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Title: Bayonet Training Manual
Used by the British Forces
Author: Anonymous
Release Date: May 20, 2018 [EBook #57186]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BAYONET TRAINING MANUAL ***
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USED BY THE BRITISH FORCES
Reprinted from
INFANTRY JOURNAL
May, 1917
NEW YORK
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY
MILITARY PUBLISHERS
25 Park Place
1917
Copyright, 1917
U. S. INFANTRY ASSOCIATION
Training in the use of the bayonet is receiving much attention from all the combatant nations in Europe. The aim of the instruction is twofold:
1. To develop great alertness of mind, readiness of muscle, and habit of quick obedience to command.
2. To develop fighting spirit.
Physical drill and bayonet training go hand in hand and their drill periods follow each other. The physical drill consists of calisthenic exercises for fifteen or twenty minutes, followed by some game or exercise requiring great quickness of movement. To accomplish the aims of this training, especially the first named above, it is necessary to execute with snap the movements in the physical drill.
[Pg iv]The following is from the latest British Training Manual (1916), which is based on their experience, and the forces are now being trained in accordance therewith.
| CHAPTER | PAGE | |
| I | Introductory | 1 |
| II | Preliminary Bayonet Lessons | 9 |
| III | The Tactical Application of the Bayonet | 35 |
| IV | Tactical Principles to be Observed during Bayonet Training | 45 |
| V | General Instructions for Bayonet Training Practice | 53 |
| VI | Progressive Program of Instruction | 57 |
| VII | A Guide for the Trained Soldier’s Daily Practice | 65 |
To attack with the bayonet effectively requires good direction, strength and quickness during a state of wild excitement and probably physical exhaustion. The limit of the range of a bayonet is about five feet (measured from the opponent’s eyes), but more often the killing is at close quarters, at a range of two feet or less, when troops are struggling corps à corps in trenches or darkness.
The bayonet is essentially an offensive weapon—go straight at an opponent with the point threatening his throat and deliver a thrust wherever an opening presents itself. If no opening is obvious, then create[Pg 2] one by beating off the opponent’s weapon or making a “feint thrust” in order to make him uncover himself.
Hand-to-hand fighting with the bayonet is individual, which means that a man must think and act for himself and rely on his own resources and skill; but, as in games, he must play as one of a team and not for himself alone. In a bayonet assault all ranks go forward to kill or be killed, and only those who have developed skill and strength by constant training will be able to kill.
The spirit of the bayonet must be inculcated into all ranks, so that they go forward with that aggressive determination and confidence of superiority, born of continual practice, without which a bayonet assault will not be effective.
The technical points of bayonet fighting are extremely few and simple: the essence of bayonet training, and continuity of practice.
An important point to be kept in mind[Pg 3] in bayonet training is the development of the individual by teaching him to think and act for himself. The simplest means of attaining this is to make men use their brains and eyes to the fullest extent by carrying out the practices, so far as possible, without words of command. This procedure develops individuality and confidence. Alertness and rapidity are qualities to be developed also.
As technique of bayonet fighting is so simple, long detail is quite unnecessary and makes the work monotonous. All instructions should be carried out on common-sense lines. It should seldom be necessary to give the detail of a “thrust” or “parry” more than two or three times, after which the classes should acquire the correct positions by practice. For this reason, a drill should rarely last more than thirty minutes. It should be remembered that nothing kills interest so easily as monotony.
The spirit of the bayonet is to be inculcated by describing the special features[Pg 4] of bayonet and hand-to-hand fighting. The men must learn to practise bayonet fighting in the spirit and with the enthusiasm which animate them when training for their games, and to look upon their instructor as a trainer and helper.
Interest in the work is to be created by explaining the reasons for the various positions, the method of handling the rifle and bayonet, and the uses of the thrusts. Questions should be put to the men to find out whether they understand these reasons. When men realize the object of their work, they naturally take a greater interest in it.
Progression in bayonet training is regulated by obtaining: first, correct positions and good direction; then, quickness. Strength is the outcome of continual practice.
In order to encourage dash and gradually to strengthen the leg muscles, from the commencement of their training, classes should be frequently practised in charging short distances.
[Pg 6]All company officers and noncommissioned officers should be taught how to instruct in bayonet fighting, in order that they may be able to teach their men in this very important part of a soldier’s training. It should have place in all training schedules, and in all rest periods in war time.
Sacks for dummies should be filled with vertical layers of straw and thin sods, leaves, shavings, etc., in such a way as to give the greatest resistance without injury to the bayonet. A realistic effect, necessitating a strong withdrawal, as if gripped by a bone, is obtained by inserting pieces of hard wood, ¼ inch thick (pieces of crating or boxes), between the stuffing and the sack on the side facing the attacker, and the grain must be vertical.
These sack dummies can be made to stand on end by fixing a wooden cross or star (two or three pieces of wood about two inches broad and ¾ inch thick nailed across one another) in the base of the sack before filling it. They can also be placed[Pg 7] with good effect on rough tripods or tied to improvised stools. Dummy sacks should be suspended from gallows and weighted or tethered to the ground from the bottom corners.
By the use of a little ingenuity an officer can readily represent the torso of an opponent in positions simulating actual conditions.
The greatest care should be taken that the object representing the opponent and its support should be incapable of injuring the bayonet or butt. Only light sticks (the parrying stick here referred to is shown in plates) must be used for parrying practice.
