The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XII., No.
2, February 1880, by Various

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.

Title: The Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XII., No. 2, February 1880

Author: Various

Editor: William Saunders

Release Date: October 30, 2018 [EBook #58210]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, FEBRUARY 1880 ***




Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive)

[21]

The Canadian Entomologist.

ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF SATYRUS.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

1. Nephele.—Kirby, Faun. Bor. Amer., 1837, described this species as follows: “Wings brown; primaries both above and below with a paler submarginal broad band including two eyelets; the upper ones surrounded by a paler atmosphere, with a black iris and white pupil; on the under side the atmosphere of the eyelets is most distinct and forms a kind of glory round them,” etc. Nothing is said of the sex, but apparently this is the description of a female. The wings of the male are blackish-brown, usually of uniform shade throughout—that is, in the typical male, corresponding to the female of Kirby. But there is a frequent departure from this type in the direction of Alope, the “pale atmosphere” about the ocelli appearing in the male, and in both sexes gradually widening and becoming less obscure till it culminates in a clear yellow band. When this is reached we have Alope, Fabr. So that Nephele intergrades completely with Alope. But this is not everywhere and always. The metropolis of the typical Nephele is in Canada and northern New England, that of Alope in the States south of New York. There is a line running about with the southern boundary of New York, or it may be, in Pennsylvania, below which Alope holds sole possession, and no tendency is discoverable towards Nephele. In the extreme northern area, if there is any departure from typical Nephele, it is the exception, not the rule.

Mr. Scudder, in his essay on The Distribution of Insects in New Hampshire, 1874, says of Alope: “This insect is tolerably abundant, sometimes very common, in the southern half of New England. The most northern localities … are Norway, Me., Thornton and Shelburne, N. H., and Sudbury, Vt.” Thornton is just south of the White Mountains, and Shelburne is close by the mountains on the north-east. Of Nephele he says: “It is found over the whole northern half of N. E. in great abundance. The only locality in which I have met with it is in Massachusetts, in the elevated region about Williamstown,” &c.[22] This place is in the north-west corner of the State, next the Vermont line, and the elevated region spoken of is a continuation of the Green Mountains. So it appears that Nephele comes down to the Massachusetts line and Alope flies as far as the White Mountains. In the intervening district the intergrades fly just as in New York.

I made application to Canadian lepidopterists for information about the occurrence of Alope, and soon ascertained by examples sent me that Nephele with a pale atmosphere, but not at all indicative of a band, passed by the name of Alope. Thereupon I sent a typical Alope to Mr. William Murray, of Hamilton, who kindly offered to make inquiry of his acquaintances in different sections of Ontario. He replies, 31st Dec, 1879: “I now send you my information. Of all my correspondents not one has ever seen an Alope that has been taken in Canada, but Nephele has been taken by all. I begin to think that Alope is not to be found in Canada at any point.”

Mr. H. H. Lyman writes from Montreal: “In July, 1876, I spent a couple of days at a farm near Freligsburg. P. Q., one mile north of the Vermont border, and found Nephele very common. Most of the specimens taken showed a yellow ring about the eye-spots on primaries, but one of them shows on upper side a somewhat faint, but quite discernible, patch corresponding to the yellow band of Alope. Was at same place in 1877. Alope was not seen either year.” Mr. Caulfield writes Mr. Lyman: “I have never taken a specimen of Nephele showing any tendency towards Alope, nor have I seen any Canadian examples showing it.” Mr. Lyman adds that at Portland, Maine, where he collected several summers, Alope was common as well as Nephele and all intergrades.

(To the west of New York, in the latitude of the belt spoken of, it is believed that the two forms fly together at least as far as Wisconsin. Prof. A. J. Cook writes that both are common in Michigan, south of the latitude of Grand Rapids. At Toledo, Mr. John Wilson writes that Nephele is rare, and Alope unknown, so far as appears. At Cleveland, O., Dr. J. F. Isom informs me that Alope is very rare, but that Nephele is abundant in some seasons. In south-west Ohio, Dr. H. K. Landis, of Columbus, writes that he cannot learn that either form has ever been taken. They are not mentioned in Mr. Dury’s list of butterflies found about Cincinnati. But in northern Illinois Nephele is abundant and Alope not found at all. So that somewhere between New York and Illinois, in Ohio and Indiana, Alope seems to disappear, while Nephele becomes[23] the sole form; but whether the separation is abrupt or gradual is not ascertained. As the information which I have been able to gather is so meagre as regards the States west of New York. I shall confine my remarks to that State and New England.[1])

