over much of the upper portion and sometimes even inside the upper part for one or two inches below the rim. No animal or human form is found in any specimen. The form is always globular below, the rim being contracted and variously shaped. In some cases the rim is quadrangular or five or six sided, although as stated, the lower part is always globular. Whole jars are, as is to be expected, very rare, but three fine specimens from Vermont are in the University Museum and one was in the fine collection of Dr. D. S. Kellogg of Plattsburgh, which was found near that[256] place.[3] Large fragments, in some instances almost enough to reconstruct a whole jar, have been found on both sides of the valley. For the most part the pottery of the region is in fragments from the size of one’s hand to mere bits not larger than a pea. These fragments have been found in very great quantity. A short distance north of Plattsburgh near what is locally called “The Creek,” there were evidently many jars made, for some years ago the sand blown off revealed the old fireplaces where the pots were burned and an immense number of fragments were picked up. The decoration is in all cases indented, none in relief. It consists of all sorts of figures, crescents, key-shaped figures, circles, dots, triangles, squares, zigzags, etc., and groups of lines, arranged in every conceivable fashion, all stamped or drawn on the clay when it was soft. Some of the patterns are really very attractive and done with no little skill. Only by the aid of plates can any adequate idea of the variety and elegance of these designs or of the earthenware as a whole be given.

In quality the Champlain valley pottery varies as in every other respect. Some of it is of the finest paste and carefully burned; some is of very coarse material and more carelessly burned. Over the surface of most specimens after the piece was shaped and perhaps partly dried, a thin, smooth paste was added which covered the ruder mass of which the jar was mainly composed. As to the size of most of the jars it is only possible to give an approximate measure because of their fragmentary condition, but, with those that are entire and the larger fragments as guides, it may be said that they varied from those holding a pint to those holding ten quarts. As to what may be called the nationality of the pottery, it may be noticed that while there is much resemblance there are important differences. The entire jars and the finest of the fragments are to be regarded as made by Iroquois, while the simpler forms, especially those found on the eastern side of the valley are Algonkian. While the work of the Iroquois is[257] superior to that of the Algonkins, yet when it is remembered that all of the pottery was made entirely by hand, the regularity of form and general excellence are remarkable.

Soapstone dishes, such as are common in some parts of New England, are also found here, but they are very infrequent and always badly broken. Soapstone is not uncommon on the Vermont side of the valley, but the ancient residents seem to have preferred to use pots of earthenware.

Bone was probably used by the aborigines to a much greater extent than now appears, for this material was used to so great an extent by other tribes and is so readily fashioned into certain classes of implements and was always at hand that it would surely have been a common material for many of the smaller implements, such as awls, needles, points for marking pottery, fishing spears and the like.

Until within a few years only a very few bone objects of any sort had been found, but recently quite a number of various sorts have been found on the east shore of the lake and a few on the west. Some of these are like the many-barbed spear points of the Eskimo, but most are the ordinary awls, blunt points, etc. These latter were probably used mainly for drawing the lines and figures on the unbaked pottery. Canine teeth of the bear were carefully and evidently with no little labor cut or ground until half was removed and the remaining half brought to a sharp edge. As would be expected, objects of shell are uncommon and all that have been found are marine and from southern species. The little marginella conoidalis of the Carolina coast was used whole, evidently as beads, and the columella of the ordinary conch was cut into large beads an inch or more long and nearly as much in diameter. Like the beads made from the marginella these were perforated longitudinally and the surface ground smooth. These shell beads are interesting because they are proof of traffic between the northern and southern tribes. Bits of coral several inches long, the surface smoothed, have been found and furnish added evidence of trade with other tribes, as none of these materials can be obtained from northern waters.

[258]

Native copper is not found nearer the Champlain valley than Lake Superior, and here again we find proof of traffic with distant tribes, for copper implements and ornaments of different sorts have been found in several localities on both sides of the lake. Spear points, knives, celts, gouges made from copper, beaten into shape, have been found, and one large specimen weighing thirty-eight ounces, a celt eight inches long, was evidently cast in a mould. This was found a few years ago at the mouth of Otter creek, on the Vermont shore.

Besides those objects, which were for use as tools, there are copper bars, which were probably ornaments, and small beads made by beating the metal into sheets and rolling pieces of the thin copper into cylinders. We cannot know much as to the age of the objects thus far mentioned. It is certain that their use reaches back centuries before the coming of the white men, but how far into the remote past of this country none may say. When we find anything made from iron, however, there is no difficulty in assigning it an age, since the French adventurers came to the American wilderness and bartered their hatchets and other articles of iron for that which they needed from the savages. Queer shaped axes or tomahawks, pipes, etc., are now and then found always much rusted, but always of interest.

In the preceding pages there has not been any attempt to give more than a summary of what has been found during the past fifty or seventy-five years in the Champlain valley, which illustrates somewhat the life and handicraft of those to whom the region belonged before it was taken from them by the incoming Europeans.

Those who may care to pursue the subject further are referred to Dr. Beauchamp’s writings in Bulletins 16, 22, 50, 89 of the New York State Museum and to articles by the writer of this paper in the American Anthropologist, Vol. 11, pp. 607-623, plates XXIX-XXXVII; Vol. 13, pp. 239-249, plates XII-XVII; Vol. 14, pp. 72-80, plates I-V, also Seventh Report Vermont State Geologist, pp. 55-73, plates V-XVIII.

[261]

V. FINANCIAL STATEMENT

Albany, N. Y., May 26, 1913.

To the Comptroller of the State of New York:

Pursuant to chapter 181 of the Laws of 1911, as amended by chapter 273 of the Laws of 1912, we, the undersigned Commissioners, submit herewith a full report of all receipts and disbursements of the Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of the State of New York, as of the date of May 26, 1913.

Very respectfully,
H. Wallace Knapp, Chairman
Henry W. Hill, Secretary
Walter C. Witherbee, Treasurer
John H. Booth
Louis C. Lafontaine
James J. Frawley
James A. Foley
James Shea
John B. Riley
Howland Pell
William R. Weaver

Commissioners

[262]

Report of W. C. Witherbee, Treasurer, New York—Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission, as of May 26, 1913.

[263]

Statement of Cost of Memorials

[267]

ANALYTICAL INDEX

Compiled by

Charles Alexander Nelson, A. M., Head Reference Librarian (Retired) of Columbia University