The chief causes of injury to the bayonet are: insufficient instruction in the bayonet training lessons; failure to withdraw the bayonet clear of the dummy before advancing; and placing the dummies on hard, unprepared ground.
For practising direction, there must always be an aiming mark on the dummy. Cardboard discs for this purpose are desirable.[Pg 8] By continually changing the position of the mark, the “life” of the dummies is considerably prolonged.
In the absence of discs, five or six spots or numbers can be painted on the dummies as marks.
Intervals and distances will be taken as in Infantry Drill Regulations, except that in formations for bayonet exercises the men should be at least six paces apart in every direction. Classes should always work with bayonets fixed.
Before requiring soldiers to take a position or execute a movement for the first time, the instructor shows them the position, explaining essential points, and giving the reasons for them. Then show the position a second time, making the class observe each movement, so that from the very commencement of the bayonet training, a man is taught to use his eyes and brain. The class is then ordered to assume the position explained and shown. Pick out the man[Pg 10] who shows the best position and let the class look at and copy him. Remember that his position may not be ideal, but it is more correct than those assumed by the remainder, who, being beginners, cannot distinguish the difference between a good position and an ideal one. Many instructors err by trying to get a class of beginners to idealize at once.
The recruit course consists of five lessons and the Final Assault Practice.
The men should be accustomed to wear the cartridge belt in the training, and packs may be required to be worn in efficiency tests. For the “thrust” and “parrying” exercises a light stick, 5 feet to 5 feet 6 inches long and ¾ to 1 inch in diameter, must be provided for every two men.
Half an hour a day, at least five days a week, should be devoted to the daily practice in bayonet fighting for trained soldiers. By this daily practice accuracy of direction, quickness, and strength are developed, and a soldier is accustomed to[Pg 12] using the bayonet under conditions which approximate to actual fighting. This half-hour should be apportioned to (1) thrusting at the body; (2) thrusting at paper balls on light sticks at varying distances and directions; (3) parrying light sticks; (4) dummy work; and, when sufficiently proficient, (5) the final assault practice.
Point of the bayonet directed at the base of the opponent’s throat, the rifle held easily and naturally with both hands, the barrel inclined slightly (about 30 degrees) to the left, the right hand at the height of the belt grasping the small of the stock, the left hand holding the rifle at the most convenient position in front of the rear sight, so that the left arm is only slightly bent; i.e., making an angle of about 150 degrees. The legs well separated in a natural position, such as a man walking might adopt on meeting with resistance;[Pg 13] i.e., left knee slightly bent, right foot flat on the ground, with toe inclined to the right front.
The position should not be constrained in any way, but be one of aggression, alertness, and readiness to go forward for immediate attack (see Plate I).
COMMON FAULTS.
1. Leaning body back.
2. Left arm too much bent.
3. Right hand held too low and too far back.
4. Rifle grasped too rigidly, restraining all freedom of movement.
Assume the “order” in the easiest way without moving the feet.
“High port.” In this position the hands hold the rifle as in guard; the left wrist level with, and directly in front of, the left shoulder; the right hand above the right groin and on level with the belt.
When jumping ditches, surmounting obstacles,[Pg 14] etc., this position of the rifle should be approximately maintained with the left hand alone, leaving the right hand free.
PLATE I.—“GUARD.”
Being in the position of guard, to execute “long thrust,” grasp the rifle firmly, vigorously deliver the thrust to the full[Pg 15] extent of the left arm, butt running alongside and kept close to the right forearm; body inclined forward; left knee well bent; right leg braced, and weight of the body pressed well forward, with the fore part of the right foot, heel raised.
The chief power in a thrust is derived from the right arm with the weight of the body behind it, the left arm being used more to direct the point of the bayonet. The eye must be fixed on the object thrust at. In making thrusts other than straight to the front, the left foot should move in the same direction as that in which the thrust is made. During the later stages of this lesson the men should be practised in stepping forward with the rear foot when delivering the thrust.
COMMON FAULTS.
1. Rifle drawn back before delivering the thrust.
2. Butt of the rifle held as high as or against the right shoulder.
[Pg 16]3. The eyes not directed on the object.
4. Left knee not sufficiently bent.
5. Body not thrust sufficiently forward.
REMARKS.
The “long thrust” is made against an opponent at a range of about four to five feet from the attacker’s eye.
To withdraw the bayonet after a long thrust has been delivered, draw the rifle straight back until the right hand is well behind the hip and immediately resume the guard. If the leverage or proximity to the object transfixed renders it necessary, the left hand must first be slipped up close to the stacking swivel and, when a pupil has reached that stage of delivering a thrust while advancing on a dummy, he will adopt this method.
After every thrust a rapid “withdrawal,” essential to quick work with the bayonet, should be practised before returning to the guard.
PROGRESSION.
First Practice:
PLATE II.—“LONG THRUST.”
Men should always be made to thrust at a target, e.g., at a named part of the body of the opposite man—“At the right eye; thrust, withdraw.” Oblique thrust should[Pg 18] be practised by thrusting at the men to the right or left fronts.
PLATE III.—“WITHDRAWAL.”
As progress is attained, the pause between the thrust and the withdrawal should be shortened, until the men reach the stage when they withdraw and come to guard directly after making the thrust, judging[Pg 19] their own time. They should be taught to thrust at two or more parts of the body.