We have therefore in these separated districts two apparently good species, answering to any definition of that name. But between, there is a belt of latitude passing through New York and southern New England, where in one section or other both types are found and the whole series of intergrades. In this belt Alope and Nephele are found to be dimorphic forms of one and the same species. I formerly was of the opinion that they were distinct species, though in some districts there were intergrades. I thought these approaches of one to the other did not bridge the whole space between. In a paper printed in Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, 1866, I gave my reasons therefor. But some observations made in July, 1876, at Martha’s Vineyard, led me to suspect a closer relationship between the two species or forms. In the open country back of Oak Bluffs, I found these butterflies fresh from chrysalis, and in considerable numbers. They were all very black, diminutive, and there was every grade from what I had been in the habit of calling Nephele to unquestionable Alope, with a broad clear-colored band. The band was not yellow, however, as in the typical Alope, but reddish-yellow like that of Pegala, which Fabricius called rufa in distinction from flava, applied to Alope. Mr. Scudder took the same small reddish-banded form on Nantucket, which island is about 30 miles from the mainland, Martha’s Vineyard being about 7. I call this variety Maritima, but whether it is restricted to the islands, or appears on the adjacent coast, I am not yet advised. Mr. Mead obtained for me a large number of eggs of this butterfly, while at the Bluffs shortly after my departure. They were laid by the broad-banded females in confinement and mailed to Coalburgh. There the larvæ hatched out, and these as well as the eggs were found to be precisely like the same stages of Nephele from Catskills. But none of the larvæ survived the winter.

[24]

In the belt spoken of, Nephele rather keeps to the highlands. It is the prevailing form in the Catskills, if with it are classed the intergrades, but full-banded Alope may be taken in small numbers every season. Along the Hudson River, Alope is the common form, but I have received intergrades very near to Nephele from Mr. Hulst, taken at Hoboken, N. J.; and a black Nephele ♂ from Mr. H. Laitloff, which he writes me was taken some five years since near Greenville, Jersey City. It was so unusual a form that Mr. Laitloff sent it to me for name. At Coalburgh, W. Va., Nephele is never seen, but Alope is the only form; and so on southward.

2.—Alope was described by Fabricius, Ent. Syst., 1793, as fuscous (fusca) with a yellow (flava) band; with two ocelli on fore wings; on hind wing one ocellus above, six below. The band is very broad in the female, usually narrower in the male, pale yellow in both sexes. The ocelli resemble those of Nephele and vary in same manner. Usually they are round, but sometimes oval; are either small or large, often equal, but sometimes the upper is larger, at others the lower. Now and then a third pupilled ocellus appears, and individuals have been taken with but one ocellus (the upper). It is not very unusual to find examples in which a black point, or what may be considered as a rudimentary ocellus, presents itself. On the upper side of hind wing is often a small but complete ocellus near inner angle, but in many cases it is partly or wholly wanting; and occasionally there are one or two black spots in addition. The males in the majority of examples have six small ocelli on the under side of the hind wings; the females rarely have six, and often none at all. At the north, Alope is blackish-brown, more brown in the female; but to the southward brown prevails in both sexes; and it is of a lighter shade, while the under side has a tint of yellow more or less decided over whole surface, often mixed with gray. The band is of yellow, or with a slight ochrey tint. This is a description of the extreme southern type, and to distinguish I call it var. Texana. All examples from Texas which I have seen have a complete anal ocellus, and six ocelli beneath, of pretty large size—larger than in northern Alope—in distinct ochrey rings; the pupils white points with a few blue scales about them in the larger ocelli. Of 70 Nephele ♂ examined, 50 have 6 ocelli, 11 have 5, 3 have 4, 3 have 3, 2 have 1, 1 has 0.

Of 55 Nephele ♀, 6 have 6, 1 has 5, 4 have 4, 13 have 3, 7 have 2, 13 have 1, 11 have 0.

Of 24 Alope ♂, 15 have 6 ocelli, 3 have 5, 4 have 1, 2 have 0.

[25]

Of 25 Alope ♀, 12 have 6, 1 has 4, 4 have 2, 4 have 1, 4 have 0.

Therefore of Nephele ♂, 71 per cent. have 6 ocelli, 4 per cent. have under 3; 1.4 per cent. have 0.

Of Nephele ♀, 11 per cent. have 6, 56 per cent. have under 3, 20 per cent. have 0.

Of Alope ♂, 62 per cent. have 6 ocelli, 25 per cent. under 3, 8 per cent. 0.

Of Alope ♀, 24 per cent. have 6, 48 per cent. have under 3, 16 per cent. have 0.

3.—The dark Satyrus which inhabits Illinois and westward has gone by the name of Nephele, though differing somewhat from Nephele of the east. I was struck by the difference between a series sent me by the late Mr. Walsh from Galena, years ago and when I first began collecting butterflies, and a series of Nephele taken in the Catskills, and I have always kept the two apart in my cases, considering the Illinois form as at least a well marked variety. Mr. Worthington has recently written me: “I have received a lot of Nephele from New Hampshire and am surprised at the difference between them and the Illinois Nephele.”