• Abercromby, James, General, defeated by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, 40, 102, 231;
• the Black Watch in the assault under, 129.
• Abnaki, The Algonkins or, 247.
• Academy of Moral and Political Science, Paul Vidal de la Blache delegate of the, 94.
• Acadian and other boundary contentions, 231.
• Action, La pensée américaine se formule en termes d’, 64.
• Activities of the Tercentenary Commissioners, 217-18.
• Adams, Harold J., lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Adirondacks, M. Deschamps on the snow-capped, 82;
• Vidal de la Blache on the, 95;
• M. Bazin on the, 101;
• Port Henry one of five gateways to the, 151;
• Port Kent one of the gateways to the, 152;
• wall in Lake Champlain on the West, 153;
• as seen from Vermont, 167.
• Aero Club of France represented by M. Léon Barthou, 17.
• Æsthetics, Appreciation of ideals in, by the French and Italians, 18-19;
• Croce’s intuitional theory of, 20.
• Africa, M. Hanotaux on the future cities of, 14.
• Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 230.
• Alexander, Charles Beatty, Reception to French delegates and Commissions by, 27;
• at banquet, 32;
• gift of Sèvres bisque group from French Government to, 111;
• invited to dedications, 117;
• Commission grateful to, 192.
• Alexander, De Alva Stanwood, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
• Alexander, John White, welcomed French delegates to French Institute, 26.
• Alger, George William, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Algonkian and Iroquian handiwork, Difficulty of distinguishing, 250.
• Algonkins, The, or Abnaki, see Algonquins, The.
• Algonquians, see Algonquins.
• Algonquins, the, Warfare of, and Iroquois, 41, 145, 249;
• high and mighty talk of chiefs of, 146;
• Lake Champlain the battle ground of the, 226;
• in possession of eastern shore of the Lake, 247;
• territory occupied by the, 247, 248;
• and French destroyed Schenectady, 248;
• [268]first inhabitants of eastern shore of the Lake, 249.
• Allan, Montagu, Vice-Pres. of Franco-American Committee of Montreal, 89.
• Allds, Jotham Powers, Chairman of Committee on Appropriations, 182.
• Allegorical bust, The, “La France,” and the personnel and mission of the French delegation, 11-21:
• Interest in France, 13;
• appeal of M. Hanotaux in Le Figaro, 13-16;
• the French delegation, 16-17;
• Rodin’s bust of “La France,” 17-18;
• Allegorical interpretation by Henry W. Hill, 18-21.
• Allen, Ethan, captured Ticonderoga, 145, 231-32;
• speech of, to soldiers before the attack, 146;
• on witnessing lowering of His Majesty’s colors, 146;
• reply of, to British officer, 232;
• ordered by Edward Mott to take Ticonderoga, 243.
• Allen, Ira, on Ticonderoga, 72;
• “Natural and political history of the State of Vermont,” 197, 209;
• gave all his property to University of Vermont, 199;
• papers of, 209;
• a Major-General of State Militia, 209.
• Allen, John Johnson, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Allens, Independence and resolution of the, 199.
• Alliance Française, of Boston, welcomed French delegation, 27.
• Ambassadors of France and Great Britain, invited to dedications, 117;
• participated in Tercentenary exercises, 119;
• sent representatives to
• dedicatory exercises, 119, 133;
• at the Tercentenary celebrations, 143.
• America, Closer relations between France and, 90;
• honors herself in honoring Frenchmen, 97;
• raised monuments to French heroes, 142;
• century of peace between France, England, and, 164.
• American Arts Society, Loan exhibition in building of, 26.
• American flag, Largest, unfurled from masthead of any vessel, 27.
• American hospitality, M. Poincaré on, 92;
• M. Bazin on, 101.
• American memorials to Champlain examined, 2.
• American people, Tribute of French delegates to the, 109.
• Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, General, erected the English forts, 52, 77, 127, 239-40;
• portrait of, on Tablet, 127;
• list of regiments under, 127;
• deeds of, 128;
• besieged Fort Carillon, 145;
• correspondence of, with William Pitt, 198, 239-40;
• took possession of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 231.
• Andrews, George R., M. C., Justice of Supreme Court, 205.
• Andromeda, The nebula in, 21.
• Angelus, Call of the, at Saint Jean, 86.
• Annapolis, Monument to French soldiers and sailors at, 142.
• Appropriation for New York Commission, 226;
• for Vermont Commission, 226.
• [269]Arbitration treaties, Hope for French and English, 79.
• Archæology of the Champlain valley, Notes on the, (G. H. Perkins), 247-58.
• Archives, foreign and American, Transcripts of documents in, 198.
• Arms on base of Memorial Lighthouse, 5.
• Armstrong, Louis Olivier, and his company of Indians, Obligations of Commission to, for pageants, 191;
• manager of the Indian pageants, 235.
• Armstrong, William W., Senator, Chairman of Committee on Appropriations, 182.
• Army, Natives of the Champlain valley in the, 207, 209.
• Arnold, Benedict, commanded American fleet at battle of Valcour, 40, 152-53;
• not yet traitor, 128;
• extraordinary naval battle of, 232;
• demanded command of the men to capture Fort Ticonderoga, 243.
• Arnold, Matthew, James Buckham compared with, 214.
• Arquebuse, Champlain’s, 8, 137.
• Arrow and spear points, Chipped, 251.
• Art, An interpretation of French, by H. W. Hill, 18-20;
• civilization expressed through, 64-65.
• Art L’, by Auguste Rodin, 20n.
• Arthur, Chester Alan, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Artists, American and French, 26.
• “As You Like It,” Quotation from, 168-69.
• Ashley, Jerold Myers, Captain Company “M,” 1st Infantry, N. G., Vt., at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125.
• Athene Parthenos, The, and “La France,” 19.
• Atlantic, Nine voyages across the, by Champlain, 138.
• Attendance at Crown Point and Plattsburgh exercises, 119.
• Authors from the Champlain valley, A few of the works of, 209-14.
• Axes, Large stone, grooved, found, 254.
• Babcock, Joseph Weeks, from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Babcock’s, Col., Rhode Island Rangers and Indians, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Bacon, Robert, accompanied French delegation on tour, 16;
• gift of American flag to S.S. France by, 27;
• accompanied French delegation to Boston, 27;
• guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31;
• Commission grateful to, 192.
• Badges, Souvenir, presented to French delegates, 17.
• Bailey, Horace Ward, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 224, 226.
• Baker, Charles Whiting, editor of Engineering News, from the Champlain valley, 213.
• Baker, Moses Nelson, author and editor, from the Champlain valley, 213.
• [270]Bakers, Independence and resolution of the, 199.
• Balaklava, The Light Brigade at, and the Black Watch at Fort Ticonderoga, 129.
• Ball given to French delegation by Mr. John Barrett, 27.
• Banner stones, and other problematical objects, found, 254.
• Banquet at Waldorf-Astoria, May 1, 1912, 31-55:
• Guests, 31-32;
• address of John H. Finley, toastmaster, 33-34;
• address of George W. Wickersham, 34-37;
• address of Ambassador Jusserand, 37-39;
• address of Lieut.-Governor Thomas F. Conway, 40-43;
• address of Mayor Gaynor, 43-44;
• address of Gabriel Hanotaux presenting bust to Commissions, 44-50;
• address of Henry W. Hill receiving gift on behalf of the two Commissions, 51-55;
• photograph of, given to each delegate from France, 90;
• Lake Champlain Association took charge of, 118.
• Barber, Joel Allen, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 203.
• Barnes, Albert Crane, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Barrett, John, gave a ball in honor of the French delegation, 27.
• Barrett, Oliver Dana, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste, presented statue of Liberty, 54, 60.
• Barthou, Jean Louis, member of French delegation, 16;
• speaker at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25;
• made a glowing address at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 50;
• spoke in French at Chamber of Commerce reception, 67;
• President of the Council of Ministers, 67;
• guest at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 91;
• remarks at dinner, 93;
• urbanity and eloquence of, 110.
• Barthou, Léon, member of French delegation, 17, 44;
• address of, at luncheon at the Metropolitan Club, 25;
• made address at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 50.
• Bartlett, Paul, Carl A. Heber in studio of, 2;
• sculptor of statue of Lafayette, 163.
• Bascom, Robert O., Bibliography of papers by, 213.
• Battle of Champlain with the Iroquois reproduced in pageants, 235.
• “Battle of Lake Champlain,” painting, 159.
• Bazin, René, of the French Academy, member of the French delegation, 16, 44;
• impressed by the Memorial Lighthouse, 72;
• Impressions, as given in “Paysages d’Amérique,” in the Revue des Deux Mondes, 101-6:
• Of New York and Washington, 101;
• of early morning at Ticonderoga, 101;
• at the home of S. H. P. Pell, 102;
• Carillon, 102;
• of visit to ruins of the forts, 103-4;
• the standards of the regiments of France, 103;
• house at the fort a museum, 104;
• Americans at the exercises at Crown Point, 104-5;
• [271]what the flags say, 105;
• tribute to Champlain by, 105-6;
• beauty of style of, 110.
• Beadel, Henry Ludlow, architect of Memorials, 2, 6, 8;
• welcomed the French delegation, 16.
• Beauchamp, William Martin, Description of slate knives by, 252;
• writings of, 258.
• Beauharnois, Charles de la Brische, Marquis de, built Fort Frédéric, 52, 85, 227, 239.
• Beaupre, Frederick Oliver, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 226;
• at dedication of the Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
• Beauty, C. W. Eliot on Democracy and, 140.
• Beckwith, George Mather, lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Bégin, Mgr. Louis Nazaire, helped entertain French visitors in Canada, 89.
• Beman, Nathan, guide to Ethan Allen at capture of Fort Ticonderoga, 243.
• Benedict, Charles Linnæus, Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Benedict, George Grenville, Colonel, Works of, 211.
• Benedict, Robert Dewey, lawyer, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Bennet, William Stiles, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
• Bennett, Edmund Hatch, Judge, Editorial work of, 210.
• Bensel, John Anderson, invited to dedications, 117.
• Benton, Guy Potter, LL.D., invited to dedications, 118.
• Bi-State programme of International Tercentenary exercises, A fitting postlude to the, 51.
• Birds of France and America, M. Blériot on the, 67.
• Birdshead stones found, 254.
• Bissell, Daniel G., Brig.-Gen. of the American troops at Plattsburgh, 233.
• Bitter, Karl Theodore Francis, C. A. Heber worked under, 2.
• Bixby, Dr. George Fairbanks, “The first Battle of Lake Champlain,” 197;
• papers by, 214.
• Black Watch—42d Royal Highlanders, under Gen. Amherst, 127;
• a soldier of the, on the Tablet, 127, 129;
• loss of the, at Fort Ticonderoga, 129.
• Blair, Charles Francis, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Blériot, Louis, member of French delegation, 17;
• remarks of, at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 66-67;
• French admiration for American aviators and scientists, 67;
• guest at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 92.
• Blériot, Madame, member of French delegation, 17.
• Block House in Germain Redoubt at Fort Ticonderoga, 71.
• Bluff Point, M. Jusserand on visit to, 38;
• Commissioners and guests at, 120, 153.
• [272]Board of Trade of Montreal joined in reception, 89.
• Boardman, Rev. George Nye, author of “History of New England theology,” 211.
• Boardman, Samuel Ward, Works of, 211.
• Boire, Victor Francis, welcomed French visitors to Plattsburgh, 77-79:
• Welcomed individually, 78;
• peace projects between United States and British Empire, 78;
• arbitration treaties between French speaking and English speaking nations hoped for, 79.
• Boizot, Louis Simon, sculptor of bisque group “Télémaque chez Calypso,” 111.
• Bone, Objects made of, found, 257.
• Booth Brothers, contractors for Memorial Lighthouse, 3;
• for Plattsburgh Memorial, 8.
• Booth, John Henry, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 225, 226;
• supervised Plattsburgh Memorial, 6, 119;
• escorted Commissioners and guests to Plattsburgh, 77;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• at dedication of Champlain Memorial Statue, 163;
• Judge, 207;
• services rendered by, 218.
• Booth, Miss Katharine M., unveiled Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, 163.
• Boston, Site of, fixed by Champlain, 48.
• Boston and Cambridge, Hospitalities extended to members of French delegation at, 27.
• Botsford, Samuel Booth, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Bouquet, Ceci, c’est véritablement le, 86.
• Bourbons, The white coated, 128.
• Bourlamaque, M. —— De, forced to withdraw from Isle aux Noix, 231.
• Boynton, Adelbert Wesson, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Bradford, Gerard, Midshipman, of the flotilla, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
• Brainerd, Ezra, President of Middlebury College, 209.
• Brazza, Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan, Count de, French explorer in Africa, 14.
• Brébeuf, Jean de, French explorer, 35.
• British, The red attired, 128.
• British fleet, The, defeated by De Grasse, 59-60.
• British officers, Graves of, at Plattsburgh, visited, 158.
• British regiments commanded by Gen. Amherst, List of, on Tablet, 127.
• Bronze memorial tablet presented to State of New York by the Society of Colonial Wars, 121;
• unveiling of, 125-29.
• See Tablet.
• Bronze statue of Champlain by Heber 3, 7;
• description of, 8, 9.
• Brouage, birthplace of Champlain, Arms of, 5;
• keystone from doorway of Champlain’s house in, 32, 33, 34;
• the sleepy town of, 105;
• the poor French boy of, 169.
• [273]Brown, Allen Danvers, President of Norwich University, 209.
• Brown, Rome G., lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Brugère, Général Henri Joseph, President of United States section of Franco-American Committee, 91.
• Bryce, James, M. Jusserand on, 37, 38;
• represented Great Britain at Tercentenary in 1909, 52, 158, 187;
• invited to dedications, 117;
• addresses and works of, 188.
• Buckham, James, essayist and poet, born in the Champlain valley, 214.
• Buckham, Matthew Henry, President of University of Vermont, 208.
• Buel, Alexander Woodruff, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Burgoyne, John, General, Inspiring deeds of, 128;
• correspondence of, with William Pitt, 198;
• at Fort Ticonderoga, 232.
• Burke, Edmund, in land controversy, 227.
• Burleigh, Henry Gordon, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
• Burlington, Celebration at, 38, 52;
• address of Mayor of, at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 142;
• and its bay, compared with Naples, 151-52;
• University of Vermont at, 151;
• a garrisoned post, 233;
• pageant and exercises at, planned, 235.
• Burlington Bay, the Baiæ of our inland sea, 52;
• and Bay of Naples compared, 151.
• Burlington, steam cutter, in the flotilla, 191.
• Cady, Dr. Daniel Leavens, Verses of, on Lake Champlain, 81;
• poet of the Tercentenary Exercises at Plattsburgh, 212.
• Canada, owes existence to Champlain, 14;
• once French territory, 60;
• entertains French visitors, 88-90;
• thanks to, by M. Hanotaux, 92;
• officials from, at Champlain Tercentenary, 143;
• found Tercentenary an occasion to speak for international peace, 147;
• and our Republic have common heritage, 171;
• good will of people of, 189;
• destinies of the United States and, 229;
• England’s acquisition of, by treaty, 231;
• invasion of, by Gens. Schuyler and Montgomery, 234.
• Canadian troops, Presence of, at the Celebration commended and appreciated, 187;
• obligations of Commission to, 191.
• Canals, Interoceanic, proposed at early dates, 36n.
• Canes Venatici, The whirlpool nebula in, 21.
• Canfield, Thomas Hawley, “Discovery, navigation, and navigators of Lake Champlain,” 197.
• “Caniaderiguarunte,” the “gate of the country,” 227.
• Cannon, Joseph Gurney, favored the Tercentenary, 181.
• Canoe, The birch bark, 7, 81.
• [274]Cantlie, George Stephen, Lt.-Col. in command of Fifth Royal Canadian Highlanders, 187.
• Carignan-Salières Regiment, The, at Fort Ste. Anne, 53, 234-35.
• Carillon, French name for Ticonderoga, 102;
• M. Bazin’s impressions of, 103-4;
• house of fortress of, a museum, 104;
• view from, resembles the plain of Pau, 104;
• the Vosges with Retournemer and Longemer, 104.
• Carleton, Sir Guy, defeated at Valcour, 40.
• Carnegie Lyceum, French play at the, 25.
• Carpenter, Matthew Hale, from Champlain valley, 203.
• Cartier, Jacques, 35;
• first of Europeans to see the Green Mountains, 43;
• explorer, 102.
• Cassin, Stephen, Lt.-Commander, voted a gold medal by Congress, 233;
• fort named after, 234.
• Caswell, Lucien B., M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 203.
• Catholic Summer School of America, at Cliff Haven, Reception of Commissioners and guests at, 157-58:
• Address by Rev. Father D. J. Hickey, 157-58;
• visits of Presidents and Governors, 157;
• work of the School, 158;
• reply by Governor Dix, 158.
• Catlin, Charles Albert, chemist, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Caughnawaga Indians, Claims of the, from Vermont, for land taken, 248.
• Cedar Beach, summer resort on east shore of Lake, 151.
• Celebration, The, Review of features of, 187-89;
• one of the principal commemorative celebrations of the century, 188;
• international character of, 189.
• Celts or hand axes, of chipped stone, 252;
• of copper, 258.
• Ceremonial stones, and other problematical objects, 254.
• Chamber of Commerce of Montreal, joins in reception to French delegation, 89.
• Chamber of Commerce of Plattsburgh, assisted the Tercentenary Commissioners, 119;
• met Commissioners and guests at Bluff Point, 157;
• entertained them at luncheon, 159.
• Chamber of Commerce of State of New York, entertained French delegation at luncheon, 59-67:
• Address of welcome by A. B. Hepburn, 59-61;
• reply in French of M. Hanotaux, 61-65;
• address of Count de Chambrun, 65-66;
• remarks of M. Blériot, 66-67;
• addresses by Louis Barthou and Baron D’Estournelles de Constant, 67.
• Chambers, Walter Boughton, member of Committee on Tablet, 125.
• Chambly, Capt. Edward Mott at taking of, 243.
• Chambly, the falls of, Champlain at, 230.
• Chambres de Commerce américaines, M. Hanotaux aux, 65.
• Chambrun, Count Charles de, member of French delegation, 17, 62;
• Address of, at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 65-66;
• [275]Personally represents Prime Minister of France, 66, 75;
• part played by Frenchmen on this continent, 66;
• on friendship between the two Republics, 66, 79.
• Champlain, Samuel, Memorial to, 1-9:
• Description of Memorial Lighthouse to, 3-6;
• Plattsburgh Memorial to, 6-9;
• Statue of, 8;
• Tercentenary tributes to, 13;
• tribute of M. Hanotaux to, 13-14;
• keystone from birthplace of, at banquet, 32, 33;
• tribute of John Finley to, 33;
• checked tortures of Indians upon prisoners, 34;
• Atty.-Gen. Wickersham deems Lighthouse worthy tribute to, 35;
• visited Isthmus of Panama and suggested canal, 36, 137;
• M. Jusserand on Tercentenary Memorial ceremonies to, 37;
• believed in justice to less advanced races, 38-39;
• tribute of Thomas F. Conway to, 40-41, 42-43;
• new continent a revelation to, 47;
• M. Hanotaux on foresight of, 48;
• France joins in honoring, 50;
• central figure of Tercentenary celebration, 53;
• Gov. Mead on, 74;
• L. C. Lafontaine on, 76;
• M. Deschamps describes statue of, on Lighthouse, 81;
• well known in America, 84;
• honest man, 84-85;
• founded Quebec, 89, 230;
• M. Vidal de la Blache on mission of, 95;
• on islands in Lake Champlain, 96, 152;
• tribute of M. Bazin to, 102, 105-106;
• French gratitude for American commemoration of, 109;
• Crown Point Memorial to, unveiled, 134;
• tribute of John M. Thomas to, 136;
• tribute of Gov. Dix to, 137-38;
• tribute of Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson to, 139;
• account of first battle with Iroquois, 144, 230;
• tribute of H. Wallace Knapp to, 164;
• belongs to the world, 165;
• tribute of Gov. Dix to, through vista of three centuries, 165-66;
• Hamilton W. Mabie on, 166;
• tribute of Francis Lynde Stetson to, 168-69;
• Count de Peretti de la Rocca on lessons in life of, 170;