To practise action against a retreating foe, first show the position of the kidneys (small of back, either side of the spine).
If possible, the point of the bayonet should be directed against an opponent’s throat, especially in hand-to-hand fighting. Other vulnerable and usually exposed parts are on the face, chest, lower abdomen, and thighs, and the region of the kidneys when the back is turned.
Four or six inches penetration is sufficient to incapacitate and allow for a quick withdrawal, whereas if a bayonet is driven home too far, it is often impossible to withdraw it. In such cases, a round should be fired to break the obstruction.
Second Practice:
The class working in pairs, with the instructor supervising, should be practised in thrusting in various directions: (1) at the opposite man’s hand, which he places in various positions on and off his body; (2)[Pg 20] at thrusting rings, or balls of paper, tied to the end of sticks (see Plates VI, VII, VIII). This practice should be done without the word of command, so that the eye and brain may be trained.
Third Practice:
The men will be taught to transfix a disc or number painted on a dummy; first at a distance of about five feet from the dummy, i.e., the extreme range of the bayonet; then, after advancing three or more paces. The advance must be made in the most practical and natural way, and should be practised with either foot to the front when the thrust is delivered. The rifle must never be drawn back when making a long thrust in a forward movement. The impetus of the body and the forward stretching of the arms supply sufficient force.
The bayonet must be withdrawn immediately after the thrust has been delivered, and a forward threatening attitude be assumed to the side or beyond the dummy.
[Pg 21]Unless the rifle is firmly gripped, it is liable to injure the hand.
To guard against accidents, the men must be at least five feet apart when the practice is carried out collectively.
The principles of this practice will be observed when thrusting at dummies in trenches, standing upright on the ground or suspended on gallows. They should be applied at first slowly and deliberately, for no attempt must be made to carry out the final assault practice before the men have been carefully instructed in, and have thoroughly mastered, the preliminary lessons.
THE RIGHT AND LEFT PARRY.
From the position of guard, vigorously straighten the left arm, without bending the wrist or twisting the rifle in the hand, and force the rifle forward far enough to the right (left) to ward off the adversary’s weapon.
[Pg 22]The eyes must be kept on the weapon which is being parried.
COMMON FAULTS.
1. Wide sweeping parry with no forward movement in it.
2. Eyes taken off the weapon to be parried.
Men must be taught to regard the parry as part of an offensive movement; namely, of the thrust which would immediately follow it in actual combat. For this reason, as soon as the movements of the parries have been learned, they should always be accompanied with a slight forward movement of the body.
Parries will be practised with right, as well as with the left, foot forward, preparatory to the practice of parrying when advancing.
First Practice:
Men learning the parries should be made to observe the movements of the rifle carefully,[Pg 23] and should not be kept longer at this practice than is necessary for them to understand what is required—that is, vigorous yet controlled action.
Second Practice:
The class works in pairs with scabbards on the bayonets, one man thrusting with a stick and the other parrying; the guard is resumed after each parry. At first, this practice must be slow and deliberate, without being allowed to become mechanical, and will be progressively increased in rapidity and vigor. Later a thrust at that part of the body indicated by the opposite man’s hand should immediately follow the parry, and, finally, sticks long enough to represent the opponent’s weapon in the position of guard should be attached to the dummies and parried before delivering the thrust.
The men must be taught also to parry thrusts made at them: (1) by an opponent in a trench, when they are themselves on the parapet; (2) by an opponent on the[Pg 24] parapet, when they are in the trench; and (3) when both are on the same level fighting at close quarters in a deep trench.
TO EXECUTE THE SHORT THRUST.
Shift the left hand quickly towards the muzzle and draw the rifle back to the full extent of the right arm, the butt either upwards or downwards as a low or a high thrust is to be made, then deliver the thrust vigorously to the full extent of the left arm.
The short thrust is used at a range of about three feet, and, in close fighting, it is the natural thrust to make when the bayonet has just been withdrawn after a long thrust. If a strong withdrawal is necessary, the right hand should be slipped above the rear sight after the short thrust has been made.
PLATE IV.—“SHORT THRUST.”
Practice:
The principles of the three practices of[Pg 25] Lesson I should be observed so far as they apply. By placing two discs on a dummy, the short thrust should be taught in conjunction with the long thrust, the first disc being transfixed with the latter, the second[Pg 26] disc with the former. On delivery of the long thrust, if the left foot is forward, the short thrust would take place with the right foot forward, and vice versa.
PLATE V.—“JAB.”
Parries will be practised from the position of the short thrust.
THE JAB OR UPWARD THRUST.
From the position of short thrust shift the right hand up the rifle and grasp it above the rear sight, at same time bringing the rifle to an almost vertical position close to the body, and, from this position, bend the knees and jab the point of the bayonet upwards into the throat or under the chin of the opponent.
COMMON FAULTS.
1. Rifle drawn backward and not held vertically enough.
2. Rifle grasped too low with the right hand.
[Pg 28]From the jab position men will be practised in fending off an attack made on any part of them by an opponent.
PLATE VI.—“JAB” AT THRUSTING RING.
When making a jab from the guard, the right, being in the thrusting hand, will be brought up first.
The jab can be employed successfully in[Pg 29] close-quarter fighting in narrow trenches and when embraced by an opponent.
METHODS OF INJURING AN OPPONENT.