The males of this last are almost black, the ocelli are very small and without rings. But in some examples there is a faint russet or yellowish tint about the ocelli, and perhaps on the space between them. On the under side the rings are russet or ochraceous, on both wings. The females are almost invariably and uniformly dark, and only occasionally is there a paler shade over the extra discal area of fore wings. Out of a number of females I find but one in which there is a clouded yellow space about the ocelli, and only three on which there are yellow, though hazy, ocellar rings. Of 16 ♂, 14 have 6 small ocelli beneath, 1 has 5, 1 has 2. Of 19 ♀, 2 have 6, 2 have 5, 6 have 4, 2 have 3, 6 have 2, 1 has 1. This form prevails exclusively to the Rocky Mountains. I have received it from Nebraska, Montana, Colorado and New Mexico, but Alope is unknown to me from that region.

In Can. Ent., ix., 141, 1877, I gave the history of Nephele, bred from eggs laid by a typical female from the Catskill Mountains, Hunter, N. Y. In fall of 1878, I wrote to several correspondents for eggs, and by their good will obtained many. Prof. Lintner and Dr. Bailey sent eggs of Alope from Albany, N. Y. Rev. Mr. Hulst, with the zeal and kindness which distinguishes him, crossed the rivers from Brooklyn to Hoboken, and[26] brought away females of Alope, from which he obtained eggs for me. I got Alope eggs here at Coalburgh from three females. A friend at Hunter sent eggs of Nephele, and Mr. Worthington sent many of the Illinois form from Chicago. In each case the parent was sent with the eggs that the type might be noted. From Albany, Hoboken is 150 miles south; Coalburgh 800 miles southwest; Hunter is 35 miles southwest of Albany and of about 2,000 feet greater elevation. Chicago is about 800 miles northwest of Coalburgh and 1,000 west of Albany. So that the five localities are separated by considerable distances, and there has probably been no intercommunication at any time so far as these insects are concerned.

The eggs of the six lots were kept apart and as the larvæ hatched (at from 14 to 28 days from deposition, depending on the temperature), they were placed on sods in separate pots and left in the coolest room in my house. But some of the Illinois eggs were sent to Mr. C. P. Whitney, at Milford, N. H., who offered to put them on ice. I wished to try the effect of cold in retarding the hatching. Early in February I received the boxes again and found a number of healthy larvæ, with a few unbroken eggs. These last proved to be dead. The eggs had been sent in a paper pill box which was within a flat tin box, and this was set directly on the ice. The young larvæ when I received them were fixed to the rough sides of their box and had not been attacked by mould, the enemy most to be dreaded. Mr. Whitney wrote that he was notified in December that the ice-house was empty, and he thereupon removed the tin box without opening it, and placed it in a snow bank, where it remained till I sent for it. The larvæ may have been emerging from the eggs when he first received them, or perhaps did so in the interval between ice-house and snow. This method of keeping larvæ which become lethargic immediately upon leaving the egg will probably be found successful with all species of butterflies which have that habit—as the large Argynnids—and make it possible to breed them in numbers. I have been unable to find any other mode of wintering such larvæ without a certain loss of most of them.

On 23rd Jan., 1879, I transferred such of the Satyrid larvæ as were living (and this included some of each lot) to fresh sods, and 28th Jan. noticed that several were feeding. One Hunter Nephele passed 1st moult 23rd Feb’y, and before 4th March several of the same lot had passed the moult. But the Illinois Nephele and all Alope lingered. One Coalburgh Alope and one from Hoboken passed 1st moult 7th March, by which date[27] the Hunter Nephele spoken of was swollen for 2nd moult, which it passed two days later. Two Illinois Nephele passed 1st moult 8th March. To the end some of the Hunter Nephele were in advance of all, and some of the Illinois examples lingered behind all. The stages of Coalburgh Alope were as follows:

Of Hunter Nephele I find no notes, but in 1877 the stages were

Of Illinois Nephele the stages were:

The eggs of all these forms are alike, not to be distinguished from each other. They are conoidal, truncated at top and slightly arched; marked by about 18 vertical ridges running from base to top, the spaces between excavated roundly, and crossed by fine striæ; the top is covered with shallow cells, the outer ones irregularly hexagonal, the inner long and narrow about a central oval cell.

Nor can the larvæ of these forms be distinguished from each other up to second moult. The young, of first stage, are very peculiar and quite unlike what they become after first moult, as well as unlike all other Satyrid larvæ which I have bred. Under the microscope they look like the vertebræ of a fish, by reason of the many rows of long hooked bristles, those of upper and lower rows being curved back, the middle row forward.[28] General color carnation, with a medio-dorsal line, and three lines on each side, all of crimson. After 1st moult the color is green, and the stripes, which are the same in number and position as the lines of first stage, are dark green; the hairs short and straight.