• prophetic vision of, 171;
• tribute of Job E. Hedges to, 172;
• might have written an epic, 227;
• reached and named Lake Champlain, 230.
• Champlain badges, Official souvenir, presented to members of French delegation, 17.
• Champlain Canal, nearing completion, 54.
• Champlain Memorial at Crown Point,
• see Lighthouse, Champlain Memorial;
• and Crown Point Forts.
• Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, 1;
• description of, 6-9:
• Statue and pedestal, 7;
• inscriptions on, 8;
• sculptor, 8-9;
• invitations to and preparation for the dedication of, 117-19;
• military features of exercises at, 120;
• Commissioners and guests escorted to site of, 159;
• Dedicatory ceremonies of, 163-73:
• Invocation, 163;
• Statute unveiled, 163;
• historic flag used, 163;
• address of H. Wallace Knapp, 163-65;
• address of Gov. Dix, 165-66;
• [276]address by Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson, 166-67;
• address by Francis Lynde Stetson, accepting Memorial, 168-69;
• address by Count de Peretti de la Rocca, 170-71;
• address by John A. Stewart, 171-72;
• address by Job E. Hedges, 172;
• benediction by Rt. Rev. Mgr. Lavelle, 172-73;
• erected by the New York Commission, 186.
• Champlain Memorials, to be turned over to the authorities, 118;
• submitted for approval of the people, 186-87.
• Champlain Park in Plattsburgh, 122.
• Champlain region. Representative men of the, 203-14;
• light on early history of, 240.
• Champlain Tercentenary Celebration, The, 36;
• reviewed by Senator Hill, 51-53:
• Noted guests at, 51;
• five scenes of the drama of, at different points on the Lake, 52-53;
• glorified not only Champlain but all French heroes, 96;
• international character of, 119;
• reviewed by Robert Roberts, 143;
• made for international peace, 147;
• beautiful weather conditions of, 199.
• Champlain Valley, Historical importance of the, 40;
• Senator Hill on the, 52;
• Lt.-Gov. Conway welcomes French visitors to the, 73;
• Vidal de la Blache on history of the, 94;
• representatives from the, invited, 117;
• people of the, at dedicatory exercises, 119-33;
• eyes of the world upon the, 135;
• future of the, secure, 136;
• should be conserved from commercialism, 139;
• strategic points for safeguarding the, 145;
• pictorial grandeur of the, 151-52;
• progress of humanity in the, 163;
• two memorials in the, 185, 186-87;
• people of, under obligations to speakers at the Celebration, 191;
• maneuvering of troops in, suggestive historically, 191;
• all courtesies shown by people of, appreciated, 193;
• history of, 197-99;
• a thoroughfare of successive nations, 199;
• belongs to history of three great nations, 225;
• Indian, French and English occupation of the, 227;
• disputed grants of land in the, 227-28;
• Revolutionary engagements in the, 228;
• a highway of war and travel, 228, 229;
• destinies decided in, 229;
• the French and English struggle for the, 230-31;
• Treaty of Paris, 231;
• end of storm and stress period in, 232;
• battles of 1814 in the, 233;
• landmarks of the, 233-35.
• Chanler, Lewis Stuyvesant, Lt.-Gov., member of New York Commission, 225.
• Chansons de filasse, 83.
• Chapman, James Russell, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Chaput, Charles, helped entertain French visitors in Canada, 89.
• Charles V., Galvão proposed Panama canal to, 36n.
• Charlevoix, Pierre François Xavier de, on slave labor and hired servants, 39.
• [277]Charts of the region, 198.
• Chazy, Capt. de, killed by the Mohawks, 234.
• Children of the American Revolution, Nathan Beman Chapter of, at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79.
• Chimney Point, Small fort at, 145;
• Port Henry overlooks, 151.
• China, Forts of, blown up, but Chinese smile and yield nothing essential, 146-47;
• influence of boys of, educated in American colleges, upon, 147.
• Chipman, Henry, Judge, from the Champlain Valley, 207.
• Chipman, Nathaniel, Correspondence of, with Alexander Hamilton, on boundary dispute, 210.
• Chittenden, Lucius Eugene, on the struggle for Lake Champlain, 72;
• addresses and public papers of, 197;
• Register of the Treasury under Lincoln, 212;
• library and works of, 212-13.
• Chittenden, Thomas, Governor, State papers of, 209-10.
• Chittendens, Independence and resolution of the, 199.
• Choiseul-Praslin, Marie Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duc de, member of the French delegation, 17, 62.
• Churchill, John Charles, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Citizens’ Association of Montreal joined in reception, 89.
• Civilization, Contributions of France to, 21.
• Civilization, American, M. Hanotaux on characteristics of, 46, 48-49;
• something of France in, 50;
• light of, symbolized, 51, 64, 72-73, 186;
• seeds of, sown, 60;
• Champlain pioneer of, 166.
• Clark, Champ, Speaker of the House, from the banks of the Missouri, 33.
• Clark, Elroy Newton, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Clark, John Cheeseman, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Clark, William Andrews, entertained French delegation and the Commissions, 26;
• at banquet, 32;
• Commission grateful to, 192.
• Clarke, George L., lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• “Clear Fountain, The,” romance from Normandy, 83.
• Clermont, The, on the Hudson, 233.
• Cliff Haven, Catholic Summer School at, visited by Commissioners and guests, 157-58.
• Clinton, George, Governor, Remains of, transferred to Kingston, 183;
• State papers of, 209.
• Coins of France, Figure of woman sowing on, 60.
• Collamer, Jacob, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• College of the City of New York, French plays by students of the, 25.
• Colonists, French and English, Diplomatic relations between, 229.
• Colonists, The Puritan, founded settlements, were not explorers, 97.
• [278]Colony, Any, on American continent, must be self-supporting, 48.
• Columbia University, once owned Ticonderoga, 95.
• Comité France-Amérique, assumed the procuring of the Rodin bust of “La France,” 13-14;
• American branches of the, received the French delegation, 45;
• gift of the French due to efforts of the, 62;
• to develop pleasant relations between the two countries, 64;
• friendship animates the, 75-76;
• M. Poincaré on work of the, 93;
• toast to the, 93;
• delegates of the, impressed with the United States, 142.
• Commemorations, Count de Peretti de la Rocca on the, 142.
• Comment in appreciation of the visit of the French delegation, and honors conferred [by Henry W. Hill], 109-11.
• Commerce, M. Hanotaux on, 63-64.
• Committee of France-America,
• see Comité France-Amérique.
• Committee on Foreign Affairs, Members of, favoring the Tercentenary, 179;
• Joint Resolution reported by, 180;
• Report of, 180.
• Committee on Foreign Affairs, Report of, by D. J. Foster, 223-36:
• Joint resolution of Vermont Legislature, 223-24;
• concurrent resolution of New York Legislature, 224;
• recommendation of N. Y. Commission, 225;
• action of New York Legislature, 225;
• of Vermont Legislature, 226;
• facts warranting federal appropriation, 226-36:
• Lake Champlain the battle ground of Algonquins, Hurons and Iroquois, 226-27, 230;
• Indian, French and English occupation of the valley, 227;
• disputed grants of lands, 227-28;
• battles of the Revolution, 228;
• a highway of war and travel, 228;
• extract from Dr. Cutting’s poem, 228;
• historic importance of the valley, 229;
• Champlain’s battle with the Iroquois, 230;
• French and English struggle for the valley, 230-31;
• the Treaty of Paris, 231;
• Ethan Allen and Ticonderoga, 231-32;
• Arnold’s naval battle, 232;
• end of storm and stress period, 232;
• battles of 1814, 233;
• landmarks of the valley, 233-35;
• Indian pageants provided for, 235;
• importance of participation by the United States Government, 235-36;
• recommendation of passage of resolution, 236.
• Compagnie de la Nouvelle France, La, Arms of, on Memorial Lighthouse, 5.
• Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, La, 16, 17;
• gave reception and dinner to the French delegates, 27.
• Conant, Thomas Jefferson, Works of, 210.
• Conclusion of the work of the Commission, 217-18.
• Confederacy of the Six Nations, The, 247.
• Congo, Future cities on the, 14.
• Congress voted medals to commissioned officers of Macdonough’s fleet, 233.
• [279]Congressional Library visited by French delegation, 27.
• Congressional representation of the Champlain valley, 204-6.
• Connecticut Historical Society, Collections of the, 198.
• Conquistadores, The, sought gold alone, 46;
• of the ideal, 47;
• the new, of labor, 48;
• no gatherings of many peoples to honor the, 164.
• Contents, Table of, v-viii.
• “Continental, Not worth a,” origin of expression, 59.
• Converse, John Heman, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Conway, Thomas Franklin, Lt.-Gov., guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31;
• address at banquet, 40-43:
• Historical importance of the Champlain valley, 40;
• tribute to Champlain, 41;
• alliance of Iroquois and English overthrew French dominion, 41;
• welcome of New York State to French guests, 42-43;
• appreciation of gift, 43;
• met Commissioners and guests at Port Henry, 72;
• remarks of, at Crown Point exercises, 73;
• lawyer, native of Champlain valley, 207.
• Cook, Rev. Joseph, on the struggle for Lake Champlain, 72;
• “Historical address at the centennial anniversary of the settlement of Ticonderoga,” 197-98, 212;
• Lectures of, 212.
• Copper, Implements and ornaments of, found, 258.
• Cormon, Fernand, member of the French delegation, 16, 44, 190;
• response of, to welcome at French Institute, 26;
• impressed with the Memorial Lighthouse, 72;
• captivated by beauty of Lake Champlain, 82.
• Cormon, Mlle. Madeline, member of the French delegation, 17.
• Corneille, Pierre, M. Hanotaux on likeness of Champlain to, 84.
• Cornwallis, General Charles, Defeat of, at Yorktown, 59-60.
• Correspondence between Colonial Governors and William Pitt, 198.
• Cortez, Hernando, No gatherings of many peoples to honor, 164.
• Country, our, M. Hanotaux on appearance of, 46;
• its resemblance to European countries, 47.
• Coureurs des bois, 33.
• Courrier des États-Unis, Address of Paul Vidal de la Blache in, 94-97.
• Cowles, Calvin Duvall, Colonel, Commandant at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77, 119;
• and staff presented to French visitors, 77;
• M. Deschamps on, 86;
• invited to the dedications, 117;
• ordered review of Fifth Infantry, 122, 158;
• and Regiment escorted Commissioners and guests to site of Champlain Statue, 122, 159;
• obligations of Commissioners to, 191.
• “Creek, The,” north of Plattsburgh, Pottery fireplaces found near, 256.
• Crèvecœur, Pierre Boucher de, helped entertain French visitors in Canada, 89.
• Croce, Benedetto, Theory of æsthetics of, interpreted by H. W. Hill, 20.
• Crockett, Walter Hill, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 224, 226;
• [280]at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• “History of Lake Champlain,” 198.
• Crown Point, Fall of, 35;
• ruined forts at, 52;
• Vidal de la Blache on early conflicts at, 95;
• on exercises at, 95;
• historical incidents in neighborhood of, 143-44, 145;
• Seth Warner captured garrison at, 146, 232;
• Burgoyne forced abandonment of, 232;
• English forts at, 239-40;
• rock inscription at, 240;
• Pointe de la Couronne, 240.
• Crown Point Forts, Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at, 1, 2, 3, 13, 51, 54, 60;
• Commissioners and French delegation at, 72-77:
• Opening address of H. Wallace Knapp at formal exercises, 73;
• remarks of Lieut.-Gov. Conway, 73;
• welcome by Gov. Mead, 74;
• address of Gabriel Hanotaux, 74-76;
• gift received by Commissioner Lafontaine, 76;
• visitors see ruins of forts, 76;
• new discoveries about old French fort, 76-77:
• Report of exercises at, by Gaston Deschamps, 80, 83-85;
• M. Bazin on Americans at exercises at, 104-5;
• military features of dedicatory exercises at, 121;
• site of, donated to New York State by Witherbee, Sherman & Co., 151.
• Crown Point Forts, Dedicatory ceremonies of Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at, 133-47.
• For analysis see Lighthouse, Champlain Memorial.
• Crown Point Memorial, Formal invitations to dedication of, 117-18;
• arrangements for dedication of, 119.
• See also Lighthouse, Champlain Memorial.
• Crown Point Reservation, Forts included in the, 76;
• Tablet at Fort Amherst in, 125;
• New York Historical Association custodians of, 128;
• Memorial on land adjacent to, 135.
• Cruelties, Indian, restrained by Champlain, 34-35.
• Culture and refinement of people of the Champlain valley, 209, 210, 214.
• Cummings, Dr. William Andrew Easton, Papers by, 214.
• Cutting, Sewall Sylvester, Poem “Lake Champlain,” 152, 228.
• D. A. R., Saranac Chapter of the, at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79.
• Dal Piaz, John, member of the French delegation, 17;
• speaker at dinner on steamship France, 27.
• Dandurand, Raoul, President of Franco-American Committee of Canada, 89;
• bade French delegation “bon voyage,” 90;
• on relations of Canada and United States, 93;
• insignia of Legion of Honor conferred on, 93.
• Dartmouth, George Legge, 3rd Earl of, in land controversies, 227.
• Davidson, Julian Oliver, “The Battle of Lake Champlain” painted by, 159.
• [281]Davidson, Lucretia Maria, poetess, from the Champlain valley, 211.
• Davis, Charles, General, at banquet at Waldorf-Astoria, 32.
• De Jean, Viscount, Secretary of the French Embassy, welcomed the French delegation, 16;
• present at the banquet, 32;
• at dock to bid farewell to French delegation, 90.
• De la Blache, see Vidal de la Blache.
• De la Place, Capt. William, English officer at Ticonderoga, Ethan Allen’s reply to, 232.
• De Liniers, Jacques Antoine Marie, French explorer, 13.
• Decoration of the valley pottery, 256.
• Dedicatory ceremonies [Henry W. Hill], 113-73:
• I. Preparation for dedicatory ceremonies including military features, 115-22;
• Crown Point Forts, 121;
• Plattsburgh, 122.
• II. Unveiling tablet at the English Fort, 123-29;
• Report of the Tablet Committee, 125-27;
• Address of acceptance, by J. A. Holden, 128-29.
• III. Dedicatory ceremonies of Champlain Memorial Lighthouse, 131-47.
• IV. Sail down the Lake to Bluff Point, 149-53;
• Champlain Hotel, July 6, 1912, 153.
• V. The Summer School; Review at Plattsburgh Barracks; Reception at Plattsburgh, 155-59.
• VI. Dedicatory ceremonies of the Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, July 6, 1912, 161-73.
• Democracies, Problem of government of great, by themselves, 49.
• Democracy, The American and the French, M. Hanotaux on, 75-76.
• “Democracy and beauty,” President Eliot on, 140.
• Démocraties, Deux grandes, pensent et agissent, à l’unisson, 62;
• sont faites pour s’aimer, se comprendre, et s’unir, 65.
• Depew, Chauncey Mitchell, moved adoption of Joint Resolution, 181.
• Deschamps, Charles Pierre Gaston Napoléon, member of French delegation representing Le Temps, 17;
• Report of exercises at Crown Point and Plattsburgh by, in Le Temps, 80-86:
• Greeting at Port Henry, 80;
• tribute to Walter C. Witherbee, 80;
• poets on Champlain, 81;
• description of statue of Champlain, 81;
• his lake seen from the steamer, 81-82;
• old French songs still exist in French-Canadian villages, 82-83;
• steamer stops before Memorial Lighthouse, 83;
• impressions at unveiling of bust, 84-85;
• address of M. Hanotaux, 84;
• of governors of New York and Vermont, 84-85;
• visits ruins of Fort Frédéric, 85;
• experiences at Plattsburgh, 85-86;
• on Col. Cowles, 86;
• the welcome at St. Jean, Canada, 86;
• beauty of style of, 110.
• Dewey, Davis Rich, Professor, from the Champlain valley, 208;
• works of, on Economics, 212.
• Dewey, George, Admiral, a native of the Champlain valley, 208.
• Dewey, John, Professor, from the Champlain valley, 208;
• [282]works of, on Psychology, 212.
• Dickinson, Jacob McGavock, Secretary of War, Obligations of Commissions to, 191.
• Dieskau, Ludwig August, Baron von, occupied Crown Point, 231.
• Dillingham, William Paul, aided in securing Federal co-operation, 181.
• Dillon, McLellan and Beadel, architects of Memorial Lighthouse, 2;
• description of Plattsburgh Memorial, 6-8;
• description of bust “La France,” 18.
• Dinner in Paris to French delegation on its return, 91-93:
• Prominent guests, 91-92;
• opening remarks of M. Poincaré, 92;
• address of Gabriel Hanotaux, 92-93;
• remarks of Senator Dandurand, 93;
• addresses of Louis Barthou, M. Puga-Borne, Myron T. Herrick and M. Poincaré, 93.
• Discoidal stones rare in Champlain valley, 254-55.
• Dix, John Alden, Governor, approved Bill for erection of permanent memorials, 1;
• member of New York Commission, 4, 8;
• and staff, at Crown Point and Plattsburgh, 120;
• reviewed the Fifth Infantry, U. S. A., 122;
• at dedication of Tablet, 125;
• address at, 126;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• address accepting Memorial and transferring it to United States, 136-38:
• Tribute to Champlain, 137-38;
• to France, 138;
• Memorial bequeathed to Federal Government, 138;
• visited Cliff Haven Summer School, 157;
• responded to address of welcome, 158;
• salute in honor of, at Plattsburgh Barracks, 158;
• address at dedication of Champlain Statue, 165-66:
• Statue as seen through vista of three centuries, 165;
• tribute to Champlain, 166;
• quotes H. W. Mabie on, 166;
• obligations of Commissions to, 191.
• “Documentary history of the State of New York,” 198.
• Documents relating to the region, 198.
• “Documents relative to the colonial history of the State of New York,” 198.
• “Dolphin,” U. S. Str., took French delegation to Mount Vernon, 26.
• Dominy, Alonson Tabor, member of New York Commission, Death of, 182, 225.
• Donatello, Rodin and, 19-20.
• “Door of the country,” The, 229, 233.
• Douglas, Stephen Arnold, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Downie, George, Captain, commander of British fleet on Lake Champlain, 40, 52;
• grave of, at Plattsburgh visited, 158;
• defeated by Macdonough, 233.
• Draper, Andrew Sloan, invited to dedications, 117.
• Draper, William Henry, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
• Dream of Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson about Champlain Memorial Lighthouse, 139.
• Drills and scrapers of chipped stone, 251.
• Driscoll, Michael Edward, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
• [283]Du Luth, Daniel Greysolon, Homage to, 96.
• Dubost, Antonin, on unbroken amity between France and the United States, 94.
• Ducreux, François, Father, made map of Champlain region, 248.
• Dumas, Guillaume Matthieu, Count, Portrait of, in Independence Hall, 28.
• Dunton, Walter Chipman, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Duret, Théodore, on persecution of creative artists, 19.
• Dwight, John Willard, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
• Dwyer, Rev. John William, pronounced benediction at dedication of Lighthouse, 147.
• Earthenware of the Champlain valley, 255-56.
• Edgerton, Joseph Ketchum, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Edison, Thomas Alva, Admiration of Frenchmen for, 67.
• Edmunds, George Franklin, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Educational institutions, 208-9.
• Educators, Prominent, 208-9.
• Eiffel Tower, Flag used on, 163.
• Eliot, Charles William, on Democracy and beauty, 140.
• Ellsworth, Perry Green, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Embassies, Members of British and French, invited to dedications, 117.
• England, Century of peace between America, France and, 164.
• England and France, Struggles between, for the New World, 41, 94, 145.
• England’s colonial policy decided by what occurred in the Champlain valley, 229.
• English and “Americans of the Union,” Strife between, 94, 146.
• English and French, Strife between, 41, 94, 145.
• English forces, Alliance of the Iroquois with the, 41, 145.
• English Forts, erected by General Amherst, 52, 145;
• visitors shown ruins of, 76;
• discoveries made at, 76-77;
• Tablet unveiled at, 121;
• Report of Tablet Committee, 125-26;
• General Amherst’s reports on the construction of the, 239-40.
• Essex, summer resort on west shore of Lake, 151.
• Estournelles de Constant, Paul Henri Benjamin, Baron d’, member of French delegation, 16, 44;
• introduced members of delegation to members of New York Commission, 17;
• at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25;