It should be impressed upon the class that, although a man’s thrust has missed or has been parried or his bayonet has been broken, he can, as attacker, still maintain his advantage by injuring his opponent in one of the following ways:
Butt Stroke I:
Swing the butt up at the opponent’s crotch, ribs, forearm, etc., using a half-arm blow or advancing the rear foot.
Butt Stroke II:
If the opponent jumps back so that the first butt stroke misses, the rifle will come into horizontal position over the left shoulder, butt leading; the attacker will then step in with the rear foot and dash the butt into his opponent’s face.
[Pg 30]Butt Stroke III:
If the opponent retires still farther out of distance, the attacker again closes up and slashes his bayonet down on his opponent’s head or neck.
PLATE VII.—“BUTT STROKE I.”
[Pg 31]Butt Stroke IV:
If the thrust has been parried, the butt can be used effectively by crashing it down on the opponent’s head with an over-arm blow, advancing the rear foot. When the opponent is out of distance, Butt Stroke III can again be used.
In individual fighting, the butt can also be used horizontally against the opponent’s ribs, forearm, etc. This method is impossible in trench fighting or in an attack, owing to the horizontal sweep of the bayonet to the attacker’s left.
It should be clearly understood that the butt must not be employed when it is possible to use the bayonet effectively.
Butt Stroke I is essentially a half-arm blow from the shoulder, keeping the elbow rigid, and it can therefore be successfully employed only when the right hand is grasping the rifle at the small of the butt.
PLATE VIII.—“BUTT STROKE IV.”
Butt strokes can be used only in certain circumstances and positions, but if men acquire absolute control of their weapons[Pg 32] under these conditions they will be able to adapt themselves to all other phases of in-fighting. For instance, when a man is gripped by an opponent so that neither the thrust nor the butt can be used, the knee brought up against the crotch or the heel[Pg 33] stamped on the instep may momentarily disable him and make him release his hold.
When wrestling, the opponent can be tripped by forcing his weight on to one leg and kicking that leg away from under him, or any other wrestler’s trip; e.g., “back heel.”
The above methods will only temporarily disable an enemy, who must be killed with the bayonet, etc.
Practice:
When the classes have been shown the methods of using the butt and the knees, they should be practised on the padded stick; e.g., fix several discs on a dummy; make a thrust at one; use the knee on another, low down; jab a third, and so on.
Light but still sufficiently-strong dummies should be used for practice with the butt, in order to avoid damage to it.
It is apparent that bayonet fighting as taught for trench warfare abroad lacks all the niceties of the art of bayonet fencing prescribed in our manual. In bayonet fighting[Pg 34] no “fouls” are known. The only rule to follow is: “Get after your man, put him out of action by any means at your command.”
A bayonet assault should preferably be made under cover of fire, surprise, or darkness. In these circumstances, the prospect of success is greatest, for a bayonet is useless at any range except hand-to-hand.
At night, all these covers can be utilized.
On the other hand, confusion is inherent in fighting by night, consequently the execution of a successful night attack with the bayonet requires considerable and lengthy training. Units should be frequently practised in night work with the bayonet.
The bayonet is essentially a weapon of offense, which must be used with skill and vigor, otherwise it has but little effect. To await passively an opportunity of using the bayonet entails defeat, since an approaching enemy will merely stand out of bayonet range and shoot down the defenders.
PLATE VIIIA.—TYPE OF SIMPLE “FINAL ASSAULT PRACTICE” COURSE.
It is attacked both ways, and the positions of the trench sack dummies are varied.
[Pg 38]In an assault, the enemy should be killed with the bayonet. Firing should be avoided, for in the mix-up a bullet, after passing through an opponent’s body, may kill a friend who happens to be in the line of fire.
FINAL ASSAULT PRACTICE.
This practice is to be carried out only after the men have been thoroughly trained in all the preliminary lessons and have acquired complete control of their weapons, otherwise injury to rifles and bayonets will result from improper application of the methods laid down in the foregoing instruction.
The Final Assault Practice must approximate as nearly as possible to the conditions of actual fighting.
[Pg 39]Nervous tension, due to the anticipation of an attack, reacting on the body, as well as the dash across the open and the final dash at the enemy, combine to tire an assaulting party. It is only by their physical fitness and superior skill in the use of the bayonet that they can overcome a comparatively fresh foe.
Therefore, quick aim and good direction of the bayonet when moving rapidly or even when surmounting obstacles, accurate delivery of a thrust and sufficient strength and vigor to penetrate clothing and equipment, the clean withdrawal of the bayonet—which requires no small effort, especially should it be fixed by the bone—are of the greatest importance, and need the same careful attention and constant practice as are devoted to obtaining efficiency with the rifle.
In the Final Assault Practice, the charge brings the men to the first trench in a fairly exhausted condition, and the accuracy of the aim is tested by the disc,[Pg 40] which can be perforated only by a true and vigorous thrust and a clean withdrawal.
PLATE VIIIB.—EXAMPLE OF SHORT COMMUNICATION TRENCHES.
Which should form part of the usual Final Assault Practice
Course, where, owing to the lack of ground, a “labyrinth”
for daily practice with the bayonet in the confined space of
a trench cannot be constructed within a convenient distance.
On arrival in France drafts are tested in trench
bayonet work.
[Pg 41]For this practice, the men should be made to begin the assault from a trench six to seven feet deep, as well as from the open, and they should not cheer until close up to the enemy.