After 2nd moult the color becomes yellow-green and the stripes are changed. There is now a dark green one on middle of dorsum and a yellow one covering the ridge over the feet. On 24th March, I compared Hoboken Alope, Hunter and Illinois Nephele, of same age, all lately past second moult, and could see no difference whatever between them. Some Alope and Hunter Nephele were much covered with long hairs which were bent to the surface and gave them quite a shaggy appearance. But others did not show this peculiarity.

On 18th April, I compared Coalburgh Alope and Nephele from both localities, all past 3rd moult; length from .68 to .75 inch. All were yellow-green and in general alike; all had the yellow basal ridge, but in addition to this, the Illinois Nephele had a distinct longitudinal yellow stripe on upper part of side, and on either edge of the green dorsal stripe was a fine yellow line. The Hunter Nephele showed very faint traces of the yellow side stripe; the Alope none at all.

Comparing another Coalburgh Alope and Hunter Nephele a few days later, both past 3rd moult, neither showed traces of these lines and I could see no difference between the two.

At 4th moult all the Illinois Nephele, now .7 inch long, showed same peculiarities as at last stage. No other larva of the several lots presented the yellow lines so plainly at the same age, that is, just after the moult; but there were one or more Alope and Hunter Nephele which gave indications of the side line, and this came out more distinctly as the stage progressed. But most were without the side line.

Comparing mature larvæ:

Summary as to larvæ:

The five lots could not be separated before 2nd moult. After that, through the stages to maturity, the Alope from different localities and the Hunter Nephele varied somewhat in the shade of green, being more or less yellow; in some yellow prevailing on dorsum, green on sides; all had the yellow band on basal ridge, either pale or deep colored. If the yellow side line was present, as in some examples it was, it was indistinct, or obsolescent. They varied also in the hairy surface, some having the hairs short and upright, others long and bent down. The Hunter Nephele could not be distinguished from Alope by any permanent character.

The Illinois larvæ were deep yellow-green after second moult, and the side stripe was always present and distinct. The hairs were never long and bent. The larvæ were distinguishable from all the others.

Comparing chrysalids:

One Albany Alope, A; length .56 inch, greatest breadth .21 inch; color deep green, covered with smooth specks and patches of a lighter color, but which scarcely affect the general green hue; top of head case, ridge of mesonotum and ventral edges of wing cases cream color. This was the only one I obtained, and it produced a male butterfly.

One Hoboken Alope, same size and color, and produced a male.

One Hunter Nephele, length .6, br. .2 inch; was precisely like the Albany Alope in appearance, and produced a male.

Another Hoboken Alope; color yellow-green, and on the dorsum were three longitudinal yellow bands, one on middle of abdomen, ending at base of mesonotum, the others sub-dorsal, extending from last segment to head. This died before imago.

One Coalburgh Alope; length .8, br. .24 inch; bright yellow-green, covered with the lighter specks and patches, but not so as to obscure the ground; the wing cases clouded with darker green in long stripes; the three yellow dorsal bands as in the Alope last mentioned; edges of head, wing cases and mesonotum cream color. This produced a female butterfly, with broad yellow band and like the parent.

[30]

Another Coalburgh Alope, length .6, br. .22 inch; like the foregoing, being both banded and clouded. Produced a female butterfly, with broad yellow band.

One Hunter Nephele, B; color yellow-green, bands and clouding of wings present but indistinct. Produced a female.

Three Hunter Nephele; all yellow-green, with no bands or clouding; the edgings cream color. These all gave males. The chrysalis described Can. Ent., ix., 143, produced a female, but showed no band or clouds; the edgings cream color.

Two Illinois examples; length .6, br. .22 inch; color a pale blue-green, the powdery covering giving a whitish hue to the whole; no bands or clouds; the edges of mesonotum, head and wing cases white. Both these gave males. I obtained no females from this lot.

Summary as to chrysalids:

The largest Alope and Hunter Nephele were alike in color and in dorsal stripes, clouds on wings, and edgings of head case, etc.; but the bands and clouds were most distinct in Alope. All these large chrysalids produced female butterflies. The plainer and smaller chrysalids were male. But one female Nephele chrysalis is recorded as without clouds or bands.

The Illinois chrysalids were of same shape as the rest, but were small and plain colored, and were blue or whitish-green; the edgings white instead of cream color. They were readily to be distinguished from any other.

Results in butterflies:

The chrysalis A, Albany Alope, gave a male not differing from many males taken at Hunter, and which there I always regarded as true Nephele, though off type, being without band, but with a narrow yellow nimbus about the ocelli and connecting them, the edges everywhere fading into the black ground.

On the other hand, the chrysalis B, Hunter Nephele, gave a typical female Alope, with a broad and clear yellow band. The female which emerged in 1877 from the Hunter Nephele before spoken of had both ocelli surrounded and connected by yellow, and stood midway between the types of the two forms.