• address of, at Waldorf-Astoria dinner, 50;
• well known advocate of International Peace, 50-51;
• speaker at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 67;
• eloquence of, 109-10.
• Ethan Allen Club entertained the Preliminary Champlain Commission, 192.
• Evarts, Jeremiah, from the Champlain valley, 204.
• [284]Events occurring prior to 1783, Foreign material relating to, 198.
• Explorers, early French, Pres. Finley on the, 33, 35;
• treatment of natives by the, 39;
• hardihood of the, 40;
• heroism of the, 41-42;
• M. Hanotaux on the, 46-48;
• sowed the seeds of civilization, 60;
• Champlain le plus glorieux parmi, 64;
• les volontaires de la foi, 64;
• M. Bazin on the, 104.
• Exposition du Système du Monde (P. S. de Laplace), 21.
• Eyre, Edmund, Lt.-Col., ordered to trace ground for a fort, 239.
• Faguet, Paul, presided at dinner given on the France to the Commissions and the French delegation, 27;
• invited to dedications, 117.
• Fallières, Clément Armand, President of France, raising funds to purchase bust, 13, 186;
• generosity of, and of French people, 53;
• headed subscription list, 62, 75;
• honors conferred by, on members of the Commission and other Americans, 110-11.
• Falls of Montmorency visited by the French delegation, 89.
• Families, Old French, represented in the delegation, 17, 44, 62, 75.
• Farnham, Charles Cyrus, lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Fassett, Jacob Sloat, member of Committee on Foreign Affairs, 179.
• Fath, Edward Arthur, on nebulæ, 21.
• Father of the aborigines, Champlain, 102.
• Federal appropriation, Facts warranting a, 226-36.
• Federal co-operation and assistance rendered by Senators of the United States, Representatives in Congress and others [by Henry W. Hill], 179-82:
• Joint Resolution from Committee on Foreign Affairs, 179-80;
• D. J. Foster on, 180;
• passed by Senate and approved by Pres. Roosevelt, 181;
• death of prominent friends of the Tercentenary, 181-82.
• Federal Government, Authorization of, 135;
• Memorial Lighthouse bequeathed to, 138.
• Ferrin, William Nelson, President of Pacific University, 208.
• Ferris, Orange, M. C., born in Champlain valley, 206.
• Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
• Fifth Royal Canadian Highlanders, Lt.-Col. G. S. Cantlie commanding, at the Celebration, 187.
• Fifth U. S. Infantry, at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77, 85;
• review of the, 122, 158;
• roster of officers of, 122;
• escorted Commissioners and guests to site of the Champlain Statue, 122, 159;
• fired salute at unveiling, 163;
• obligations of the Commission to, 191.
• Fifth U. S. Infantry Band, Music by, at dedicatory ceremonies, 122, 163.
• Figaro, Le, Appeal to French people for funds in columns of, 13-16;
• represented by M. Régis Gignoux, 17.
• [285]Financial Report of New York Commission to March 26, 1912, submitted to the Legislature, 1.
• Financial statement, 263.
• Fine Arts Academy of France, M. Fernand Cormon the President of the, 17, 26.
• Finley, John Huston, toastmaster at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31;
• articles by, on “The French in the Heart of America,” 32;
• Address of, at banquet, 33-34:
• Pilgrimage of, to Champlain’s birthplace, 33;
• brought keystone from door of Champlain’s home, which speaks for him, 33;
• the heads of three branches of our government from valleys discovered by the French, 33-34;
• toast to Pres. Taft, 34;
• presented Attorney-General Wickersham, 34;
• introduced Ambassador Jusserand, 37;
• M. Jusserand on the Sorbonne lectures of, 38;
• remarks of, introducing Lieut. Gov. Conway, 40;
• near accident on Niagara River, 40;
• called up Gov. of Vermont, 43;
• remarks of, introducing Mayor Gaynor, 43;
• presented the French delegation, 44;
• presented Louis Barthou, 50;
• presented Baron d’Estournelles de Constant, 50;
• presented Senator Henry W. Hill, 51;
• made a Knight in the Legion of Honor, 111;
• Harvard Exchange Lecturer at French universities, 111;
• Commission grateful to, 192.
• “Fire-water,” Sale of, to natives, opposed, 39.
• First Infantry, N. G. Vt., Company “M.” at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125.
• Fish, Frank Leslie, member of the Vermont Commission, 5, 226;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
• Fisk, Hon. and Mrs. Nelson Wilbur, Acknowledgment of entertainment of Preliminary Commission by, at Isle la Motte, 192.
• Fitch’s, Col., Connecticut Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Fitzgerald, John Joseph, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
• Five Academies, Address of M. Vidal de la Blache at annual meeting of the, 94.
• Five Nations, The, represented in the Long House of the Iroquois, 41.
• Flag, Historic, used to drape the Champlain Statue, 163.
• Flagg, Azariah Cutting, Sec. of State and State Comptroller, from the Champlain valley, 206.
• Flags at Crown Point Forts, René Bazin on what they said, 105.
• Flags at Fort Carillon, 103-4;
• standards of the regiments of France represented in the battle, 103.
• Flags of United States and France entwined, 31, 59;
• on Memorial Lighthouse, 75;
• at Plattsburgh, 77;
• at Carillon, 103-4.
• Fleur-de-lis flag, The ancient, of France, 71.
• Florida, a Spanish province, 60.
• Flotilla, The, under command of Lt. G. W. Steele, Jr., 191.
• Foley, James Aloysius, introduced Bill for Memorials in Assembly, 1;
• [286]member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 225, 226;
• supervised the Plattsburgh Memorial, 6;
• at dock to bid farewell to French delegation, 90;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• member of the Preliminary Commission, 218.
• Folk songs, French, Airs of, played, 72, 82;
• preserved among the Canadian French, 83.
• Follett, John Fassett, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Foote, Solomon, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Foote, Wallace Turner, Jr., M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
• “Forbé’s” (17th) Regiment of Foot, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Forbes, Edgar Allen, “Land of the White Helmet,” 39.
• Forces, The land, at Battle of Yorktown, 54, 59;
• at Fort Carillon, 102.
• Foreign Governments, Obligations to, acknowledged by the Commission, 189.
• Fort Amherst, Tablet placed on wall of Old Barracks at, to commemorate erection of, 125-27;
• enormous expense of building, 145;
• never officially so named, 240.
• “Fort Blunder,” near Rouse’s Point, 235.
• Fort Carillon at Ticonderoga, 52;
• Percy MacKaye on the heroic defenders of, 81;
• M. Hanotaux on, 92;
• M. Bazin on the battle at, 102-4;
• completed in 1756, 145, 227, 231.
• Fort Cassin, at mouth of Otter Creek, 234.
• Fort Frédéric, erected by the French in 1731, 52, 145, 227, 230, 239;
• ruins of, shown to French visitors, 76;
• Mrs. Witherbee’s discoveries at, 76-77;
• M. Deschamps on visit to, 85;
• capture of, commemorated by Tablet, 126, 127;
• abandoned by the French, 145;
• largest of early settlements at, 145;
• territory claimed by French commandant of, 230;
• enlarged, 230.
• Fort Montgomery, called “Fort Blunder,” near Rouse’s Point, 235.
• Fort Oswego, 240.
• Fort Pittsburgh, 240.
• Fort St. Frédéric, see Fort Frédéric.
• Fort Ste. Anne on Isle La Motte, 52, 227, 233;
• became a Jesuit mission station, 234.
• Fort Stanwix, 240.
• Fort Ticonderoga, owned by S. H. P. Pell, 71, 103;
• strategic importance of, 72;
• work of restoration at, 95, 103;
• loss of the “Black Watch” at, 129;
• capture of, by Ethan Allen, 145-46, 231-32.
• Fortress of Crown Point, Gen. Amherst on the, 240.
• Foss, Eugene Noble, Governor, received the French delegation, 27;
• from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Foss, George Edmund, from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Foster, David Johnson, reported Joint Resolution from Committee on Foreign Affairs, 179, 223;
• remarks of, 180;
• [287]efforts of, for Federal co-operation, 182;
• death of, 182;
• obligations of Commissions to, 191;
• Report of Committee, 223-36.
• Founder and originator, Champlain both, 13-14.
• Founders, Devotion to the memory of the, 50.
• Fouquet House in Plattsburgh, Luncheon at the, 159.
• Fourberies de Scapin, Les (Molière), performed by students of College of City of New York, 25.
• Fox Island granite used for Memorial Lighthouse, 3.
• France, Cordial relations between America and, 13, 42, 45;
• hope of Champlain for new world dominions for, 13-14;
• duty of, towards Champlain Memorials, 14, 15-16;
• Rodin’s bust designed to symbolize, 18, 74;
• and the progress of civilization, 20;
• the country of science and art, 21;
• opened up American continent to settlers, 21, 32;
• intellectual expansion of, in the United States, 25;
• struggle between England and, in the new world, 41;
• Mayor Gaynor on women of, 43-44;
• joins in honoring Champlain, 49-50;
• debt of America to, 59-60, 96;
• flags of, 59, 71, 103-4;
• sows while others reap, 60;
• territory of, in America, 60;
• stand of, at Ticonderoga no mistake, 72;
• delegation represents all of, 74;
• image depicts, as Frenchmen see her, 74-75;
• thanks those who remember, 74-75;
• American commemorative monuments to, 75;
• honored in discourses of Governors of New York and Vermont, 84-85;
• closer relations between America and, 90;
• Jefferson on, 138;
• salutation of Mayor Roberts to La Belle, 143;
• found Champlain Tercentenary an occasion to speak for international peace, 147;
• century of peace between England, America and, 164;
• Memorial to son of, who represents Frenchmen as we know them, 165.
• France, colonial empire of, M. Jusserand on the, 39.
• France, Government of, invited to participate in Champlain Tercentenary, 180.
• France of time of Louis XIII, Arms of, on base of Memorial Lighthouse, 5.
• “France, La,” Bust of, by Rodin, 3;
• appeal of Gabriel Hanotaux to French people to secure the, 13-16;
• inscription on, 17;
• description of, 18;
• allegorical interpretation of, by H. W. Hill, 18-21;
• acceptance of, by Attorney-General Wickersham, 3, 7;
• M. Jusserand on, 39;
• Conway on, 40;
• formal presentation of, to the Commissions, 44-50;
• influence of, when placed on Lighthouse, 54-55;
• A. B. Hepburn on, 60;
• seal of the mutual regard of two nations, 62, 165;
• permanent location of, on Lighthouse chosen, 73;
• a sign of gratitude, 74, 165;
• represents France as she is, 74-75;
• a souvenir of French gratitude, 75;
• [288]accepted for the Commissions by L. C. Lafontaine, 76;
• unveiling of, described by M. Deschamps, 84-85;
• brought from France on ship La France, 93;
• M. Bazin on “La France” at Fort Carillon, 103-4;
• M. Peretti de la Rocca on, 142;
• renewed thanks for, 190.
• France, Steamship, brought over the French delegation, 16, 45, 65, 93;
• banquet given on board, 27.
• Francis, Rev. Lewis, pronounced Invocation at Lighthouse dedication, 134.
• Franco-American Committee, see Comité France-Amérique.
• Franco-American Committee of Canada gave luncheon, 89.
• Franco-American Institute, The, welcomed the French delegation, 16.
• Franklin, Benjamin, Heber’s statue of, 2;
• appeals of, responded to by French people, 53.
• Frawley, James Joseph, Chairman of Senate Finance Committee, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226;
• in charge of Memorial Bill in the Senate, 1.
• “French, The, in the heart of America,” by John H. Finley, 32.
• French America, A, the dream of Champlain, 14.
• French and Algonquins against English and Iroquois, 145.
• French Canadians at Crown Point exercises, 95.
• French colonization in America, John H. Finley’s interest in, 111.
• French commemorations in the United States, 14.
• French delegation, The, to deliver Rodin’s bronze of “La France,” 1, 15;
• welcomed in New York, 16;
• the personnel of, 16-17, 37, 44, 61, 62, 75, 78;
• the mission of, 17-18, 190;
• social functions and hospitalities extended to, 23-28:
• received at City Hall by Mayor Gaynor, 25;
• luncheon to, at Metropolitan Club, 25;
• visited Loan Exhibition of the French Institute, 26;
• entertained by Senator Clark, 26;
• visited Washington and Mount Vernon, 26-27;
• reception and dinner at the French Embassy, 26-27;
• reception at National Press Club, 27;
• luncheon at the White House, 27;
• dinner to, on board the France, 27;
• some members entertained in Boston and Cambridge, 27;
• others in Philadelphia, 27-28;
• banquet to, at the Waldorf-Astoria, 31-55, 118;
• tribute of Atty.-Gen. Wickersham to, 36-37;
• M. Jusserand on, 38;
• welcomed to New York State by Thomas F. Conway, 42-43;
• Mayor Gaynor on, 43;
• introduced by Pres. Finley, 44;
• M. Hanotaux on mission of, 44-45, 50;
• thanks to, by H. W. Hill, 53, 55;
• entertained by the Chamber of Commerce of New York State, 59-67;
• M. Hanotaux on personnel of, 62;
• entertained at Fort Ticonderoga, 71-72;
• breakfast with Mr. and Mrs. S. H. P. Pell, 71;
• examined the ruins, 71-72;
• [289]trip to Crown Point Forts, 72;
• suggested permanent location on the Memorial for “La France,” 73;
• Lt.-Gov. Conway’s welcome to, 73;
• greeting to, from Gov. Mead, 74;
• M. Hanotaux’ presentation address in behalf of, 74-76;
• Commissioner Lafontaine’s remarks to, accepting their gift “La France,” 76;
• shown the old forts and recent discoveries at, 76-77;
• welcomed at Plattsburgh, 77;
• reception at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77-80:
• Address of Hon. V. F. Boire, 78-79;
• replies by members of delegation, 79;
• remarks of Mrs. G. F. Tuttle, 79-80;
• left for Montreal, 80;
• M. Deschamps on, 82;
• reception and banquet at Montreal, 89;
• luncheon by Franco-American Committee of Canada, 89;
• visit Quebec, 89;
• hosts of, in Canada, 89;
• met by Senator Hill at Niagara Falls, 90;
• entertained by General F. V. Greene, 90;
• “bon voyage” to, on La Provence, 90;
• pleased at reception in this country, 91;
• dinner given to, in Paris on return to France, 91-93;
• guests at, 91-92;
• experiences of, reviewed by M. Gabriel Hanotaux, 92-93;
• reception to, by Mr. and Mrs. Myron T. Herrick, 93-94;
• M. Vidal de la Blache on journey of, 94-97;
• mission of deeper import than mere presentation of bust, 109;
• comment in appreciation of visit of, 109-10, 190;
• Commission grateful to all who helped to entertain the, 192.
• French Embassy at Washington, Reception and dinner at the, 26, 27.
• French fleet, The, under De Grasse, 59-60.
• French Institute in the United States, Loan Exhibit of the, 25, 26.
• French literature, M. Hanotaux on, 91.
• French names, Illustrious, in history of America, 35.
• French officers, Bodies of, found at Fort Carillon, 103.
• French Panama Canal Company, Interests of, purchased, 36.
• French people, Friendship and good will of, 2, 13, 21, 25, 31, 36, 37, 53, 54, 60, 64-65, 66, 73, 79, 94, 109, 111, 138, 142, 170, 188.
• French private soldiers and sailors, Monument to, at Annapolis, 142.
• French Republic, Acts of friendship towards, the, 91.
• French speaking and English speaking peoples, One hundredth anniversary of last war between, 78-79.
• French supremacy passed from Lake Champlain, 145.
• French trade, M. G. Hanotaux on, 90-91.
• Frenchmen played decisive part in America, 66;
• prophetic vision of, made possible powerful unity of United States, 97.
• Friends of the project remembered, 182.
• Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Count, French explorer, 35, 102.
• [290]Fuller, Paul, spoke in French at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25-26.
• Fuller, Paul, Jr., Secretary of Franco-American Committee, 16;
• Commission grateful to, 192.
• Fulton, Robert, Admiration of Frenchmen for, 67.
• Gage’s, 80th (Light Armed), Regiment of Foot, under Gen. Amherst, 127;
• fort built by, 239.
• Galvão, Antonio, suggested canal across Isthmus of Panama, 36n.
• Garfielde, Selucius, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Gateway of the Nation, The, Ticonderoga, 52, 72.
• Gay, ——, Col., Edward Mott became Major in regiment under, 244.
• Gaynor, William Jay, Mayor of New York City, received the French delegates, 25;
• at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25;
• guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31;
• address of, at banquet, 43-44;
• willing to say nothing and write a letter, 43;
• economy of the woman of France should be imitated, 44.
• George II, Salutes at English Forts in honor of birthday of, 239-40.
• George V, Toast to, at Paris dinner, 93.
• Germain, ——, Capt. Régiment des Gardes de la Reine, Inscription to, on the Germain redoubt, 103.
• Germain Redoubt, at Fort Ticonderoga, 71;
• inscription on, 103;
• Commission entertained by Howland Pell at, 193.
• Gibbons, James, Cardinal, on our debt to France, 97.
• Gifford, James Meacham, lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Gignoux, Régis, member of French delegation, 17.
• Gilbert, John Ingersoll, native of the Champlain valley, 206.
• Girard, Antoine Charles, member of French delegation, 17;
• represented commerce and industries, 109.
• Girard, Mlle. Valentine, member of the French delegation, 17.
• Glacier mill discovered near English Forts, 77.
• Gold, Early explorers sought for, alone, 46-48;
• the lure of, 47;
• of natural wealth, 48.
• Gómara, Francisco Lopez de, urged an Isthmian canal upon Philip II, 36n.
• Goodell, Constans Liberty, D.D., from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Goodrich, John Ellsworth, D.D., Works of, 211.
• Gorgets, and other puzzling stone objects, 254.
• Gouel, Roger, member of French delegation, 17.
• Gouges, of chipped stone, found in valley, 252;
• of copper, 258.
• Gouin, Sir Lomer, represented Province of Quebec at Champlain Tercentenary, 52, 187;
• helped entertain French visitors in Canada, 89;
• [291]addresses of, 189.
• Governor-General’s Footguards, Lt.-Col. D. R. Street commanding, at the Celebration, 187.
• Governors, Colonial, Correspondence of, with William Pitt, 198.
• Governors and Legislatures, Support and co-operation of, acknowledged by Commissioners, 218.
• Grabau, Rev. Hubert Pierre Le Febvre, Invocation at dedication of Champlain Memorial Statue, 163.
• Grady, Thomas F., Death of Senator, 182.
• Grand Isle, 96.
• Grand Isle County, The bard of, 152.
• Grants, French seigniorial, Few occupations under, 227.
• Grasse, François Joseph Paul, Count de, commander of French fleet, aided the colonies, 54, 59-60.
• Great Britain, Government of, invited to participate in Champlain Tercentenary, 180.
• Great Britain, War between, and France, 145;
• and American colonies, 145;
• found Champlain Tercentenary an occasion to speak for international peace, 147.
• “Green Mountain Boys,” invaded shore of Lake Champlain, 138;
• under Ethan Allen captured Ticonderoga, 145-46;
• Allen’s address to, 146.
• Green Mountain State, People of, welcome the French delegation, 74.
• Green Mountains, Ancient French name of, given to State, 82;
• Vidal de la Blache on the, 95;
• seen from Lake Champlain, 153;
• as seen from New York State, 167.
• Greene, Gen. Francis Vinton, entertained French visitors at Niagara Falls, 90.
• Grenadier Fort, at Crown Point, 239.
• Grinnell, Josiah Bushnell, from Champlain valley, 203.
• Guests, specially invited to dedicatory ceremonies, Lists of, 117-18;
• steamer Ticonderoga chartered to carry, 119-20.
• Hale, Chandler, met French delegates in Washington, 26.
• Hale, Matthew, native of the Champlain valley, 206.
• Hale, Robert Safford, from the Champlain valley, 203;
• Member of Congress, 205.
• Hall, Benjamin Elihu, lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Hall, Hiland, “History of Vermont,” 197.
• Hamilton, Alexander, Correspondence of, with Nathaniel Chipman, on boundary dispute, 210.
• Hammers, Stone, found in numbers, 252-53.
• Hammond, John, Colonel, born in the Champlain valley, 208.
• Hammond, John, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 206.
• Hand, Augustus Cincinnatus, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
• [292]Hand, Richard Lockhart, native of the Champlain valley, 206.
• Hand, Samuel, Judge of the Court of Appeals, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Handiwork, Difficulty of distinguishing Algonkian from Iroquoian, 250, 256-57.
• Hanotaux, Albert Auguste Gabriel, head of French delegation, 1, 16, 38;
• Appeal of, to French people for funds to procure the Rodin bust, 13-16:
• Tribute to Champlain, 13-14;
• French commemorations in the United States, 14;
• request that France contribute Rodin’s bust of “La France” to the Lighthouse Memorial, 15;
• appeal for funds, 16;