A reproduction of a labyrinth of trenches with dummies in the dugouts, and shelters between the trenches, forms an excellent Final Assault Practice Course. Assaults should be made from all four sides, in order to give variety. The edges of the trenches should be revetted, otherwise constant use will soon wear them out. Cinders scattered over the course prevent the men from slipping. If gallows cannot be erected, sack dummies should be placed on tripods or on end, as well as lying in trenches, or on parapets, with soft earth free from stones under them. The number, length, and construction of trenches are regulated by the available ground and by the ingenuity of the instructors.
PLATE VIIIC.—TYPE OF “NURSERY” LABYRINTH.
The positions of the sack dummies are frequently changed:
containing dummies, and the men practised in clearing such.
The ground between the trenches is pitted with “craters” “cramped” grounds as well as in clearing the trenches.
[Pg 44]Extremely interesting and practical schemes in trench warfare can be arranged by combining the Final Assault Practice with other branches of training; e.g., bombing, laying sand-bags, entrenching.
Competitions can be arranged by allotting marks for: (1) number of discs transfixed and carried on a bayonet; (2) time taken for signal to charge until the last man of the team passes the finishing post; and (3) form.
Competitions should never be carried out until the men have completed their lessons in bayonet training and thoroughly mastered the handling of the bayonet in the Final Assault Practice.
METHOD OF CARRYING RIFLE WITH BAYONET FIXED.
QUICK SHORT ADVANCE (IN THE OPEN).
The rifle will be held at the “High Port.” This position is suitable for close formation, minimizes risk of accidents when surmounting obstacles, and can be maintained with the left hand alone, allowing free use of the right when necessary.
LONG ADVANCE (CLOSE FORMATION).
The rifle will be slung over the left shoulder, sling to the front and perpendicular to the ground. This is a safe[Pg 46] method of carrying the rifle and allowing the free use of both hands.
LONG ADVANCE (OPEN ORDER).
The rifle will be carried at the trail.
THE ASSAULT.
The importance of discipline and organized control throughout the conduct of a bayonet assault can not be over-emphasized. It must be remembered that in this, as in all other military operations, success can be achieved only through the closest coöperation of all concerned; and that, while individual initiative is not to be discouraged, it must be strictly subordinated to the intention of the leader of the assaulting party.
Men should be shown by demonstration that it is in their own interests to pay attention to this point, and that the failure of an enterprise can usually be traced to the lack of this close coöperation.
[Pg 47]During training, the following general principles will be observed:
1. All members of the attacking party must leave the trench or rise from cover simultaneously. In addition to the advantages of surprise, needless casualties are thereby avoided.
2. The first stage, especially of a long advance, will be slow and steady—not faster than the pace of the slowest man. Such an advance has a decided moral effect on the enemy, makes certain of the maximum shock at the moment of impact, and at the same time allows the attacking force to reach its objective without undue exhaustion. On the other hand, if the assault is allowed to develop without control and in a haphazard fashion, the moral effect of a steady, resistless wall of men is lost, and the defenders may be given time to dispose of their opponents in detail.
Bayonet control in the attack is just as important and fully as practicable as fire control, and it depends altogether on[Pg 48] discipline, which must be taught by close-order work, and on thorough technical instruction in the use of the bayonet. Tactical bayonet control will then follow without much difficulty, provided the instructor has done his work properly.
The actual charge will not be made over a greater distance than twenty paces. Within the last ten yards, and before closing with the enemy, the rifle will be brought to the threatening, yet defensive, guard position. Line will, as far as possible, be maintained until actual contact with the enemy is gained.
As soon as the enemy’s position has been carried, and prior to any attack on a further position, or any other operation whatsoever, every precaution must be taken against a counter-attack. In trench warfare, indiscriminate pursuit with the bayonet must never be allowed unless orders to that effect have been given by the leader of the assaulting party. The attacking troops are not so fresh as the enemy, and[Pg 49] experience has shown that unorganized pursuit lends itself to ambush and casualties from machine-gun fire. In most cases the work of immediate pursuit is better done by the supporting artillery, the infantry assisting by rapid fire on the retreating enemy.
ASSAULT PRACTICE.
A useful form of Final Assault Practice which can be adapted to a variety of combat exercises is described in following paragraphs. The following materials are assumed:
“A.” Communicating trenches leading to a fire trench with an open space in front.
“B.” An occupied enemy-trench.
“C.” Gallows with dummies, representing the enemy.
(1) retiring from “B” or
(2) coming up in support of “B” or
(3) making a counter-attack on the captured trench “B.”
PLATE IX.—EACH DUMMY MUST BE REGARDED AS AN ACTUAL ARMED OPPONENT.
[Pg 51]1. The attacking party makes a controlled assault on “A,” which is cleared of the enemy.
2. It then re-formed and an assault is launched on “B,” after taking which
3. “C” is regarded in one or other of the above ways, and action taken accordingly.
Throughout the training, men must be constantly practised in:
1. The recognized method of carrying the rifle with bayonet fixed.
2. Rapid advance out of deep trenches.
3. Control and maintenance of line and opening fire during an advance.
4. Using the bayonet with effect in the cramped space of communicating and fire trenches.
5. Re-forming and opening of fire after the assault.
6. Acting as leaders of attacking party.
Instructors should endeavor by every means in their power to arouse the interest and imagination of their men during the assault practice. The special phase of[Pg 52] the combat which is to be carried out in the exercise should invariably be explained beforehand. Each dummy must be regarded as an actual armed opponent, and each line of dummies as an enemy line attacking, defending, or retiring, and be disposed of accordingly.