The two chrysalids from Illinois, as I have said, gave males; one wholly dark, the irides without rings; the other had a faint russet nimbus about them, and over the intervening space was a tint of russet.

The Coalburgh chrysalids produced typical Alope, with broad yellow[31] bands, and like the females which laid the eggs. Therefore outside the belt of dimorphism Alope produced Alope, but inside the belt Alope produced Nephele and Nephele produced Alope.

In conclusion:

In Canada the typical Nephele is the only form representing the genus Satyrus, except that possibly in some localities Alope or intergrades may appear; but if so, it is only occasionally. In New York and part of New England a belt of latitude is passed where in one section or other both these forms fly, besides an endless variety of intergrades. Finally, Alope emerges in the south from this belt as the only form, and inhabits a broad zone, which ends about with the southern line of North Carolina and of Tennessee, but at the southwest flies in parts of Texas, and has become slightly modified when compared with the Alope of the middle States. And to the west, somewhere between New York and Illinois, Alope disappears, and a slightly changed form of Nephele presents itself, and occupies the country to and on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains. In some cases this cannot be distinguished from the typical Nephele, but as a whole, it has taken a departure, and has come to have differences in its larva and chrysalis. I call this form variety Olympus (after the companion of the satyr Marsyas when the latter had his little difficulty with Apollo).

The relationship between Alope and Nephele is in good degree paralleled by L. Arthemis and Proserpina, the first of which occupies the northern half of the Continent, but is dimorphic with the other in a belt of latitude which passes through the northern States from Maine to Wisconsin. Proserpina emerges from this belt on the south, and grades imperceptibly into Ursula, which last changes gradually till it has acquired a type, in Arizona, as different from that in which it manifests itself in Pennsylvania as the Texan Alope is from Alope of New York. This belt is nearly coterminous on both north and south with the belt of dimorphism in the Satyrids. It is worthy of note also that the dimorphism of P. Turnus begins inside this belt.

In this last-named species it has been supposed that the melanic form (confined to the female, Glaucus) first originated by accident, and was afterwards perpetuated and obtained an advantage over the yellow form, and finally in good degree supplanted it throughout its southern area, and that the existence of enemies had much to do with the suppression of one form, while their absence favored the other. What influence has[32] gradually transmuted Alope into Nephele it is difficult to conjecture. It could not here be the presence or absence of enemies which has affected one or other form. And if it is climatic, what can there be in common between the climate of Canada and Illinois which encourages Nephele and extinguishes Alope?

In a second paper I shall speak of Pegala and the Pacific species of this genus.

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.

BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA, ONT.

Entomology seems to be gradually throwing off the veil of contempt under which it has been so long hidden. The Botanist has always to a certain extent been deemed a philosopher from the important part plants play in Pharmacy; the Geologist and Mineralogist, too, from the possibility of their discovering precious metals have been treated by the outside unscientific world as sages worthy of some respect. Entomologists, however, have not thus been honored by the masses. The question would be asked—What tangible results can come from collecting flies and bugs and sticking pins through them? and in vain the amount of damage done by insects year by year might be estimated and pointed out. This state of affairs though I believe is now at an end. The claims of the science on all agriculturists and horticulturists are daily becoming more apparent. The institution of the United States Entomological Commission, and the success that has attended that organization from the happy choice of such men as Messrs. C. V. Riley and A. S. Packard as directors, has perhaps done more than anything else to open people’s eyes to the fact that after all there is something in Entomology. In Canada, too, much good work has been done. In 1868 two Entomological magazines were started, our own important organ, the Canadian Entomologist, in August, for Ontario; and Le Naturaliste Canadien, edited by the Abbé Provancher, in December, for Quebec; to these is chiefly due the progress the science has made in Canada. The Editors of the Canadian Entomologist—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune (1868-1873), and since that time our present[33] esteemed Editor—have always by their many charming and descriptive papers evinced a desire to make the study of Entomology as fascinating and easy as possible for beginners, while at the same time they have paid full respect to their scientific readers. Le Naturaliste Canadien is published in the French language. It was commenced in December, 1868, from which time the Abbé Provancher has fought bravely, and almost single-handed, against all obstacles, striving by its means to create among the French Canadians a love for the natural sciences, particularly Entomology. I am very sorry to see by the December number that on account of the grant which the Editor received from the Government having been discontinued, his valuable work may possibly be stopped; this would be a great pity, and every Entomologist ought to give a hand in helping him out of his difficulty. The magazine has been of great value to the farmers of Lower Canada, who in its pages have always received courteous answers on any subjects in the many branches of natural history affecting agriculture.