• on “La France,” 18;
• reply to Mayor Gaynor, 25;
• placed wreath on Washington’s tomb, 26;
• speaker at dinner on S.S. France, 27;
• Address of, at Waldorf-Astoria dinner, 45-50:
• Mission of the French delegation, 45;
• receptions and entertainments in the United States, 45-46;
• the conquistadores of America sought gold only, 46;
• fantastic accounts of the new world, 47;
• explorers like Champlain found land like the mother country, 47-48;
• tribute to Champlain’s foresight, 48;
• labor the true basis of American civilization, 48-49;
• presentation of the bust “La France,” 50;
• thanks to French people through, by Sen. Hill, 53;
• Address of, at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 61-65:
• La générosité américaine a déterminé le voyage de la Délégation française, 61-62;
• La France envoie son tribut de gratitude, 62;
• un parallèle entre les deux Républiques, 62-63;
• le commerce, 63-64;
• le Comité France-Amérique pour travailler au développement des bonnes relations entre les deux pays, 64;
• les volontaires de la foi, de la Liberté et de l’Amitié, 64;
• “La France,” un symbole de l’amitié franco-américaine, 65;
• responded to toast to the President of France, 67;
• Address of, at Crown Point exercises, 74-76:
• Rodin’s bust depicts France as Frenchmen conceive her, 74, 165;
• the proofs of American sympathy prompted this response, 75;
• personnel of the delegation, 75;
• friendship of France, 75;
• same sentiments animate both democracies, 75-76;
• gift of “La France,” 76;
• at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77, 79;
• M. Deschamps on address of, at Crown Point, 84;
• remarks of, on trade between United States and France, 90-91;
• on French literature, 91;
• on Pres. Taft, 91;
• reviewed experiences of French delegation in address at the Paris dinner, 92-93:
• Salutation of thanks to United States and Canada, 92;
• emotions of, on reaching Ticonderoga, 92-93;
• toasts proposed by, 93;
• tribute of Louis Barthou to, 93;
• remarks of, at reception to French delegation at American Embassy, 94;
• Vidal de la Blache’s report of Address of, at Crown Point, 95-97:
• [293]Champlain’s description of country, 95;
• the islands of the Lake, 96;
• adoption by America of the French heroes to her own honor, 96-97;
• our American work not a failure, 97;
• a foremost citizen of France, 109;
• beauty of style of, 110;
• selected the Rodin bust, 186.
• Harrison, Francis Burton, member of Committee on Foreign Affairs, 179.
• Harvard Exchange Lecturer at French universities, 111.
• Harvard University, Members of French delegation at, 27.
• Haskins, Kittredge, M. C., zealous for the project, 179.
• Hatch, Edward, Jr., maintains hatchery for gulls, 152.
• Haviland, William, Colonel, captured the French post at Isle aux Noix, 231.
• Hawkes, McDougall, Chairman of Franco-American Institute, 16;
• tendered luncheon to Commissions and French delegates, 25-26;
• at banquet, 32;
• presented French delegates at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 59;
• invited to the dedications, 117;
• Commission grateful to, 192.
• Hayes, Roscoe G., Capt. Company “I” 2d Infantry, N. G. N. Y., at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125.
• Hays, Lynn [Lindsay] Mortimer, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 224, 226;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
• Heber, Carl Augustus, Works of, 2-3;
• won Avery prize at Architectural League in 1910, 3;
• sculptor of Champlain Statue, 6, 8, 9, 51;
• invited to the dedications, 117.
• Hedges, Job Elmer, invited to dedications, 118;
• address of, at dedication of Champlain Statue, 172;
• Champlain an epoch, 172.
• Heights of Abraham, French delegation visited the, 89.
• Henley, Robert, Capt., voted a gold medal by Congress, 233.
• Hennepin, Father Louis, French explorer, 35;
• homage to, 96.
• Hepburn, Alonzo Barton, guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31;
• Address of welcome at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 59-61:
• Obligation of this country to France, 59-60;
• welcome to visitors, 60-61;
• introduced Ambassador Jusserand, 61;
• introduced M. Gabriel Hanotaux, 61;
• introduced Count de Chambrun, 65;
• made officer of Legion of Honor, 110-11;
• Commission grateful to, 192.
• Heroes, French, of 17th and 18th centuries, 92;
• all adopted by America in the Tercentenary, 96;
• more popular in America than in France, 96-97;
• the founders, 97;
• their work for France not a failure, 97.
• Herrick, George Frederick, D.D., from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Herrick, Myron Timothy, M. Poincaré on, 92;
• remarks of, at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 93;
• [294]gave reception to French delegation at the American Embassy, 93-94.
• Hervieu, Paul Ernest, guest at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 91.
• Hiawatha, Longfellow’s, Dramatic version of, by Indians, 235.
• Hickey, Rev. Father David Joseph, Address of, at Cliff Haven, 157-58;
• Notable visitors to the school, 157;
• scope of its work, 158;
• welcome to visitors, 158.
• High Mass, first celebrated in Vermont at Fort Ste. Anne, 52.
• Highway, An international, from Florida to Quebec, 78.
• Highway for commerce and war, Lake Champlain a, 229.
• Hill, Bert Hodge, Director of American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece, a native of the Champlain valley, 214.
• Hill, Henry Wayland, compiler of this Report.
• Secretary of the New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 225, 226;
• Address at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 51-55:
• Champlain’s discovery symbolized by Memorial Lighthouse, 51;
• the Tercentenary Celebration reviewed, 51-53;
• the generous and friendly gift of “La France” accepted on behalf of the Commissions, 53;
• tribute to the French people, 53-54;
• cordial relations between the Republics, 54;
• “La France” will help to restore interest in the Champlain region, 54-55;
• welcome and thanks, 55.
• Hill, Henry Wayland.—Allegorical interpretation of bust “La France,” 18-21:
• Symbolizes development of France, 18;
• art ideals of the French, 18-19;
• the work of Auguste Rodin, 19-20;
• Benedetto Croce’s intuitional theory of æsthetics, 20;
• the bust reveals the culture and intellectual development of the French nation, 20;
• some French contributions to science, 20-21.
• Hill, Henry Wayland.—Comment on visit of the French delegation and honors conferred, 109-11:
• Interest aroused, 109;
• personnel of the delegation, 109;
• addresses reported and unreported, 109-10;
• style of their littérateurs, 110;
• welcome to, and impression left by, delegation, 110;
• Knighthood in Legion of Honor conferred on W. C. Witherbee, F. S. Witherbee, and H. W. Hill. 110-11;
• A. B. Hepburn made an officer in the Legion, 110-11;
• C. B. Alexander presented with a Sèvres bisque group, “Télémaque chez Calypso,” 110-11;
• appreciation, 111.
• Hill, Henry Wayland.—Construction of Memorials to Samuel Champlain, 1-9;
• The allegorical bust “La France” and the French delegation, 11-21;
• Hospitalities extended to French visitors, 25-97:
• New York, Washington, Philadelphia and Boston, 25-28;
• Banquet at Waldorf-Astoria, 31-55;
• entertained by Chamber of Commerce, 59-67;
• [295]at Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Plattsburgh, 71-86;
• Canada and Niagara Falls, 89-90;
• Impressions and comments by French visitors, 90-97;
• Comment on visit of French delegation, and honors conferred, 109-11;
• Dedicatory ceremonies, 117-73:
• Preparation, 117-22;
• Unveiling Tablet at English Fort, 125-29;
• Champlain Memorial Lighthouse at Crown Point Forts, 133-47;
• Sail to Bluff Point, 151-53;
• at Summer School, Plattsburgh Barracks, and Plattsburgh, 157-59;
• Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, 163-73;
• Federal co-operation and assistance, 179-82;
• Review of the work of the Commission and acknowledgments of assistance, 185-93;
• Historical significance of the Tercentenary Celebration, 197-99;
• Representative men of the Champlain region, 203-14;
• Conclusion of the work of the Commission, 217-18;
• multifarious duties and services of its members, 217-18;
• resolution appreciating work of its Secretary, 218.
• Hill, Henry Wayland, welcomed the French delegation in New York harbor, 16;
• at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25;
• at reception at Senator Clark’s, 26;
• at the dinner on the France, 27;
• introduced by President Finley at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 50;
• at Ticonderoga, 71;
• Crown Point, 72;
• at Plattsburgh, 77;
• tribute of M. Deschamps to, 80;
• met French visitors at Niagara Falls, 90;
• made a Knight of the Legion of Honor, 111;
• with President Thomas planned programme of dedicatory ceremonies, 119;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• and of Champlain Memorial Statue, 163;
• member Constitutional Convention of 1894, 207;
• works of, 213;
• Commission’s vote of thanks to, 218;
• moved Concurrent resolution in State Senate, 224.
• Historical significance of the Tercentenary Celebration, 197-99.
• Holden, James Austin, invited to dedications, 117;
• address accepting Tablet for N. Y. Historical Association, 126, 128;
• papers by, 213.
• Horicon Hose Co. in parade, 159.
• Horr, Roswell G., 206.
• Hose Companies escorted guests to site of Champlain Statue, 159.
• Hospitalities to French visitors, 25-28.
• Hospitality, American, 61;
• M. Poincaré on, 92;
• M. Bazin on, 101.
• Hotel Biron, home of Rodin, 15.
• Hotel Champlain, Commissioners and guests at, 153;
• beauty of site of, 153.
• Hotel Vanderbilt, The French delegation took rooms in the, 25.
• Household utensils of stone, earthenware, and bone, found in valley, 250.
• Howard, Jacob Merritt, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Howard, Walter Eugene, Professor, member of Vermont Commission, 224;
• death of, 182;
• [296]from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Howe, Julia Ward, resided in Rutland County, 212.
• Hudson, Henry, Champlain two months before, 51.
• Hudson, Henry Norman, born in the Champlain valley, 213.
• Hudson-Fulton Commission, Members of the Commission guests of the, 193.
• Hughes, Charles Evans, Governor, member of New York Commission, 4, 8, 225;
• M. Jusserand on, 38;
• invited to dedications, 117;
• at Champlain Tercentenary, 143, 158;
• obligations of Commissions to, 191.
• Humanity of Champlain, René Bazin on the, 106.
• Hunting, George Field, D.D., from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Hurons, Battle of, with the Iroquois, 34, 230;
• admiration of, for Champlain, 35-36;
• tattooed, 81;
• Lake Champlain the battle ground of the, 226.
• Hurricane Isle Granite Co., contractors for Memorial Lighthouse, 3;
• for Plattsburgh Memorial, 8.
• Hyde Foundation for Harvard Exchange Lecturer at French universities, 111.
• Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d’, Homage to, 96.
• Illustrations, List of, ix-x.
• Implements and weapons found in the valley, 249-54, 257-58.
• Impressions of M. René Bazin, 101-6.
• For analysis see author entry.
• Independence Hall, Members of French delegation visit, 27-28.
• Indian pageants at Tercentenary, 53, 235.
• Indian relics more abundant on eastern side of the Lake, 250;
• village sites, the source of, 251.
• Indian tortures, Champlain’s protest against, 34-35.
• Indian wars before Champlain came, 137.
• Inniskilling (27th) Regiment of Foot, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Inscription on Rodin’s “La France,” 17.
• Inscriptions on Memorial Lighthouse, 4-6;
• on Plattsburgh Memorial, 8;
• on Tablet at Fort Amherst, 127.
• Inspiration from Champlain, 137.
• International peace, Baron d’Estournelles de Constant spoke on, 50-51;
• Great Britain, France, Canada and the United States, speaking for, 147.
• Invitations to dedicatory ceremonies sent out, 117-18.
• Ireland, Mgr. John, on American sentiment toward France, 92.
• Ireland conquered long ago, but Irish conspicuous to-day, 146.
• Iron, Implements of, supplied by French adventurers, 258.
• Iroquois, The, and wars of French and English, 41;
• displaced by civilization, 82;
• strife of, with Hurons, 94, 226, 230;
• wars of, 137;
• first battle of Champlain with, 144, 230;
• [297]and English fought French and Algonquins, 145;
• high and mighty talk of chiefs of, 146;
• Champlain in pursuit of, 170;
• affiliation of, with Dutch and English, 230;
• name given to the Six Nations, 247;
• territory occupied by the, 247;
• on both sides of Lake, 247;
• feared by the Algonquins, 248;
• in Vermont, 249;
• drove out the Algonquins, 249;
• first inhabitants of western side of the valley, 249;
• superior in culture to other tribes, 250;
• pottery of, superior to that of the Algonquins, 256-57.
• Islands, Controversy over grants of, 227.
• Isle Aux Noix, 96;
• French from, defeated by Rogers near Rouse’s Point, 234;
• pageant and exercises at, 236.
• Isle La Motte, Historic interest of, 52, 96, 233-34.
• Isthmus of Panama, visited by Champlain, 36;
• canal at, proposed, 36.
• Italians, Appreciation of ideals in æsthetics by, 18-19.
• Jameson, John Alexander, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Jaray, Gabriel Louis, member of French delegation, 17.
• Jarvis, George Tibbals, member of Vermont Commission, 5;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
• Jefferson, Thomas, on France, 138.
• Jogues, Isaac, at Plattsburgh, 78.
• Johnson, Edwin Ferry, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Joint Resolution reported by House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 179;
• reported to Senate by Henry Cabot Lodge, 181.
• Joliet, Louis, saw the Missouri, 33, 35;
• attitude of, toward Indians, 38-39.
• Judges, Many, natives of the Champlain valley, 206-7.
• Jusserand, Jean Adrien Antoine Jules, French Ambassador, informed Commission of French gift of “La France,” 13;
• on French commemorations in the United States, 14, 75;
• at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25;
• entertained French delegates, at a reception and dinner, 26-27;
• speaker at dinner on S.S. France, 27;
• guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31;
• introduced by Pres. Finley, 37;
• Address at banquet, 37-39:
• Recalls Tercentenary exercises, 37-38;
• desire of French to contribute to permanent Memorials, 38;
• Justice chief article of colonists’ creed, 38-39;
• exchange of friendship between two nations, 39;
• organized the French mission, 45;
• guest at Champlain Tercentenary in 1909, 52, 158, 187;
• at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 59;
• remarks at luncheon, 61;
• informed France of intended Champlain Memorials, 61-62;
• entertained at Fort Ticonderoga, 71-72;
• representative of France at exercises, 75;
• at Plattsburgh, 77;
• spoke at exercises at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79;
• personality of, 109;
• [298]expressions of appreciation from, 111;
• invited to dedications, 117;
• represented at dedications by Count de Peretti de la Rocca, 141, 169-170;
• appreciation of, 188.
• Justice, a chief article of the colonists’ creed, 38-39;
• Washington on, 38.
• Kasson, John Adam, M. C., from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Keese, Richard, M. C., native of the Champlain valley, 205.
• Kellogg, Brainard, Professor, author, from the Champlain valley, 211.
• Kellogg, Dr. David Sherwood, Fine pottery jar in collection of, 255;
• archæological collection of, 256n.
• Kellogg, Henry Theodore, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Kellogg, Orlando, M. C., friend of Lincoln, native of the Champlain valley, 205.
• Kellogg, Sylvester Alonzo, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Kellogg, William Pitt, from the Champlain valley, 203;
• Judge, 207.
• Keystone from door of Champlain’s birthplace, at banquet, 32;
• libation poured over, 33, 34.
• King George’s, or the Five years’ war, 230.
• Kingsley, Darwin Pearl, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Knapp, Horatio Wallace, Chairman of New York Commission, iii, 4, 218, 226;
• supervised Memorials, 6, 119;
• presided at formal exercises at Crown Point, 73;
• opening address, 73;
• introduced Lieut.-Gov. Conway, 73;
• introduced Gov. Mead, 73;
• presented French delegation, 74;
• presented Col. Cowles and staff to French visitors, 77;
• chairman of dedicatory exercises, at Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• Address presenting Memorial Lighthouse to Governor of New York, 135-36:
• Commissions discharging their final duties, 135;
• recognition of a century of peace, 135;
• thanks to Vermont Commission, 136;
• Lighthouse transferred to Executives, 136;
• introduced Count de Peretti de la Rocca, 141;
• presided at dedication of Champlain Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, 163;
• Address, 163-65:
• Patriotic spirit of sons of Plattsburgh, 164;
• tribute to Champlain, 164-65;
• peace assured between nations gathered at Celebration, 165;
• services rendered by, 218.
• Knives of Stone, Chipped, found, 251-52;
• of copper, 258.
• Kunz, Dr. George Frederick, invited to dedications, 117;
• loaned historic flag for draping Statue at Plattsburgh, 163.
• La Clède, Pierre, Statue to, in St. Louis, 96.
• La Fayette, Count de, at banquet, 32. See also Lafayette, below.
• “La France,” see “France, La.”
• [299]La Motte-Lusière, Pierre de St. Paul, Sieur de, gave name to Isle La Motte, 234.
• La Provence, French delegation returned home on, 90.
• La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, and the Mississippi, 33, 35;
• attitude of, toward Indians, 39.
• Labor, the true basis of American civilization, 48;
• apostrophe to, 48-49.
• Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, Marquis de, Tributes of America to, 13;
• portrait of, 28;
• statue to, at Burlington, 52;
• aid from, in Revolution, 54;
• carried back inspiration from this country, 54;
• descendant of, in French delegation, 65;
• enshrined in American heart, 78;
• entertained by Mrs. Russell at Fort Niagara, 80;
• statue of, given to France by American children, 163.
• Lafayette, see also La Fayette, above.
• Lafayette Hose Company in parade at Plattsburgh, 159.
• Lafontaine, Louis Camille, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226;
• supervised the Memorial Lighthouse, 6, 119;
• address in French on receiving gift of “La France” for the Commission, 76;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• services rendered by, 218.
• Lago Maggiore, Lake Champlain compared with, 153.
• Lake Champlain, described by M. Deschamps, 81-82;
• by René Bazin, 101, 104;
• separates and unites New York and Vermont, 140;
• Sail down, to Bluff Point, 151-53;
• works on the history of, 211;
• importance of discovery of, 223, 224, 225;
• battle ground of Indian nations, 226-27;
• known as “Caniaderiguarunte,” the “gate of the country,” 227;
• and “Mer des Iroquois,” 227;
• many expeditions and engagements on, 227;
• noted officers visited its forts, 227;
• disputes over grants of islands and shore lands of, 227-28;
• from S. S. Cutting’s poem on, 228;
• historic importance of, 229;
• a thoroughfare in hostile times and for commerce, 229;
• reached and named by Champlain, 230;
• France claimed by discovery, 230;
• forts on, 231;
• Arnold’s naval battle on, 232;
• Macdonough’s victory on, 233;
• the door of the northern country, 229, 233;
• expedition from Isle La Motte, 233-34;
• Indian pageants on, 235;
• celebration of discovery of, of international importance, 236;
• called Sea of the Iroquois, 81, 249.
• “Lake Champlain,” poem by S. S. Cutting, Extracts from, 152, 228.
• Lake Champlain Association, joined in banquet to French delegation, 31, 33;
• M. Hanotaux presents bust “La France” to, and Commissions, 50;
• Frank S. Witherbee, President of, 110;
• Board of Governors of, sent invitations to dedicatory exercises to members, 118;
• took charge of Waldorf-Astoria dinner, 118;
• Commission grateful to, 192.
• [300]Lake Champlain district, Struggle for the, 146.
• Lake Champlain Tercentenary Celebration, Historical significance of the [by Henry W. Hill], 197-99:
• Possible result of, 197;
• critical history of the valley yet to be written, 197;
• authorities on successive periods of, 197-98;
• documentary and other sources in archives and libraries, 198;
• settlement and development of valley since War of 1812, 198-99;
• spirit of settlers, 199;
• Significance of the anniversary, 225.
• Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of New York, Final Report of, to Legislature, iii, 1;
• previous Reports, 1;
• Bills concerning, 1;
• members of, iii, 4, 8;
• welcomes French delegation, 16;
• Report of, presented to French delegates, 17;
• mission of French delegation to present bust to, 17;
• tendered luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25;
• M. Jusserand on hospitality of, 38;
• invitations sent by, to the dedicatory ceremonies of the Crown Point and Plattsburgh Memorials, 117-18;
• chartered the Ticonderoga, 119-20;
• at dedication of the Tablet, 126;
• members of, at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• Chairman of, presented Memorial to Governor of New York, 135-36;
• thanks Vermont Commission and the Executives of both States, 136;
• Mayor Roberts on the Report of the, 143.
• Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of New York, Brief review of work of the, and acknowledgments of assistance rendered [by Henry W. Hill], 185-93:
• The Preliminary Commission, 185;
• co-operation of Vermont Commission in Crown Point Memorial, 185-86;
• Memorial Statue at Plattsburgh, 186;
• the Celebration, Canadian troops, and foreign representatives, 187-88;
• addresses of M. Jusserand and James Bryce, 188;
• of MM. Lemieux and Gouin, 189;
• of Baron Uriu, 189;
• acknowledges its obligations to distinguished visitors and Foreign Governments, 189;
• “La France” and the French delegation, 190;
• American officials and military organizations, 191-92;
• acknowledgments for other assistance, and for entertainments, 192-93;
• Conclusion of the work of the, 217-18;
• Activities of the Commissioners, 217-18;
• Resolution of thanks to Secretary Hill, 218;
• co-operation of State Governors and Legislatures and of the National Government, 218;
• turned balance back into State Treasury, 218;
• Concurrent resolution authorizing appointment of the, 224;
• meetings, report, and recommendations of, to Legislature, 225;
• appropriation for, 226;
• Financial statement, 263.
• Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of Vermont, Members of, 5, 224;
• joined in erecting the Memorials, 74;
• invitations to dedicatory exercises sent to, 118;
• at dedication of Tablet, 126;
• [301]members of, at dedication of Lighthouse, 133;
• formally transfers Lighthouse to Governor of Vermont, 136;
• efforts of, appreciated by Vermont, 139;
• joined with New York Commission in erection of Memorial Lighthouse, 185-86;
• Joint resolution authorizing appointment of, 223-24;
• joint meetings of, with New York Commission, 225.
• Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commissions, French people raising funds to present a bust to, 13;
• mission of French delegation sent to, 17;
• luncheon tendered to, at Metropolitan Club, 25;
• received by Senator W. A. Clark, 26;
• guests at dinner on the France, 27;
• and at reception at C. B. Alexander’s, 27;
• State banquet to French delegation at the Waldorf-Astoria, 31-55;
• M. Hanotaux presented bust to, 50;
• gift received on behalf of, by Henry W. Hill, 51, 53, 55;
• welcome French delegation, 55;
• entertained by Commissioner Pell at Fort Ticonderoga, 71-72;
• at Port Henry, 72;
• presentation of “La France” by M. Hanotaux at Crown Point Memorial, 74-76;
• with guests at Plattsburgh, 77-80;
• issued formal invitations to the dedicatory ceremonies of the Memorials, 117-18;
• assisted by the Lake Champlain Association, 118;
• planned to turn over the Memorials to proper authorities, 118;
• aided by people of Plattsburgh, 119;
• sail down the Lake to Bluff Point, 119-20, 147, 151-53;
• Society of Colonial Wars, guests of, 125-26;
• members of, at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• duties of, ended, 135, 138;
• at Hotel Champlain, 153;
• visit Cliff Haven, 157;
• witness review at Plattsburgh Barracks, 158;
• entertained by Smith M. Weed at Plattsburgh, 158;
• at luncheon at Fouquet House by Chamber of Commerce, 159;
• escorted to site of Champlain Memorial Statue, 159;
• at dedicatory ceremonies, 163;
• the joint memorial erected by, at Crown Point Forts, 185-86;
• successful conclusion of the Celebration by the, 187-89;
• Tour of the Lake by the, 225.
• Lake House, Crown Point Village, Company “I,” 2d N. G., N. Y., in camp at, 121.
• Lake Superior, Copper from, 257.
• Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de, Contributions of, to astronomy, 21.
• Lalemant, Gabriel, French explorer, 35.
• Lamoille River, The, 248.
• Lamy, Étienne Marie Victor, member of French delegation, 16;
• at banquet, 44;
• impressed with Memorial Lighthouse, 72;
• at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77;
• spoke in French, 79.
• “Land of the White Helmet,” by E. A. Forbes, 39.
• Landon, Warren Hall, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Lands, Controversy over grants of shore, 227-28.
• Lanel, Étienne Marie Louis, French Consul-General, welcomed French delegation, 16;
• [302]at banquet, 32.
• Langelier, Francis Charles Stanislas, Lt.-Gov., of Canada, entertained the French delegation in Canada, 89.
• Laplace, Pierre Simonde de, Contributions of, to science, 21.
• Larabee, Benjamin, President of Middlebury College, 208.
• Larrabee’s Point, side door to New England, 233.
• Latin America, Toast to people of, at Paris dinner, 93.
• Laurens, Jean Paul, “Surrender of Yorktown,” painting by, in Court House of Baltimore, 75.
• Laval-Montmorency, François Xavier de, Bishop, visits Fort St. Anne, 234.
• Lavelle, Rt. Rev. Mgr. Michael Joseph, pronounced benediction at dedication of Champlain Statue, 172-73.
• Lawyers, natives of the Champlain valley. 207.
• Lebon, Félix Frédéric Georges, Général, member of the French delegation, 16, 44;
• saw strategic importance of Ticonderoga, 71-72;
• at review at Plattsburgh Barracks, 77;
• spoke in French, 79;
• M. Deschamps on honor shown to, 85.
• Legends, Fantastic, of the New World, believed, 47.
• Legion of Honor, Insignia of, conferred on Senator Raoul Dandurand, 93;
• Knighthood in the, conferred on W. C. Witherbee and Frank S. Witherbee, 110;
• A. Barton Hepburn made an Officer in the, 110-11;
• Knighthood in the, conferred on John H. Finley and Henry W. Hill, 111.
• Le Jeune, Père Paul, on the Indians’ admiration for Champlain, 35-36.
• Lemieux, Rodolphe, Address of, at Plattsburgh, 38;
• represented Canada at Tercentenary, 52, 187;
• the address of, 189.
• L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, Major, planned city of Washington, 46.
• Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de, 13;
• and the Panama Canal, 36.
• Lessons from Champlain’s life, 138.
• Lester, James Westcott, Colonel, and staff of Second Regiment of National Guard, N. Y., Obligations of Commission to, 191.
• Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, Contributions of, to astronomy, 21.
• Liberties, popular, Stability of nations founded upon, 18.
• “Liberty enlightening the World,” Bartholdi’s, presented by the French people, 54, 60.
• Light Brigade, The, at Balaklava, and the Black Watch, “Old Forty-Twa,” at Fort Ticonderoga, 129.
• Light Infantry Fort, at Crown Point, 239.
• Lighthouse, The, a symbol of national life, 141.
• Lighthouse, Champlain Memorial, at Crown Point Forts, 1-6:
• Cost of, 3;
• artistic features of, 3-4;
• inscriptions and arms on, 4-6;
• M. Hanotaux on French contribution to, 15;
• fitting memorial to Champlain, 35;
• [303]symbolizes Champlain’s discovery, 51;
• on highway of water travel, 54;
• pleases French visitors, 72, 186;
• permanent location chosen for bust “La France” on, 73, 190;
• formal exercises at, [for analysis see Crown Point Forts], 73-76;
• Description of, by Deschamps, 83-84;
• René Bazin on the unveiling of “La France” at, 104-5;
• a testimonial in bronze of the good will of France on, 110;
• military features at dedication of, 120, 121;
• Dedicatory ceremonies, 133-47:
• Prominent guests, 133;
• invocation by Rev. Lewis Francis, 134;
• unveiling of, by Miss Louise G. Witherbee, 134;
• address of Chairman Knapp presenting Memorial to Governor of New York, 135-36;
• Pres. John M. Thomas presented Memorial to representative of Governor of Vermont, 136;
• address of Gov. Dix transferring Memorial to United States, 136-37;
• address of Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson transferring Memorial to United States, 138-40;
• address of William Cary Sanger receiving Memorial on part of United States, 140-41;
• address of Count de Peretti de la Rocca representing France, 141-42;
• address of Robert Roberts, 142-47;
• benediction by Rev. J. W. Dwyer, 147;
• Port Henry overlooks, 151;
• joint work of New York and Vermont Commissions, 185-86;
• French delegation approved and placed “La France” as seal on, 186, 190.
• Literary exercises, Contributors to high quality of, 191.
• Littebrant, William Thomas, Captain, and staff of Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
• Lloyd, James Horace, Brig.-Gen., and staff of Third Brigade of National Guard, N. Y., Obligations of Commission to, 191-92.
• Locarno and Bluff Point, 153.
• Lodge, Henry Cabot, U. S. Senator, reported Joint Resolution to Senate, 181.
• Long House, The, of the Iroquois, 41;
• alliance of, with the English forces, 41;
• greatest war machine of the time, 137.
• Longfellow’s Hiawatha, Dramatic version of, presented by Indians, 235.
• Longworth, Charles F., expert in food products, 208.
• Louis XV sent Montcalm to Ticonderoga, 102;
• officials of, 227.
• Louis XVI, Officials of, 227.
• Louis the Just, Champlain on France under, 14.
• Louisiana, Cession of, 35;
• anniversary of Treaty of cession of, 36;
• once the territory of France, 60.
• Louvre, Works of modern sculptors in the, 19.
• Lovell’s, Col., New Hampshire Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, President of Harvard University, entertained French delegates at luncheon, 27.
• [304]Lyman’s, Col. Phineas, Connecticut Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Lynde, John, Judge, 207.
• Lyon, J. B., Company, Excellence of typographical work of, 193.
• Mabie, Hamilton Wright, on the story of Lake Champlain, 72, 166;
• on the beauties of the Champlain valley during the Tercentenary Celebration, 199.
• McCarren, Patrick Henry, Senator, Death of, 182.
• McCuen, Robert William, moved the appointment of the Vermont Commission, 181;
• member of Commission, 224.
• McCullough, John Griffith, guest at banquet, 32.
• Macdonough, Thomas, Commodore of American fleet, 40, 52;
• to have monument on Lake Champlain, 169;
• importance of victory of, 228;
• defeated British squadron, 233;
• Congress voted a gold medal to, 233.
• MacKaye, Percy, “Ballad of Ticonderoga,” 72, 81.
• McLaughlin, Chester Bentine, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• McMahon, Michael Deavitt, member of Vermont Commission, 224.
• Macomb, Alexander, Brig.-Gen. commanding Americans at Plattsburgh, 233.
• Maine, England after northeast corner of, 233.
• Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de, Statue to, in Montreal, 96;
• founder of Montreal, 96.
• Malby, George Ronald, M. C., Efforts of, for Federal co-operation, 179, 182;
• death of, 182;
• obligations of Commissions to, 191.
• Manley, torpedo boat, in the flotilla, 191.
• Maps of the region, 198.
• Marin, ——, French officer, saved Israel Putnam from being burned by Indians, 235.
• Marquette, James, saw the Missouri, 33, 35;
• statue of, in the Capitol at Washington, 96.
• Marseillaise, The, played, 72, 77;
• M. Deschamps on, 80, 84, 86.
• Marsh, George Perkins, from the Champlain valley, 204;
• the works of, 210.
• Marsh, James, President of the University of Vermont, 208;
• writings of, 210.
• Martin, George, Judge, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Massachusetts granite for Plattsburgh Memorial, 7, 8.
• Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 198.
• Masson, Frédéric, presided at meeting of the Five Academies, 94.
• Matin, Le, aided the Franco-American Committee, 16.
• Maugras, Charles Gaston, of the French Embassy, invited to the dedications, 117;
• at dedication of Tablet, 125.
• [305]Maurepas, Jean Frédéric Phélippeaux, Fort Frédéric named after, 52, 227, 239.
• Mead, Rev. Charles Marsh, author, from the Champlain valley, 211.
• Mead, John Abner, Governor, member of Vermont Commission, 5;
• guest at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 32;
• declined to speak, 43;
• entertained at Fort Ticonderoga, 71-72;
• remarks of, at Crown Point exercises, 74;
• represented by Adjt.-Gen. Tillotson at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 120, 125, 138;
• and of Champlain Statue, 166;
• regret at absence of, 139;
• Gen. Tillotson on cause of illness of, 167;
• obligations of Commissions to, 191.
• Memorial Lighthouse, see Lighthouse.
• Memorials to Samuel Champlain, Construction of [by Henry W. Hill], 1-9:
• Bill authorizing, passed, 1;
• opportunity at Crown Point Forts for a Memorial Lighthouse, 2;
• contracts let for, 3;
• cost, 3;
• artistic features of, 3-4;
• inscriptions on, 4-5;
• arms on, 5;
• Tablet on, 6;
• the Rodin bust, 6;
• the Plattsburgh Memorial, 6-9:
• Described by the architects, 7;
• inscriptions on, 8;
• the Statue, 8;
• completion and cost, 9.
• See also Champlain Memorial.
• Mens agitat molem, 63.
• Menu cards at State banquet, 31.
• “Mer des Iroquois,” 227.
• Merritt, Edwin Atkins, Jr., Chairman Committee on Appropriations, 182.
• Messier, Charles, Contributions of, to science, 21.
• Metropolitan Club in New York, Luncheon at, 25.
• Michael Angelo, Rodin as devoted to mastery of nature as, 19.
• Middlebury College Library, 198.
• Military Committee, Report of, by Howland Pell, 120-22:
• Staff of Gov. Dix, 120;
• representatives of Gov. Mead, 120;
• military companies, 121;
• participation of companies in Crown Point exercises, 121;
• review of Fifth Infantry at Plattsburgh Barracks, 122;
• list of officers and men at ceremony, 122.
• Military features of the ceremonies, see Military Committee, Report of.
• Military records of the United States, France, Great Britain and Canada, 198.
• Millard, Stephen Columbus, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 203.
• Missionaries, Early French, 33, 35, 102;
• treatment of natives by, 38-39;
• sowed the seeds of civilization, 60;
• les volontaires de la foi et de l’espérance, 64.
• Missisquoi Bay, Major Robert Rogers at, 234.
• Missisquoi River, The, 248.
• Mississippi River, Pres. Finley on the, 33.
• Mississippi valley, Pres. Finley on the, 33.
• Missouri River, Pres. Finley on the, 33-34.
• Mitchell, Dr. and Mrs. Silas Weir, at luncheon to the French delegation, 28.
• [306]Moffit, John Henry, M. C., banker, born in the Champlain valley, 205.
• Moffitt, Stephen, General, born in the Champlain valley, 208.
• Mohawks attack Fort Ste. Anne, 234.
• Mohegans, Encampments of, displaced by pleasant homes, 82.
• Molière, Les Fourberies de Scapin of, played by students of College of City of New York, 25.
• Mona Lisa, “La France” fit to replace the, 18.
• Money loaned us by France, 59.
• Monk, Frederick de Bartzch, helped entertain French visitors in Canada, 89.
• Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, once mayor of Bordeaux, 43.
• Montcalm de Saint-Véran, Louis Joseph, Marquis de, defeated Abercromby, 40, 231;
• achieved fame at Ticonderoga, 55;
• victory of, in 1758, 71, 93;
• at Plattsburgh, 78;
• French delegation decorated tomb of, 89;
• Vidal de la Blache on memories of, 94, 95;
• homage to, in America, 96;
• defended Fort Carillon against the English, 102;
• Germain redoubt constructed by, 103;
• inspiring deeds of, 128;
• M. Jusserand’s tribute to, 188;
• garrisoned Fort Carillon, 231.
• Montgomery, Richard, Brig.-Gen., joined Gen. Schuyler on Isle La Motte, 234.
• Montgomery’s Highlanders, 77th Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Montpetit, Édouard, Professor, of Laval University, helped to entertain the French visitors in Canada, 89.
• Montreal, Site of, fixed by Champlain, 48;
• reception and banquet to French delegation at, 89;
• founded by Maisonneuve, 96;
• M. Bazin on the journey to, 106.
• Montreal Chamber of Commerce, welcomes French visitors, 89.
• Montreal Library, 198.
• Mooers, Benjamin, Maj.-Gen., commanded militia at Battle of Plattsburgh, 159.
• Moore, Sir Henry, in land controversy, 227.
• Moore, John White, Rear-Admiral, a native of the Champlain valley, 208.
• Moore, Pliny, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Morning, Early, at Lake Champlain, 101.
• Mortars, Stone, very uncommon in region, 253.
• Morton, Levi Parsons, from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Morvan, The mountains of, recalled, 95.
• Mott, Edward, Captain, Report of, 243-44:
• Order to Ethan Allen, 243;
• informed Congress of capture of Ticonderoga, 243;
• Major in Col. Gay’s regiment, 244.
• Mott, Samuel, Chief Engineer of the northern army, 243-44.
• Mount Defiance, overtowering Ticonderoga, 72;
• Burgoyne erected a battery on, 232.
• Mount Independence, owned by S. H. P. Pell, 71;
• [307]commanding position of, 72.
• Mount Mansfield rises back of Burlington, 151.
• Mount of France, The, at Ticonderoga, 103.
• Mount Vernon, French delegation visits, 26.
• Musée du Luxembourg, Works of modern sculptors in, 19.
• Museum, The house of Fort Carillon a, 104.
• Museum of French Art, Opening of a, 26.
• Myers, John Rossiter, Tribute of M. Deschamps to, 80;
• aided the Commission, 193.
• Naples and Burlington compared, 151.
• Nathan Beman Chapter, D. A. R., took part in reception of French delegation, 79.
• Nation, A, may lose in war, but a great race can hardly be rubbed out, 146.
• National Assembly of France aroused, 54;
• response of, to message of President of United States in 1848, 54.
• National Government, The, protects all the people, 140.
• National Guard of New York, Third Brigade of, Obligations of Commission to officers and members of, 191-92.
• National Press Club, Washington, D. C., gave reception to French delegation, 27.
• Nations cannot neglect courtesies, 14.
• Navy, Natives of the Champlain valley in the, 207, 209.
• Nebulae, The, 21.
• Nelson, Charles Alexander, Indexes by, 193.
• Nelson, Samuel, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 206.
• New England slowly becoming New France, 146.
• New France, Champlain founder of, 168.
• New York City, Hospitalities extended to French visitors in, 25-26, 27;
• M. Hanotaux on, 45, 46, 49;
• M. Bazin on, 101.
• New York Historical Society, Collections, 198.
• New York State, Arms of, on base of Memorial Lighthouse, 5;
• once owned Ticonderoga, 95;
• Senators and Representatives from, invited, 117;
• Governor and other officials of, invited to dedications, 117;
• co-operation of Governors and Legislatures of, 218;
• share of, in general expenses and cost of Memorials, 218;
• controversies of, with Vermont, 232.
• New York State Historical Association, Tablet at Fort Amherst placed in charge of, 126;
• address of acceptance by Treasurer of, 128;
• address of acceptance by Secretary of, 129;
• Collections of the, 198;
• papers in publications of, 214.
• New York State Museum, Bulletins of, 258.
• Niagara Falls, French visitors entertained at, 90.
• [308]Nichols, George Frederick, Colonel, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Ninth Separate Company of Whitehall, at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125.
• Noonan, Thomas Hazard, Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Notes on the archæology of the Champlain valley (G. H. Perkins), 247-58.
• Nouvelle-Angleterre, la, Une des proclamations de, 63.
• O’Brien, John Francis, Secretary of State, born in the Champlain valley, 206.
• Officers, Noted, visited the forts, 227.
• Ohio, once French territory, 60.
• Ohio River, The, called La Belle Rivière, 34.
• Olcott, Jacob Van Vechten, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
• “Old Forty-Twa” Royal Highlanders, 129.
• Oliver, Robert Shaw, Brig.-Gen., accompanied the French delegates to Mount Vernon, 26.
• Orion, The great nebula of, 21.
• O’Ryan, John F., Maj.-Gen., invited to dedications, 117;
• guest of the Commission at Crown Point, 120;
• at dedication of the Tablet, 125.
• Ottawa Library, 198.
• Otter Creek, American squadron fitted out at mouth of, 234;
• a moulded copper celt found at, 258.
• Oubanghi, Future city on the, 14.
• Page, Carroll Smalley, aided in securing Federal co-operation, 181.
• Palmer, Frank, Colonel, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Palmer, George William, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