Any tendency toward carelessness or slackness must be instantly checked, and it should be impressed on all ranks that a practice assault which is not carried out with the necessary quickness, vigor, and determination is worse than useless.
Lack of imagination, which allows men and their leaders to violate the most elementary principles of tactics in practice assaults against dummies, can lead only to disaster in a real assault against an enemy.
1. “Guard,” “withdrawals,” “thrusts,” “parries,” and the “jab” will be taught first with the left, then with the right foot forward.
2. The position from which the “short thrust” is made is shown in Plate IV. All short thrusts will be practised from this position. Except after a thrust into a dummy, make a momentary pause in this position so as to break men of the habit of drawing back the rifle from the guard before making the thrust.
3. From the outset squads will be frequently practised in charging for short distances in the open as a strengthening[Pg 54] exercise for the legs and a quickening exercise.
4. A target at which to thrust will always be named when working by word of command; it will be indicated by the position of hand when working in class and be clearly marked on all dummies.
5. When working in ranks, the distance apart must be sufficient to avoid all danger of accident when the thrusts are being made. When thrusts have been made advancing, the ranks will change position by coming to the high port, doubling past each other right shoulder to right shoulder and turning about. When working against dummies, men will always continue the movement past the dummy, which they will leave on their right.
6. The “withdrawal,” once taught, will be made after each thrust. After a thrust advancing rear foot or on the advance, the hand will always be moved up the rifle, but in the first and second practices, since the arm and body are already stretched to their[Pg 55] full extent, and the left hand cannot move farther forward, the hand will be shifted after the withdrawal from the long thrust.
[Pg 56]7. All sticks must be padded at one end.
8. In the third practice, the thrusts will also be practised deliberately and progressively on dummies placed, as a preparation for the Final Assault Course, in positions of increasing difficulty; e.g., on parapets and steps of shallow trenches, and in fire and communicating trenches.
9. Scabbards will not be removed from the bayonet except for thrusting at dummies.
1. Intervals, distances, positions.
2. Explain hand-to-hand fighting, and inculcate the spirit of the bayonet.
3. Guard.
4. Order.
5. High Port.
First practice (in class, by word of command).
6. “Long thrust.”
7. “Withdrawal” (a) after stationary thrust, (b) after thrust, advancing rear foot (Plate III) (first demonstrated by instructor on a dummy).
8. Oblique long thrust.
[Pg 59]9. Long thrust, followed by long thrust advancing rear foot.
10. Vulnerable spots explained; region of kidney shown; class practised in making thrusts at these.
Second practice (class working by eye):
11. Long thrust.
12. Long thrust, followed by long thrust advancing rear foot.
13. Varied direct and oblique long thrusts at thrusting ring.
Third practice (thrusting at dummy):
14. Long thrust (Plate II).
15. Long thrust advancing rear foot.
16. Advancing long thrust.
17. Advance long thrust (at two or more dummies).
18. Explain value of parries; how, in charging, the parry must be strong enough to beat aside opponent’s weapon.
First practice (in class, by word of command):
[Pg 60]19. Explain, and make the class perform, the movements required for the various parries.
Second practice (class working by eye):
20. Parry stick pointed at the breast.
21. Parry stick pointed at the breast and deliver thrust.
22. Parry stick pointed at head, body, or legs.
23. Parry stick pointed in varying order at head, body, or legs, and deliver thrust.
24. When standing in a trench, parry a thrust made with stick from above.
25. When standing on a parapet, parry a thrust made with stick by a man in trench.
26. With stick parry a thrust made with stick by advancing opponent.
27. With stick parry a thrust made with stick by advancing opponent and come back with a thrust.
28. With stick parry thrust made with stick lightly held in one hand by charging opponent. (By holding his stick in right or left hand the attacker will clearly show[Pg 61] on which side he is thrusting, and he will pass on that flank.)
Third practice (pointing at dummy with stick representing opponent’s weapon):
29. Advance, parry stick, and thrust.
30. Demonstrate the short thrust and explain when it is used (Plate V).
First practice (in class, by word of command):
31. Short thrust.
32. Withdrawal: (a) stationary; (b) advancing rear foot. (Demonstrated by instructor on dummy.)
33. Oblique short thrust.
34. Short point advancing rear foot.
35. Long thrust advancing rear foot, followed by short thrust advancing rear foot.
Second practice (class working by eye):
36. Short thrust.
37. Short thrust advancing rear foot.
38. Long thrust advancing rear foot, followed by short thrust advancing rear foot.
[Pg 62]39. Varied direct and oblique long and short thrusts at thrusting ring.
40. Practise various parries, parries and thrusts, from short thrust position (Plate IV).
Third practice (thrusting at dummy):
41. Short thrust.
42. Short thrust advancing rear foot.
43. Long thrust advancing rear foot; short thrust advancing rear foot.
44. Advance, long thrust, short thrust (at two dummies in suitable positions).
45. Demonstrate jab at dummy; then, by placing men of the squad in suitable positions, explain when and how it is used in conjunction with thrusts (Plate V).
First practice (in class, by word of command):
46. Jab from jab position.
47. Short thrust advancing rear foot, jab advancing rear foot.
[Pg 63]48. Long thrust advancing rear foot, jab advancing rear foot.