In the eleven volumes of the Entomologist now published, or in the Annual Reports of the Society, descriptions of nearly all the common Canadian insects, and illustrations of many of them, will be found. I would particularly call attention to a paper in the Annual Report of 1872 by Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, entitled “Beneficial Insects.” This gives an outline sketch in a concise manner of the different divisions into which insects are divided and the distinguishing points of each.

With the above mentioned volumes and Dr. Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects, a very complete knowledge of the rudiments of Entomology can be obtained; the rest can only be learned by observation and experience in the field. Undoubtedly the first and most important step of all is to commence a collection. Study can only be carried on satisfactorily from the actual specimens, which should be examined alive whenever possible and full notes taken of any striking peculiarities observed; when preparing specimens for the cabinet, the one idea which has to be borne in mind, and upon which the whole value and beauty of the collection depends, is that they may appear natural, and a knowledge of how to effect this can only be attained by observing living specimens.

At the last annual meeting of the Society the importance of popularizing Entomology was discussed, and the Editor of the Entomologist kindly consented to give up some space every month entirely to popular Entomology, for the benefit of beginners and others who are unable to[34] study the science systematically; this step it was considered might materially increase the usefulness of our Society. It is proposed to have short papers on individual species, which will be illustrated whenever possible, and there will also be papers on the best modes of making and preserving collections. The work will be considerably facilitated if beginners will state any difficulties which they may encounter, for it is only by their mentioning their difficulties that the Editor can know how to assist them. Any questions which are of such a nature that they will be likely to assist others in their studies will be answered through the pages of the Entomologist when space admits.

THE CALOSOMAS OR CATERPILLAR-HUNTERS.

These insects belong to the Family called Carabidæ, which is a large and difficult Family to study, or even to define and limit exactly. The insects belonging to it are remarkable for their graceful forms, and at the same time for their cruel and predaceous habits, both in the larval and perfect states. It is this last trait which makes them such useful auxiliaries to the horticulturist.

Fig. 4.

The better known of the two represented here is called Calosoma calidum, Fabr., (fig. 4) or “The Glowing Beautiful-bodied Caterpillar-hunter.” As an exception to the general rule, its English name is more formidable than the Latin; but so important a personage is its bearer that I will not deprive him of a single letter of his title, and indeed am almost tempted to add to it the words “most useful.” It well merits its appellation, Calosoma (Kalos = beautiful, and Soma = a body). Fig. 4 gives a life-size representation of it. The color of the polished elytra or wing-covers is a deep blue-black, and the six rows of dots with which they are adorned are of a fiery burnished red, for which reason it has been called by the specific name of calidum. The legs in our figure are too thick and clumsy, but it must be well known to everyone. It may generally be found in early summer in damp pastures, either hidden under stones or running in the grass in search of caterpillars and other soft-bodied insects. Jaeger, who first called the members of this genus caterpillar-hunters, says “they may be found every morning and evening upon the branches of trees, looking out for caterpillars and[35] devouring them.” They do not, however, restrict themselves to caterpillars, for they will attack and devour a perfect June-bug when fresh from the pupa state and soft, with apparently the same relish as their special dainty, a fat Cut-worm. In the larval state they are equally rapacious; they lurk in holes in the ground or under sticks and stones in the day-time, and only leave their retreats as night draws on to go in search of prey. Every spring I have several of these useful and luckily common beetles brought to me by kind friends who have found them in their gardens. To the enquiry, “Is this of any use to you?” I have always the answer ready, which somewhat surprises them: “No, but it is of particular use to you; take it carefully back and put it in your garden again; it is the best friend you have there, for it feeds entirely upon your enemies, the Wire-worms, Cut-worms and White-worms.”

I am sure that through the agency of this beetle alone I have been able to gain more respect for the science of Entomology among horticulturists than from all the rest put together.

Fig. 5.

Much resembling this beetle in shape, but of a very much more striking appearance, is its near relative, Calosoma scrutator, Fabr., the “Beautiful-bodied Searcher,” fig. 5. The color of its wing-covers is bright metallic green, garnished with longitudinal lines and sparsely punctured; round the margin runs an effective line of coppery-red. The head, thorax and legs are almost black; the margin of the thorax having a greenish tinge. The under side is of a deep burnished blue-green hue. Its habits are the same as those of C. calidum, but it is a much rarer insect. I have never seen a live specimen; but they are occasionally found in Ontario, and dead specimens are said to be frequently washed up on the outer shore of Toronto Island after a southerly gale.

Annual Report of the Entomological Society for the Year 1879.—The Annual Report of our Society for the past year is now nearly ready for issue. Members may expect to receive their copies within a few days.

[36]

THREE NEW SPECIES OF BOTIS.

BY A. R. GROTE,
Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences.

Botis oppilalis, n. sp.