• Palmer, Peter Sailly, “History of Lake Champlain,” and “History of the Battle of Valcour on Lake Champlain,” 197.
• Paltsits, Victor Hugo, Papers by, 214;
• light on early history of the region in, 240.
• Pan-American Building, Ball at the, to French delegation, 27.
• Panama Canal, Frenchmen and the, 36;
• conceived by Champlain, 36, 137;
• M. Hanotaux on the, 49.
• Parade, Civic and military, at Plattsburgh, 159.
• Paris, Dinner to French delegation on return to, 91-93;
• Americans return to, Frenchmen to America, 142.
• Parisian press, The, aided the Franco-American Committee, 16.
• Parker, John Mason, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 204, 207.
• Parkman, Francis, on the struggles about Crown Point, 72;
• on French pioneers, 170;
• historical works of, 197.
• “Pastoral,” Heber’s statue of the, 3.
• Patridge, John Alden, Captain, from the Champlain valley, 209.
• Patriotism, Intense, in France, 18;
• of sons of Plattsburgh, 164.
• Pau, The plain of, suggested by view at Carillon, 104.
• [309]Paulding, William, Colonel, and staff, of the Twenty-fourth U. S. Infantry, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
• “Pavilion, The,” summer home of S. H. P. Pell. 71.
• “Paysages d’Amérique” (René Bazin), 101-6.
• Peace, between English speaking peoples, One hundredth anniversary of, 78;
• light of, replaces fitful fire of early war, 135;
• a century of, 135, 164;
• forces working for, 147;
• an occasion to exchange words for international, 147;
• assured, 165.
• Peace projects, Great, planned between the United States and British Empire, 78.
• Pell, Howland, Member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226;
• supervised erection of the Memorial Lighthouse, 6, 119;
• ancient pieces of armor of, used as models, 8;
• looked after details at banquet at Waldorf, 31;
• entertained Joint Commissions in Block House, 71, 193;
• at dock to bid farewell to French delegation, 90;
• Report of the Military Committee, 120-22;
• Report of Tablet Committee on exercises at the unveiling, 125-27;
• At dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• Services rendered by, 218.
• Pell, Stephen Hyatt Pelham, at banquet at the Waldorf-Astoria, 32;
• welcomes and entertains the French delegation at Ticonderoga, 71, 102, 192;
• M. Bazin on the hospitality of, 102-3;
• bought land to protect historical ground, 71, 103;
• invited to dedications, 117;
• at unveiling of Tablet, 126;
• entertained President Taft, 192.
• Pell, William Ferris, Descendants of, own Ticonderoga, 95.
• Pelletier, Sir Adolphe, at the Celebration, 187.
• People assembled at Crown Point Forts, René Bazin on the, 104-5.
• People of the Champlain valley. Enthusiastic support shown to the Commission by the, 193.
• Peretti de la Rocca, Emmanuel, Count de, met the French delegates in Washington, 26;
• invited to the dedications, 117;
• at dedication of the Tablet, 125;
• represented the French Ambassador at the dedication of the Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• Address of, 141-42:
• Many commemorations bind together the two Republics, 142;
• Frenchmen now discover America and love it, 142;
• visited Cliff Haven, 157;
• salute in honor of, at Plattsburgh Barracks, 158;
• Address at dedication of Champlain Statue, 170-71:
• Monument to remind tourists of their first great predecessor, 170;
• efforts of French explorers not in vain, 170;
• thanks in French for cordial reception, 171.
• Peretti de la Rocca, Countess de [née Lepidi de Gaffory], at the dedicatory exercises, 133.
• Perkins, George Henry.—Notes on the archæology of the Champlain valley, 247-58;
• Occupants of the territory, 247-48;
• [310]claims of the Caughnawagas, 248;
• Iroquois on both sides of the Lake, 249;
• implements and weapons found, 249-52;
• gouges, 252;
• hammers, 252-53;
• pestles and mortars, 253;
• axes or hatchets, 254;
• ceremonial and other stones, 254;
• pipes, 255;
• pottery, 255-56;
• bone objects, and shell beads, 257;
• copper from Lake Superior, 257;
• Dr. Beauchamp’s writings on, 258.
• Perkins, George Henry, Professor, Notes on the archæology of the valley by, a valuable contribution to this Report, 193;
• works of, 211.
• Perkins, James Breck, writer on French history, 179.
• Perry, Aaron F., M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 204.
• Personnel and mission of the French delegation, 13, 16-17.
• Peru, The conquistadores sought gold only in, 46.
• Pestles of stone, some carved, found, 253.
• Phelps, Dr. Abel Mix, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Phelps, Charles Henry, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Phelps, Edward John, from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Phelps, Samuel Shethar, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Philadelphia, Hospitalities extended to members of French delegation in, 27-28;
• M. Hanotaux on, 46.
• Philippine Islands, Justice in the, 38.
• Piaz, J. Dal, see Dal Piaz, J.
• Pigeon, Henri, M. Deschamps on, 85.
• Pilgrims, Champlain eleven years before the, 51.
• Pipes, Stone and earthenware, of the Champlain valley, 255.
• Pitt, William, Correspondence of Colonial Governors and officers with, 198, 239-40.
• Pizarro, Francisco, No gathering of many peoples to honor, 164.
• Platt, Thomas Collier, U. S. Senator, aided in securing Federal co-operation, 181.
• Platt, Zephaniah, member of first Provincial Congress, 206.
• Plattsburgh, Champlain Memorial at, 1, 6-9, 51;
• purchased site for Memorial, 6, 119;
• the Tercentenary Celebration at, 38;
• Commissioners and visitors welcomed at, 77-80;
• Vidal de la Blache recalled associations of 1814 at, 96;
• Mayor and people of, assisted the Commissioners, 119;
• Committee of Chamber of Commerce of, meets Commissioners and guests at Bluff Point, 157;
• tour of city and reception at home of Smith M. Weed, 158-59;
• luncheon at Fouquet House, 159;
• parade to site of Memorial Statue, 159;
• dedicatory ceremonies, 163-73;
• patriotic spirit of sons of, 163;
• liberal benefactors of, 168;
• Memorial Statue accepted on behalf of, 168;
• Library at, 198;
• land engagements about, 233;
• [311]military pageant and formal exercises at, planned, 235-36.
• Plattsburgh Barracks, Pageant at, 52;
• exercises at, welcoming French delegation, 77-80:
• Address of V. F. Boire, 78-79;
• addresses by French visitors, 79;
• remarks of Mrs. G. F. Tuttle, 79-80;
• regimental dress parade, 80;
• M. Deschamps’ description of reception at, 85-86;
• the salute by Col. Cowles, 86;
• reviews of Fifth Infantry U. S. A. at, 122, 158.
• Plattsburgh, Battle of, Graves of British officers who fell in, visited, 158;
• Maj.-Gen. Mooers commander of militia at, 159.
• Plattsburgh Bay, Naval engagement in, 40, 52, 164, 233;
• Davidson’s painting of “The Battle of Lake Champlain,” 159.
• Plattsburgh Memorial, see Champlain Memorial Statue.
• Plattsburgh, steam cutter in the flotilla, 191.
• Plumley, Frank, Obligations of Commissions to, 191.
• Poëte, Marcel, on the intellectual expansion of France in the United States, 25.
• Poincaré, Raymond, President of Council of Ministers, sends personal representative, 17, 62, 66;
• elected President of France, 67;
• subscribed to fund for bust, 75, 186;
• presided at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 91;
• on Myron T. Herrick, 92;
• closing address at dinner, 93;
• as President of France made Henry W. Hill a Knight of the Legion of Honor, 111.
• Point au Fer, fortified by Gen. Sullivan, 235.
• Pointe de la Couronne, 240.
• Port Henry, Commissioners and guests at, 72, 151;
• M. Deschamps on reception at, 80-81;
• his word-picture of, 82;
• guests from, on the Ticonderoga, 119, 120;
• Library at, 198.
• Port Henry Band, at Crown Point, 121, 125;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 134.
• Port Kent, gateway to the Adirondacks, 152.
• Portales, Jacques de. Count, guest at banquet, 32.
• Porter, Horace, General, guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31.
• Porter, Peter Augustus, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
• Portico, or veranda, a distinctive feature of colonial architecture, 95.
• Potter, Joseph, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Pottery, Great variety of, found, 255-56;
• Algonkian and Iroquoian, 256-57.
• Powers, Horace Henry, M. C. and Chief Judge Supreme Court of Vermont, 205.
• Preliminary Champlain Commission, Work of the, 185;
• acknowledgment for entertainment and transportation of the, 192;
• [312]entertained by Ethan Allen Club, 192.
• Prentice, Samuel, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Preparation for dedicatory ceremonies, including military features, 117-22:
• Formal invitations sent out, 117-18;
• arrangements planned by, and assistance given to the Commissioners, 118-19;
• attendance at exercises, 119-20;
• report of Military Committee, 120-22.
• President of the French Republic, Toasts to, at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 32, 37;
• at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 67;
• at dinner in Paris on return of French delegation, 93.
• President of the United States, Toasts to, 32, 34;
• lent his presence to Tercentenary ceremonies, 37;
• message of, on establishment of French Republic, 54;
• Toast to, at Paris dinner, 93;
• unable to attend dedicatory exercises, 118.
• Press, the, of this country and of Canada, Thanks of Commissioners to, 193.
• Prevost, Sir George, commander of British forces about Plattsburgh, 233.
• “Prideaux’s” (55th) Regiment of Foot, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Proctor, Fletcher Dutton, Governor, approved Resolution appointing Vermont Commission, 181, 224;
• gave strong support, 182;
• death of, 182.
• Proctor, Redfield, Senator, favored Tercentenary, 181, 182;
• death of, 181.
• Prouty, George Herbert, Governor, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 226;
• M. Jusserand on, 38;
• invited to dedications, 117;
• at Champlain Tercentenary, 143, 138;
• obligations of the Commissions to, 191.
• Provincial regiments commanded by Gen. Amherst, List of, on Tablet, 127.
• Pruyn, John I., Colonel, and staff Tenth Infantry N. G. N. Y., Obligations of Commission to, 191.
• Puga-Borne, Federico, spoke at dinner in Paris to French delegation, 93.
• Putnam, Israel, Major, Attempt of Indians to burn, near Whitehall, 235.
• Pyrke, Berne Ashley, Judge, of Port Henry, pledged care of the Tablet, 126.
• Quebec celebrated memory of Champlain, 14;
• site of, fixed by Champlain, 48, 89, 189;
• entertained French visitors, 89;
• M. Bazin on the journey to, 106;
• taken by English, 146;
• foundations of New France laid by Champlain at, 230.
• Quebec Library, 198.
• Quebec, Province of, French speaking people in, 89;
• still French, 146.
• Quebec-Miami International Highway, 78.
• Raines, John, Senator, Death of, 182.
• Rastus, Uncle, not the respondent, 166-67.
• [313]Ray, Ossian, from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Raymond, Henry Jarvis, founder of the New York Times, graduated at the University of Vermont, 204.
• Read, Almon Heath, from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Receptions tendered to the French delegation, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 71, 77, 89, 90.
• Reford, Robert Wilson, helped to entertain the French visitors in Canada, 89.
• Regiments of France represented at the battle of Fort Carillon, Standards of the, displayed, 103-4.
• Reid, William Max, Light thrown on early history of the region in papers of, 240.
• Renaissance of constitutional government in France, 18.
• Report of the Tablet Committee by Chairman Howland Pell, 125-27.
• Representative men of the Champlain Valley [by Henry W. Hill], 203-14:
• Statesmen, 203;
• members of Congress, 203-6;
• early settlers, 206;
• judges, 206-7;
• lawyers, 207;
• in army and navy, 207-8, 209;
• educators, 208-9;
• authors, 209-14.
• Representatives, Official, of France, Great Britain, and Canada, at the Celebration, 187-89;
• added dignity and stateliness to the functions, 188;
• obligations of Commission to, and their Governments acknowledged, 189;
• U. S. Government should invite, 236.
• Republican movement in America, Effects of, felt in Europe, 54.
• Républiques, Un parallèle entre les deux, 62-63;
• les deux filles aînées de la liberté, 63.
• Rescue Hose Company in parade at Plattsburgh, 159.
• Revol, Auguste François, President of Montreal Chamber of Commerce, helped to entertain French visitors, 89.
• Revolutionists, The buff and blue covered, 128.
• Revue des Deux Mondes, “Paysages d’Amérique” by René Bazin in, 101.
• Reynolds, George Greenwood, at unveiling of Tablet at English Fort, 126.
• Rhode Island Historical Society, 198.
• Richards, Frederick Bates, Secretary of New York State Historical Association, 117;
• accepted charge of Tablet at Fort Amherst for the Association, 126;
• address of, 129;
• papers by, 213.
• Richelieu River, Champlain’s expedition into the, 230.
• Riley, John Benedict, Judge, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226;
• supervised the Plattsburgh Memorial, 6, 119;
• escorted Commissioners and guests to Plattsburgh, 77;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• trustee of Cliff Haven Summer School, 158;
• presided at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 159;
• native of the Champlain valley, 207;
• [314]services rendered by, 218.
• Roberts, Daniel, lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Roberts, James Arthur, President of New York State Historical Association, 117;
• absent from unveiling of Tablet, 129.
• Roberts, Robert, Mayor of Burlington, invited to the dedications, 118;
• Address at dedication of the Memorial Lighthouse, 142-47:
• History of the Lake unfolded at the Champlain Tercentenary, 143;
• apostrophe to La Belle France, embodied in image, 143;
• Champlain’s account of his first battle with the Iroquois, 144;
• impression on the Iroquois of the white men, 144;
• stillness of the wilderness, 144;
• struggles between French and English, 145;
• capture of Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen, 145-46;
• a nation may be defeated but a race is not rubbed out, 146;
• forces at work for peace, 147;
• Digest of the Vermont Reports by, 213.
• Roberval, Jean François de la Roque, Sieur de, French Viceroy of Canada, 102.
• Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Count de, General, Portrait of, in Independence Hall, 28;
• brought aid to the Colonies, 54;
• enshrined in American memory, 78.
• Rochambeau, Philippe Donatien Paul, Count de, member of the French delegation, 17, 62.
• Rochambeau, Suzanne (née Rouxel), Countess de, member of the French delegation, 17.
• Rock inscription, The, at Crown Point, 240.
• Rodin, Auguste, Bust of “La France” by, 3, 6, 13, 60, 62, 74, 186;
• description of bust by M. Hanotaux, 15, 18;
• inscription on bust, 17;
• works of, 19;
• his theory of Art interpreted by H. W. Hill, 19-20;
• English version of “Art” by, 20n;
• Wickersham on, 35;
• bust presented to Commissions, 50, 53, 55;
• art work of, chosen as symbol of friendship, 65;
• guest at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 91;
• M. Hanotaux on, 93;
• M. Bazin on, 105.
• Rogers, John, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 206.
• Rogers, Robert, Major, the ranger, 231;
• expedition of, against the St. Francis Indians, 234.
• “Roman Poet,” Heber’s statue of the, 2.
• Roosevelt, Theodore, President, approved Joint Resolution, 181.
• Root, Elihu, U. S. Senator, Address of, at Plattsburgh, 38, 143;
• early action of, favoring Tercentenary, 181;
• obligations of Commissions to, 191.
• Rosengarten, Mr. and Mrs. Frank, at luncheon to the French delegation, 28.
• Ross, Henry Howard, General, M. C., at Battle of Plattsburgh, 205.
• Ross, James Blanchard, lawyer, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• [315]Rotch, William, met French delegates in Boston, 27.
• Rouse’s Point, Major Robert Rogers defeated the French near, 234;
• historic places near, 235.
• Roy, Ferdinand, President of Canadian Institute at Quebec, 89.
• Royal Artillery, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Royal or 1st Regiment of Foot, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Royal Savage, the, Arnold’s flagship, Permission to raise, 228;
• wreck of, at Valcour Island, 235.
• Royce, Homer Elihu, M. C. and Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Vermont, 205.
• Ruggle’s, Col. Timothy, Massachusetts Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Russell, Mrs. Major, entertained Lafayette, 80.
• Sail down the Lake to Bluff Point, 151-53:
• Port Henry, 151;
• Burlington and its bay like Naples, 151;
• The Four Brothers and Valcour, 152;
• Champlain Hotel, Bluff Point, 153.
• Sailly, Mrs. Frederick, as Mrs. Major Russell, entertained Lafayette, 80.
• Sailly, Peter, M. C., native of the Champlain valley, 205.
• Sailors, Detachment of, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• St. Elmo, Castle of, and University of Vermont, 151.
• St. Francis Indians, Major Robert Rogers’ expedition against the, 234.
• St. Gaudens, Augustus, Carl A. Heber in studio of, 2.
• Saint Jean, Welcome of French delegation at, 86.
• St. Jean Baptiste Society, welcomed visitors to Plattsburgh, 77;
• escorted guests to site of Champlain Statue, 159.
• St. John’s, Expedition against, 234;
• surrender of, 243.
• Saint Seine, Henri de. Count, at banquet, 32.
• Ste. Anne, Shrine of, on Isle La Motte, 234.
• Sanger, William Cary, Colonel, invited to dedications, 117;
• address at dedication of Tablet, 126;
• represented the President of the United States at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• Lighthouse given to, 138;
• Address receiving Memorial for United States, 140-41:
• States care for local interests, National Government for people as a whole, 140;
• democracy and beauty, 140;
• symbolism in Lighthouse, 141.
• Sangha, Future city on the, 14.
• Saranac Chapter, D. A. R., at exercises at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79.
• Sawyer, John Gilbert, from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Sawyer, Philetus, M. C., spent his youth in the Adirondacks, 204.
• Saxe, John Godfrey, poet and humorist, 211.
• [316]Schiller, Heber’s statue of, 2.
• Schofield, William Henry, Professor, gave breakfast to French delegation, 27.
• School children of America gave statue of Lafayette to French nation, 163.
• Schools, Mandatory provision for, in Constitution of Vermont, 199.
• Schuyler, John, Captain, camped at Isle La Motte, 234.
• Schuyler, Philip, General, joined Montgomery at Isle La Motte, 234.
• Schuyler’s, Col. Peter, New Jersey Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Scollard, Clinton, on Champlain, 81.
• Scotland conquered long ago, but Scotch present to-day, 146.
• Scrapers and drills of chipped stone, 251.
• Sculptors, Productions of modern French, 19.
• “Sea of the Iroquois,” Lake Champlain, 81, 249.
• Second Infantry N. G. N. Y., Company “I,” at dedicatory exercises, at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125.
• Second Regiment N. G. N. Y., Col. J. W. Lester, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
• Senators of the United States favoring the Tercentenary, 179.
• Senecal, Andrew George, Mayor of Plattsburgh, welcomed Commissioners and guests, 77, 157.
• Settlements, Largest of the early, under protection of Fort Frédéric, 145.
• Seven Years’ French and Indian War, 227-28.
• Severance, Frank Hayward, Secretary of Preliminary Commission, rendered important services to the Commission, 193.
• Seymour, Julius Hubbell, lawyer, 207.
• Shaw, Charles E., lawyer, native of Champlain valley, 207.
• Shaw, Leslie Mortier, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Shea, James, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218, 226;
• supervised Memorial Lighthouse, 6, 119;
• present at its dedication, 133;
• services rendered by, 218.
• Shedd, William Greenough Thayer, D.D., Works of, 210.
• Shedden, Lucian Love, Regent of the University, 207.
• Sheldon, Eugene Edmund, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Sheldon, Melville A., Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Sheldon, Samuel, expert in electric science, 208.
• Shell, Objects of, uncommon, 257.
• Sheridan, Philip Henry, General, Equestrian statue of, by Heber, 2.
• Sherman, James Schoolcraft, Grandfather of, a navigator of Lake Champlain, 179.
• Sherman Military Band, Music by, at Lighthouse dedication, 134.