49. Long thrust advancing rear foot, short thrust advancing rear foot, jab advancing rear foot.
50. Short thrust advancing rear foot, jab advancing rear foot, long thrust advancing rear foot.
Second practice (class working by eye):
51. Jab at thrusting ring (Plate VI).
52. Direct and oblique long and short thrusts, and jabs in varying order at thrusting ring.
53. When in jab position, ward off high and low thrusts made with stick.
Third practice (thrusting at dummy):
54. Jab from jab position.
55. Short thrust advancing rear foot, and jab advancing rear foot.
56. Long thrust advancing rear foot, short thrust advancing rear foot, and jab advancing rear foot (at dummies).
57. Advance, long thrust, and jab.
58. Advance, long thrust, short thrust, and two or more jabs (at dummies).
First practice (word of command):
59. Practise Butt Stroke I.
60. Practise Butt Stroke II.
61. Practise Butt Stroke III.
62. Practise Butt Stroke IV.
Second practice (working by eye):
63. Butt Stroke I at padded stick (Plate VII).
64. Butt Stroke II at padded stick.
65. Butt Stroke III at padded stick.
66. Butt Stroke IV at padded stick (Plate VIII).
68. Long thrusts, short thrusts, and jabs at thrusting ring, with butt strokes at padded stick, varied.
69. Trips practised by men working in pairs.
Third practice (on dummy):
70. Thrust, jab, etc., at dummies, followed by Butt Strokes I to IV at light dummies, and introducing kicks and any other form of in-fighting.
(30 MINUTES.)
(1) 5 minutes.
(a) Long thrust at hand (11-12 Progressive Program of Instruction) (not more than 8 thrusts each man).
(b) Short thrusts (36, 37, 38, Progressive Program of Instruction) (not more than 10 thrusts each man).
(2) 5 minutes, steady advance over obstacles and charge 20 yards, about 100 yards in all.
(3) 4 minutes, parrying stick and thrusting[Pg 66] (23, Progressive Program of Instruction).
(4) 4 minutes, butt strokes, each stroke twice (59, 60, 61, 62, Progressive Program of Instruction) or practise trips, etc. (69, Progressive Program of Instruction.)
(5) 6 minutes, long thrusts, short thrusts and jabs at thrusting ring, with butt strokes at pad stick, varied (68, Progressive Program of Instruction).
(6) 6 minutes, Final Assault Practice.
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| AERONAUTICS | |
| DOMMETT, W. E., Aeroplanes and Airships | $ .80 |
| DUCHENE, COMMANDANT, Flight Without Formulae | 2.50 |
| DUCHENE, COMMANDANT, The Mechanics of the Aeroplane | 2.50 |
| EIFFEL, G., Resistance of Air | 10.00 |
| FAGE, A., The Aeroplane | 2.50 |
| GRAHAM-WHITE, C. and HARPER, H., Learning to Fly | .75 |
| GREENHILL, G., Dynamics of Mechanical Flight | 2.50 |
| HAYWARD, CHAS. B., Building and Flying an Aeroplane | 1.00 |
| KENNEDY, R., Flying Machines, Practice and Design | 2.00 |
| LANCHESTER, F. W., Flying Machines from an Engineering Standpoint | 3.00 |
| LANCHESTER, F. W., Aerial Flight, 2 vols. | |
| Vol. I—Aerodynamics | 6.00 |
| Vol. II—Aerodonetics | 6.00 |
| LANCHESTER, F. W., Aircraft in War | 4.00 |
| LOENING, G. C., Military Aeroplanes | 4.75 |
| ROBSON, WILLIAM A., Aircraft in War and Peace | 1.00 |
| SPAIGHT, J. M., Aircraft in War | 2.00 |
| TALBOT, F. A., Aeroplanes and Dirigibles of War | 1.25 |
| WOODHOUSE, H., Textbook of Military Aeronautics | 6.00 |
| ARTILLERY, COAST & FIELD | |
| Manufacture of Artillery Ammunition | 6.00 |
| Shrapnel and Other War Material | 1.50 |
| Coast Artillery Drill Regulations | 1.00 |
| Provisional Drill and Service Regulations for Field Artillery | 1.25 |
| BETHELL, H. A., Modern Guns and Gunnery | 6.00 |
| BISHOP, H. G., Elements of Modern Field Artillery | 1.50 |
| CLOKE, H. E., Gunner’s Examiner | 1.50 |
| DYER, A. B., Handbook of Light Artillery | 3.00 |
| EISSLER, M., Modern High Explosives | 4.00 |
| GUTTMAN, OSCAR, The Manufacture of Explosives. 2 vols. | 11.00 |
| INGALLS, J. M., Interior Ballistics | 3.00 |
| LISSAK, O. M., Ordnance and Gunnery | 6.00 |
| MacALISTER, D. A., Field Gunnery | 1.00 |
| MARSHALL, A., Explosives. 2 vols. | 16.00 |
| OMMUNDSEN, H., and ROBINSON, E. H., Rifles and Ammunition | 6.00 |
| SANFORD, P. G., Nitro-Explosives | 4.00 |
| SPAULDING, CAPT. OLIVER L., Notes on Field Artillery | 1.25 |
| WEAVER, E. M., Notes on Military Explosives | 3.00 |
| WISE, T. C., Gunnery, an Elementary Treatise | 3.00 |
| WORDEN, E. C., Nitro-cellulose Industry. 2 vols. | 10.00 |