♂ ♀ Allied to the feudalis, s-linealis group. Pale ochrey, opaque, powdered with deeper ochre and fuscous scales. Discal dots small, indistinct, orbicular a solid point, reniform an open ring. Lines acutely dentate. Outer line exserted opposite the cell, forming an inward tooth at vein 2, and again another at vein 1, on primaries. On hind wings the outer line runs evenly outward till over the median nervules, where it approaches the margin, then running inwardly and straight across to internal margin. This species wants the usual subcostal indentation of the outer line on secondaries. A terminal ochre line. Thorax deep ochrey. Beneath whitish; primaries shaded with ochrey superiorly; markings of upper surface faintly repeated. Fringes concolorous or a little paler than wings. Expanse 28 mil. Two specimens, Mass.; one male sent me by Prof. Peabody from Amherst, Mass.; Maine, Dr. Packard.

Botis oscitalis, n. s.

♂ ♀ Allied to the preceding, but both the discal marks are open. Opaque, ochrey, but more dusty, or fuscous tinted. Lines in lunulated thick scallops, not fine and dentate. Outer line forming three more exserted scallops over median nervules, strongly drawn in below median vein, with an outward projection below vein 2, else the lower part of the line is tolerably even. Hind wings paler than primaries with the outer line drawn in sub-costally and forming three exserted lunules over the median nervules, thence running inwardly and more evenly and faintly to internal margin. Fringes a little paler than the wing; terminal line obsolete. Head and thorax like fore wings. Beneath paler, with the pale fuscous markings repeated, slightly iridescent; body parts whitish. Labial palpi dark above, whitish beneath. Expanse 27 mil. Two specimens, Ohio, Mr. Dury; Maine, Dr. Packard.

Botis dissectalis, n. s.

Allied to marculenta. Of the same bright yellow, shading to ochreous at base of primaries on costa and sides of the thorax in front. Ornamentation sub-obsolete. This species wants the subterminal line of[37] marculenta. Instead there is a vague and broad darker shade only visible with attention. The outer line is rounded outwardly over the median nervules, as in trimaculalis. It is apparently disconnected below vein 3, appearing again higher up below the open reniform and describing an inward curve above vein 1. The orbicular dot is imperceptible and the inner line very faint. Fringes faintly discolorous, being pale fuscous, concolorous with the lines. Hind wings very pale fuscous with a slight yellow cast. The line is continuous, squarely projected over median nervules, very different from allied forms. A pale terminal line before the pale fuscous fringes. Beneath largely washed with fuscous, legs outwardly white. On primaries the marking of the upper surface reappears relieved by pale interspaceal blotches; hind wings pale fuscous, uniform, with the line repeated. Palpi white beneath, dark at the sides. Habitat, Hamilton, Ontario, Mr. Moffat. The species seems a little stouter bodied than marculenta, of about the same expanse.

CORRESPONDENCE.

SWARMING OF ARCHIPPUS.

Dear Sir,—

The assembling of D. archippus referred to in Can. Ent. is perhaps not so frequently noticed as their passing over localities in flocks. Several years ago I saw them congregating in a bit of woods in the neighborhood of the city which I was visiting at the time. At least every other day they were hanging in a listless kind of manner to the underside of branches in immense numbers, with their wings closed, and not noticeable unless disturbed, very few being on the wing. Their favorite resting place seemed to be dead pine twigs, which would be drooping with their weight, and in more than one instance I saw one too many light and the twig snap, and send a dozen or more into the air to seek for another perch. In going to and from the woods I have seen several of them at once coming from different directions, high in the air, sailing along in their own easy and graceful way, all converging to the one spot. I did not see them depart. I went one day and could not find one in the woods; and as there were thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands of them, it would have been a fine sight to see them go. The following year they were remarkably scarce and it was three years before they were even moderately plenty.

J. Alston Moffat, Hamilton, Ont.

[38]

SWARMING OF ARCHIPPUS.

Dear Sir,—

I was surprised to learn from the letter of Mr. Edwards in your last issue, that the flocking of archippus is not a well known fact in Entomology, and in view of this I venture to add a few facts in regard to it which may be of interest.

Fig. 6.

While spending the winter of 1875-76 in Apalachicola, Florida, I found one of these archippus swarms in a pine grove not far from the town. The trees were literally festooned with butterflies within an area of about an acre, and they were clustered so thickly that the trees seemed to be covered with dead leaves; fig. 6 will enable the reader to form some idea of their appearance thus grouped. Upon shaking some of the trees a cloud of butterflies flew off, and the flapping of their wings was distinctly audible. They hung in rows (often double) on the lower dead branches, and in bunches on the needles. I find by my note book that visiting the flock towards evening, it was receiving additions every moment. I caught a net full off a bunch of dead needles, and, walking away to some distance and letting them go, all but three returned to the flock. The question as to where they came from seems a very interesting one. I was told by Dr. A. W. Chapman that there was hardly Milkweed enough in all Florida to produce one of these flocks, which doubtless do not confine themselves to Apalachicola. During my visit I found two more flocks not far from the first, but neither of these was as large. I should mention that I often observed examples among them in coitu.