• Sibley, Joseph Crocker, Thanks of Commission to, for use of yacht Valcour, 192.
• [317]Simmons, George Abel, M. C., a native of Champlain valley, 205.
• Site at Crown Point, Opportunity of, 2, 4;
• made American soil by valor of Green Mountain boys, 136.
• Site for Memorial at Plattsburgh purchased by city, 6, 7, 9.
• Six Nations, The Confederacy of the, called the Iroquois, 247.
• Skinner, Mark, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Skinner, St. John Bull Lawrence, Postmaster-General under Andrew Johnson, 206.
• Slade, William, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
• Slate, Knives of red or purple, found, 252.
• Slavery, Charlevoix on, 39.
• Sloane, William Milligan, Professor, on “the vision of history,” 217.
• Smith, H. Perry, “History of Essex County, N. Y.”, 197.
• Smith, Kirby Flower, Ph.D., an authority on the Latin language and literature, 213.
• Smith, Loyal L., philanthropist, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Smith, Melancton, Judge, member of first Provincial Congress, 206.
• Smith, William Farrar, General, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Smith. William L. G., lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Soapstone dishes found, 257.
• Social functions and hospitalities extended to the French visitors [by Henry W. Hill], 23-28:
• Play at the Carnegie Lyceum, 25;
• reception at City Hall, 25;
• luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25;
• Loan Exhibit of the French Institute, 25-26;
• reception by Senator W. A. Clark, 26;
• visit Washington and Mount Vernon, 26;
• reception at French Embassy, and National Press Club, 26-27;
• ball, 27;
• luncheon at White House, 27;
• dinner on S.S. France, 27;
• reception by Society of the Cincinnati, 27;
• visit to Boston and luncheon at Harvard University, 27;
• visit to Philadelphia and luncheon with the Hon. Charlemagne Tower, 27-28;
• taxed endurance, 110.
• Society of the Cincinnati, gave reception to French delegation and the Commissions, 27.
• Society of Colonial Wars, presented Tablet at English Forts, 121, 125, 128, 129.
• Sohmer, William, invited to dedications, 117.
• Songs, Old French, preserved among French descendants, 82-83;
• at Saint Jean, 86.
• Southwick, George Newell, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
• Spalding, Rev. George Burley, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Spalding, James Reed, from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Speakers, Representative, from official life, at the Tercentenary celebrations, 143.
• Spear and arrow points. Chipped, 251;
• of copper, 258.
• [318]Spears, John Randolph, on Arnold’s naval battle, 232.
• Spooner, Charles Horace, Ph.D., invited to dedications, 118;
• President of Norwich University, 209.
• Stage House, old, in Plattsburgh, Fouquet House on site of the, 159.
• Standish, Lt. Mathew M., a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Stannard, George Jerrison, General, from the Champlain valley, 207.
• Star Spangled Banner, The, played, 77, 86, 126, 134, 163.
• State, Each, cares for matters which concerns its citizens, 140.
• State Historical Societies, 198.
• State Library at Albany, 198.
• State Library at Montpelier, 198.
• Steamboat, The first, on Lake Champlain, 233.
• Steele, George Washington, Jr., Lt. U. S. N., commanding flotilla, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
• Stetson, Francis Lynde, at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 32;
• invited to dedications, 118;
• Address at dedication, accepting Champlain Statue for the city of Plattsburgh, 168-69:
• Tribute to Champlain, the Christian explorer, 168-69;
• virtues of Champlain and Macdonough should be emulated, 169;
• A native of the Champlain valley, 206.
• Stewart, John Aikman, Address at dedication of Champlain Statue, 171-72:
• Nation like individual should possess the homely virtues, 171;
• prophetic vision of Champlain realized, 171;
• Canada and Americans have a common destiny, 171-72.
• Stetson, Lemuel, M. C., and County Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 205.
• Stewart, John Wolcott, Governor of Vermont, M. C. and U. S. Senator, 205.
• Stillness, The awful, of the wilderness, 144-45.
• Stimson, Henry Lewis, Secretary of War, accompanied French delegates to Mount Vernon, 26.
• Stone, Arthur Fairbanks, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 226;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
• Stone implements and weapons found, 249-54.
• Stony Point Park, Flag used at dedication of, 163.
• Story, Joseph, Judge, Works of, edited by Judge E. H. Bennett, 210.
• Street, Douglas Richmond, Lt.-Col., in command of the Governor-General’s Foot-Guards, 187.
• Sullivan, John, General, fortified Point au Fer, 235.
• Sulzer, William, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
• Summer resorts on the Lake, 151.
• Summer School, see Catholic Summer School of America.
• Sunderland, Rev. Byron, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Swanton, Vt., A considerable settlement at, 234;
• tubular stone pipes found near, 255.
• [319]Sweetland, William, Judge, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Tablet at English Fort, Unveiling of [Henry W. Hill], 121-29:
• Report of exercises, 125-26;
• presented by W. C. Sanger, 126;
• description of, with inscription, 127;
• addresses of acceptance by James A. Holden, 128;
• and Frederick B. Richards, 129.
• Taft, William Howard, President, gave a luncheon to the French delegates, 27, 45;
• from the banks of La Belle Rivière, 34;
• M. Jusserand on, 37, 38;
• at the Champlain Tercentenary, 52;
• M. Hanotaux on, 91;
• represented at dedicatory exercises by W. C. Sanger, 140;
• reviewed troops at Plattsburgh Barracks in 1909, 158;
• administration of, endorsed, 167;
• commended the Canadian troops, 187;
• obligations of Commissions to, 191;
• on a “traveling show,” 217.
• Tasso on the French, 38.
• Tawney, James Albertus, M. C., favored Tercentenary, 181.
• Taylor, John Caldwell Rainey, member of New York Commission, 225.
• “Télémaque chez Calypso,” Sèvres bisque group presented by French Government to C. B. Alexander, 111.
• Temps, Le, aided the Franco-American Committee, 16;
• represented by M. Gaston Deschamps, 17;
• M. Deschamps’ report of exercises at Crown Point and Plattsburgh in, 80.
• Tenth Infantry N. G. N. Y., Col. John I. Pruyn, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
• Tercentenary exercises, see Champlain Tercentenary Celebration.
• Thomas, John Martin, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 226;
• invited to dedications, 118;
• helped to plan programme of dedicatory exercises, 119;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• remarks of, transferring Lighthouse to the Governor of Vermont, 136;
• President of Middlebury College, 209.
• Thompson, Daniel Pierce, on the Iroquois in Vermont, 248-49.
• Thompson, Robert Means, Colonel, provided entertainment for the Commission at Ticonderoga, 192.
• Thompson, Zadock, “Northern guide” and histories of the State of Vermont by, 197.
• Thompson’s Point, summer resort on east shore, 151.
• Thornton, Arthur Whetham, Captain, defeated British at Otter Creek, 234.
• Three Rivers, The Village of, burned, 234.
• Thurston, John Mellen, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Ticonderoga, M. Jusserand on visit to, 38;
• early struggles at, 52, 55;
• Commissions and French delegation entertained at, 71-72;
• strategic importance of, 72;
• history of, 72;
• M. Hanotaux on, 92-93;
• work of restoration at, 95, 103;
• M. Bazin’s impressions of, 102-4;
• gallantry of Black Watch at, 129;
• historical incidents at, 143;
• captured by Ethan Allen, 145-46, 231-32;
• [320]history of, merits federal consideration, 228;
• in seven years’ war, 231;
• military pageant at, planned, 235.
• Ticonderoga, Steamer, chartered to take guests through Lake Champlain, 118, 119, 120, 121, 147;
• trip of, from Crown Point to Bluff Point, 151-54.
• Ticonderoga Historical Society, Library of, 198.
• Tillotson, Lee Stephen, Brig.-Gen., represented Governor of Vermont at dedicatory exercises, 120;
• at dedication of Tablet, 125;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• Address accepting Lighthouse, 138-40:
• Joint work of New York and Vermont, 138-39;
• dream of, 139;
• Vermont’s appreciation of work of Commissioners, 139;
• tribute to Champlain, 139;
• Memorial transferred to United States, 139-40;
• Address at dedication of Champlain Statue at Plattsburgh, 166-67:
• Cause of Gov. Mead’s absence, 167;
• on the scenery, 167.
• Tonty, Henri de, with Sieur de La Salle, 33.
• Torrey, Augustus, engineer, 208.
• Torrey, Joseph, President of the University of Vermont, 208;
• works of, 210.
• Tower, Charlemagne, entertained French delegates, 28.
• Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville de, Expedition of, to punish the Iroquois, 234.
• Trade between France and United States, M. Hanotaux on, 90-91.
• Trade with distant tribes, Evidences of, found, 258.
• Traversy, Capt. de, killed by the Mohawks, 234.
• Treadwell, Thomas, Judge, member of first Provincial Congress, 206.
• Treaties of Alliance, and of Amity and Commerce, with France, Centennial of, celebrated, 36.
• Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 230.
• Treaty of Cession of Louisiana, Centennial of, celebrated, 36.
• Treaty of Paris brought rest for a while, 231.
• Tri-color and Fleur-de-lis flags, The, 71.
• Turrel, Joel, M. C., from the Champlain valley, 203.
• Tuttle, Mrs. George Fuller, Remarks of, at exercises at Plattsburgh Barracks, 79-80;
• author of “Three centuries in Champlain Valley,” 211.
• Twenty-fourth U. S. Infantry, Obligations of Commission to, 191.
• United States, Arms of, on base of Memorial Lighthouse, 5;
• balance of the world’s power will rest with the, 49;
• represented at the Champlain Tercentenary, 52;
• genius of institutions of, reflected in those of France, 55;
• obligations of, to France, 41, 59-60;
• M. Hanotaux on “la puissance” of the, 60;
• un parallèle entre les deux Républiques, 62-63;
• le commerce franco-américain, 63-64;
• [321]Cardinal Gibbons on debt of, to France for great men, 97;
• Memorial Lighthouse transferred to the, 139, 140;
• found the Tercentenary an occasion to speak for international peace, 147.
• United States, Government of, Active co-operation of, 179, 187;
• invitations extended by, through Dept, of State, 179;
• entertained the foreign guests, 218;
• should detail national troops for military pageants, 235;
• should officially participate, 236.
• United States Congress—House of Representatives—Committee on Foreign Affairs,
• see Committee on Foreign Affairs.
• United States Reservation at Plattsburgh, see Plattsburgh Barracks.
• University of Paris represented by M. Vidal de la Blache, 17.
• University of Pennsylvania, Members of French delegation visit, 27.
• University of Vermont, Site of the, 151-52;
• Library of the, 198;
• Ira Allen gave property to, 199;
• fine pottery jars in Museum of, 255.
• Unveiling of the Champlain Memorial Lighthouse, 134.
• Unveiling of the Tablet at the English Fort [by Henry W. Hill], 125-29.
• Uriu, Stakichi, Vice-Admiral, represented Japan at the Champlain Tercentenary, 52, 187;
• spoke at Ticonderoga, 189.
• Vail, Henry Hobart, publisher, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Valcour Island, First naval battle at, 40, 52, 85, 152, 164, 232.
• Valcour, yacht. Thanks of Commission to Hon. Joseph C. Sibley for use of, 192.
• Van Patten, William James, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 226;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
• Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, General, 103.
• Veazey, Wheelock Graves, Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Verbeck, William, Brig.-Gen., Chief of staff of Gov. Dix, at banquet, 32;
• invited to dedications, 117;
• at dedications, 120.
• Vermont, Arms of, on Memorial Light, house, 5;
• children of, contributed to monument, 5;
• origin of name of, 82;
• Senators and Representatives from, invited, 117;
• Governor and other officials of, invited to dedications, 117;
• and prominent citizens, 118;
• altercations with New York, 135;
• a labor of love, 136;
• verses on, by Orville G. Wheeler, 152;
• Republicans in, 167;
• scenery of, 167;
• invitation to come to, 167;
• mandatory provision for schools and a university in first constitution of, 199;
• shared in general expenses and in cost of Crown Point Memorial, 218;
• controversies with New York, 232.
• [322]Vermont Commission, see Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission of Vermont.
• Vermont Historical Society, Papers and proceedings of, 198.
• Vermont Legislature, Joint memorial of, appointing Lake Champlain Commission, 223-24;
• appropriation for the Commission, 226;
• claims of the Caughnawagas presented to the, 248-49.
• Vermont State Geologist, Seventh report of, 258.
• Vermont, The, first steamboat on the Lake, 233.
• Vessel, The first sailing, on the Upper Lakes, 40.
• Vesuvius and Mt. Mansfield, 151.
• Vidal de la Blache, Paul, member of French delegation, 17, 44;
• Address at annual meeting of the Five Academies, 94-97:
• Cherished memory of visit to regions discovered by Champlain, 94;
• history revived as scenes were visited, 94-95;
• Ticonderoga, 95;
• exercises at Crown Point reviewed, 95;
• progress into Canada, 96;
• adoption by America of French heroes, 96;
• emphasis of history on great Frenchmen, 97;
• our American work not a failure, 97;
• beauty of style of, 110.
• Vignan, Nicholas de, Champlain’s mercy to, 164.
• Villages, No permanent Indian, because of hostilities, 250.
• “Vive la France,” 86;
• the sentiment of the friends made in America by the French delegation, 110.
• Volontaires, Les, de l’Amitié, 64.
• Volontaires, Les, de la foi et de l’espérance, 64.
• Volontaires, Les, de la Liberté et de l’Indépendance, 64.
• Vosges, The, with Retournemer and Longemer, suggested by view at Carillon, 104.
• Voyages across Atlantic, Nine, made by Champlain, 138.
• “Voyages and Discoveries,” by Samuel Champlain, 81.
• Vreeland, Edward Butterfield, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
• Wade, Martin Joseph, from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Wadhams, Albion Varette, Commodore, a native of the Champlain valley, 208.
• Wadhams, Rt. Rev. Bishop Edgar Prindle, born in the Champlain valley, 208.
• Wadsworth, James Wolcott, Jr., member of New York Commission, 225.
• Waldegrave, James, 2d earl, Pointe de la Couronne in letter of, 240.
• Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, Banquet in Astor gallery of the, 31;
• John H. Finley toastmaster at, 31, 111.
• Walker, Aldace Freeman, Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Walker, Jesse, Judge, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Walker, Stephen Ambrose, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• [323]Walworth, Reuben Hyde, M. C. and State Chancellor, 205, 207.
• War of 1812, British and Canadian documents relating to the, 198.
• Warner, Seth, Colonel, captured Crown Point, 128, 146.
• Warrens, Independence and resolution of the, 199.
• Washington, George, French delegation place wreath of flowers on tomb of, 26;
• on justice to the Indians, 38;
• M. Hanotaux on, 46;
• influence of, on Lafayette and other Frenchmen, 54;
• portrait of, in American homes, 65;
• statue of, offered Versailles by Virginia, 75.
• Washington, D. C., Hospitalities extended to French delegation at, 16, 26-27;
• M. Hanotaux on, 46; M. Bazin on, 101.
• Waterman, Charles Winfield, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Watson, William, on Beauty, 153.
• Watson, Winslow Charles, Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
• Watson, Winslow Cossoul, “Military and Political History of Essex County,” “Men and times of the Revolution,” and “Pioneer history of the Champlain Valley,” by, 197.
• Weapons of stone, copper, and iron found in the valley, 249, 251, 257-58.
• Weaver, William Rice, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218;
• supervised the Plattsburgh Memorial, 6;
• on Committee to arrange for its dedication, 119;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• services rendered by, 218.
• Weed, Mr. and Mrs. George Standish, received distinguished guests, 159.
• Weed, Smith Mead, entertained Commissioners and guests, 158-59;
• lawyer, 207.
• Welcome to French delegation on its arrival, 16.
• Wells, William, General, native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Wentworth, Rev. John Brodhead, D. D., Works of, 211.
• Westport, summer resort, 151.
• Wever, John Madison, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
• Wheeler, James Rignall, Professor of Greek archæology and art, from the Champlain valley, 214.
• Wheeler, Rev. Orville Gould, verses on Vermont, 152;
• Semi-Centennial Poem of University of Vermont, 212.
• Wheeler, William Adolphus, from the Champlain valley, 203.
• White, Edward Douglass, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, from the banks of the Mississippi, 33.
• White House, Luncheon at the, to French delegation, 27.
• White man, The, and less advanced races, 39;
• Champlain the first, in the region, 137, 164, 224.
• Whiting’s, Col. Nathan, Connecticut Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Wickersham, George Woodward, Attorney-General of U. S., guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31;
• Address of, at banquet, 34-37:
• Tribute to Champlain, 34-35;
• [324]embassy from French nation has worthy object, 35;
• illustrious French names in history of American continent, 35-36;
• French commemorations here, 36;
• welcome and tribute to French delegation, 37;
• accepts the bust “La France,” 37.
• Wilbur, Rev. Earl Morse, native of the Champlain valley, 214.
• Wilcox, Dr. Reynolds Webb, at unveiling of the Tablet at English Fort, 126.
• Wilderness, Awful stillness of the, 144.
• Wilds, Percival, looked after details of banquet, 31;
• Secretary of Lake Champlain Association, 117, 118.
• Willard, George, from the Champlain valley, 204.
• Willard’s, Col., Massachusetts Regiment under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• Winooski River, The, 248.
• Witherbee, Sherman & Co., gave English forts at Crown Point to the State, 151, 239.
• Witherbee, Mrs. Annie E., Discoveries about the old French Fort made by, 76-77.
• Witherbee, Miss Evelyn, unveiled tablet at English fort, 121, 126.
• Witherbee, Frank Spencer, looked after details of banquet, 31;
• met guests and Commissioners at Port Henry, 72;
• made Knight of Legion of Honor, 110;
• invited to dedications, 117;
• present at dedicatory exercises at Crown Point and Plattsburgh, 118;
• Port Henry home of, 151;
• Commission grateful to, 192;
• member of New York Commission, 110, 225.
• Witherbee, Miss Louise G., unveiled Memorial Lighthouse, 134.
• Witherbee, Walter Crafts, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 226;
• Treasurer of the Commission, iii, 80, 133, 261;
• Chairman of Committee on Building Memorial Lighthouse, 6, 119;
• met guests and Commissioners at Port Henry, 72;
• tribute of M. Deschamps to, 80;
• made Knight of Legion of Honor, 110;
• Chairman of Committee of arrangements for dedication of the Crown Point Memorial, 119;
• at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
• Port Henry the home of, 151;
• entertained Commission, 192;
• services rendered by, 218;
• Financial Statement, 263.
• Witherbee Band, The, played for French guests, 72, 82.
• Wood, Leonard, accompanied French delegates to Mount Vernon, 26.
• Wood, Thomas Waterman, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Woodbridge, Frederick Enoch, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 205.
• Woodford, Stewart Lyndon, General, at banquet to French delegation, 32.
• Woodruff, Frank Edward, Professor, from the Champlain valley, 208.
• Worcester’s, Col. David, Connecticut Regiment, under Gen. Amherst, 127.
• [325]Wright, George Frederick, D.D., Works of, 212.
• Wright, George Murray, lawyer, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
• Wright, Silas, educated at Middlebury College in the Champlain valley, 203.
• Wurth, Herman, Sculptor of Tablet at Fort Amherst, 125.
• Xaintongeois, Long live the, 81.
• Year Books, record of antiquarian jurisprudence, 41-42.
• Year 1914, The, centenary of peace, 78.
• York and Lancaster factions acted under legal claims to crown, 40.
• Yorktown, Battle of, French aid at, 59.
• Young America seems Old France to M. Deschamps, 81.