I have seen archippus flocking at the Isles of Shoals, N. H., towards evening, in very much the same manner, having flown nine miles from the mainland. I have also seen clusters of Vanessa J-album on tree trunks[39] at dusk in New Hampshire, which seemed to present a parallel to the archippus flocks, though of course on a very small scale.

R. Thaxter, Newtonville, Mass.

Dear Sir,—

Last summer I discovered, unfortunately too late, that a large Cossus was working in some large and very old Oak trees near here. I hope next June or July to find out what it is, as I shall construct nets to envelop the tree trunks of several of these so infected Oaks. None of my correspondents have been able to give me light on the subject; they think it possible that this is a new species, and urge close observation, advice which I hope to be able to follow.

I also purchased five large trees of a coarse variety of Poplar, known here as Cottonwood, that were to be cut down, as they had commenced dying, “caused by a grub working in them.” I found it to be a Cossus larva, but not as large as that working in the Oaks. Judging from a comparison of the empty pupæ cases found in them, which in these Poplars were very numerous, it is not the one described by Mr. Bailey in last January number as “Cossus centerensis” but seems more like Xystus robiniæ. I had three of the trees cut down in order to obtain the pupæ; judge of my surprise and disappointment when my man came in, telling me he could find none but “lots of nasty grubs, of which he had given the near chickens probably a hundred or more,” not thinking them valuable to me. I sent him back with instructions to preserve every larva he could find, and I now have about fifty in every stage of development from the half-inch beet red, the nearly two-inch long pink, to the about two and a half-inch long greenish-white larva. I have some in the wood in their own burrows, and have put the rest in sawdust; and I have ordered him to cut me pieces of that wood, bore some holes in the ends and put in the other larvæ, and cork it in, leaving a few air-holes; with these I hope to complete my observations in a warm room. I did not know before that these hybernated in the larval state, much less did I think they would be found of different moults.

A. H. Mundt, Fairbury, Ills.

MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES.

Dear Sir,—

I have received the following notes on migration of certain butterflies from Prof. J. E. Willet, of Macon, Ga., dated 19th Jan’y, 1880.

W. H. Edwards, Coalburgh, W. Va.

[40]

“I saw Callidryas Eubule passing here in great numbers during Sept., Oct. and Nov., 1878, from N. W. to S. E. About noon, when they were most abundant, there would be half a dozen visible all the time, crossing a 15-acre square of the city. They pursued an undeviating course, flying over and not around houses and other obstructions. They flew near the ground, and stopped occasionally to sip at conspicuous flowers. A geranium with scarlet flowers, and set in the open yard, attracted most that flew near it. Papers in Southern Georgia noticed the great numbers passing at different points; and a friend in Southern Alabama sent me specimens of the same, saying that they were subjects of speculation there. About March, 1879, there was a similar migration from S. E. to N. W., but in diminished numbers. I saw the fall migrations again Oct. and Nov., 1879, but in smaller numbers than in 1878. A lady of So. Georgia told me that her husband called her attention to the fall migration 26 years ago, and that she had observed it every year since. C. Eubule is found here in small numbers at other seasons of the year.”

EARLY STAGES OF EPHEMERIDÆ.

The Rev. A. E. Eaton would like to communicate with anybody who would supply him with examples in fluid of nymphs of some of the American genera of Ephemeridæ. He would readily offer to pay a fair price for them and would defray their carriage to England. All that would be required would be five or six nearly full grown examples of one species per genus, put up in narrow tubes or narrow cylindrical bottles (one tube for each set), containing a solution of two parts of water to three of spirits about 60 over proof, well corked and with the cork tied down. Some tissue paper should be put into each tube with the specimens, to prevent the solid contents moving about within the tube when its position is shifted, care being taken not to compress the insects; and the tube should be filled up as nearly as possible with the fluid, to the exclusion of air bubbles. The tubes should be packed up with cotton, wool or tow, in a box, so that they shall be kept upright during the voyage; and this box should be packed into a stronger case with tow or hay or straw, and forwarded to Mr. Eaton by express, or through the agency of some bookseller, not through the Post Office. Address Rev. A. E. Eaton, 51 Park Road, Bromley, Kent, England.

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XII.,
No. 2, February 1880, by Various

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, FEBRUARY 1880 ***

***** This file should be named 58210-h.htm or 58210-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/8/2/1/58210/

Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive)

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country outside the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
  are located before using this ebook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that

* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
  Literary Archive Foundation."

* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
  works.

* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
  receipt of the work.

* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org



Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:

    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
    Chief Executive and Director
    [email protected]

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.