| FIELD ENGINEERING | |
| Engineers’ Field Manual | 1.25 |
| ARMY SERVICE SCHOOLS, Notes on Field Fortifications | .50 |
| BEACH, CAPT. WM. D., Manual of Military Field Engineering. 9th Ed. Revised. Cloth | 1.75 |
| BOND, P. S., Engineer in War | 1.50 |
| FIEBEGER, C. J., Textbook of Field Fortifications | 2.00 |
| KENYON, R. E., Land and Coast Fortification | 2.00 |
| ROBINSON, ERNEST F., Military Preparedness and the Engineer | 1.50 |
| SOLANO, E. J., Field Entrenchments, Spadework for Riflemen | .40 |
| HYGIENE AND SANITATION | |
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| HAVARD, V., Military Hygiene | 5.00 |
| KEEFER, F. R., Military Hygiene | 1.50 |
| LELEAN, P. S., Sanitation in War | 2.00 |
| MUNSON, LIEUT. COL. EDW. L., The Principles of Sanitary Tactics | 2.00 |
| MUNSON, E. L., Soldier’s Foot and Military Shoe | 1.35 |
| STRAUB, PAUL F., Medical Service in Campaign | 1.50 |
| WOOD, R. C., The Soldier’s First Aid | .50 |
| WOODHULL A. A., Military Hygiene for Officers of the Line | 1.50 |
| MACHINE GUNS | |
| Combined Infantry and Cavalry Drill Regulations for Machine Gun Companies for Automatic Machine Rifle, Caliber .30 (Model 1909) | .30 |
| Operation and Tactical Use of the Lewis Automatic Machine Rifle | .60 |
| LONGSTAFF AND ATTERIDGE, The Book of the Machine Gun | 3.50 |
| PARKER, CAPT. JOHN H., Tactical Organization and Uses of Machine Guns in the Field | 1.50 |
| SOLANO, E. J., Machine Gun Training | 1.00 |
| MANUALS | |
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| MOSS, MAJOR JAS. A., Non-commissioned Officers’ Manual | 1.50 |
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| MOSS, MAJOR JAS. A., Privates’ Manual | 1.00 |
| NIXON, C., Adjutants’ Manual | 1.00 |
| REEVES, CAPT. IRA L. (Retired), A Manual for Aspirants for Commissions in the U. S. Army | 1.25 |
| ROBBINS, E. J., Universal Drill Manual | 1.00 |
| SELKIRK, W. O., Catechism of Manual of Guard Duty | .50 |
| SOLANO, E. J., Musketry | 1.00 |
| SPINELLI, MAJOR H. B., A Catechism of Court-Martial Duty | .75 |
| TURNER, F. H., Infantry Drill Regulations, Annotated | .75 |
| TUPES, H., and POOLE, S., Manual of Bayonet Exercises and Musketry Fencing | .50 |
| WAGNER, A. L., Catechism of Outpost Duty | .75 |
| WILLIAMS, A. E., Manual for Quartermasters | 1.10 |
| WILLIAMS, A. E., Company Supply Manual—Infantry | .40 |
| MILITARY TRAINING | |
| BROCKINGTON, W. A., Elements of Military Education | 1.50 |
| BADEN-POWELL, R., Quick Training for War | .50 |
| ELLIS, E. O., and GAREY, E. B., The Plattsburg Manual. A Textbook for Military Training Camp | 2.00 |
| HAKING, BRIG. GEN., Company Training | 1.50 |
| MORRISON, JOHN F., Training Infantry | .60 |
| MOSS, JAS. A., Manual of Military Training | 2.25 |
| MOSS, JAS. A., Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier | 2.25 |
| PARKER, JOHN H., Trained Citizen-Soldiery | 1.25 |
| SOLANO, E. J., Drill and Field Training-Scouting | 1.00 |
| STACEY, C., Company Training | 1.00 |
| SUTHERLAND, S. J., The Reserve Officers’ Handbook Cloth | 1.25 |
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| BUTTS, E. L., Manual of Physical Drill | 1.25 |
| GAREY, E. B., Manual of Physical Drill | 1.00 |
| Manual of Physical Training, U. S. Army | .75 |
| SCIENCE OF WAR | |
| ALTHAM, E. A., Principles of War. 2 vols. | 3.50 |
| HENDERSON, COL. G. F. R., The Science of War | 4.00 |
| VON CLAUSEWITZ, GEN. CARL, On War. 3 vols. | 7.50 |
| VON DER GOLTZ, LIEUT.-GENERAL, The Conduct of War | 2.00 |
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| Drill Regulations for Field Company of the Signal Corps | .75 |
| JOLY, J., Synchronous Signalling in Navigation | .75 |
| PALEN, M. A., Lessons in Visual Signalling | .60 |
| Signal Book, U. S. Army | .35 |
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| ARMY SERVICE SCHOOLS, Studies in Minor Tactics | .75 |
| BALCK (COL.) Translated by Waller Kreuger, Tactics | |
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| TOPOGRAPHY | |
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| REED, H. A., Topographical Drawing and Sketching | 4.00 |
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| LAWTON, F. H., and others, Field Quartermaster’s Handbook | 2.00 |
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| ANDREWS L. C., and others, Fundamentals of Military Service | 1.50 |
| Bayonet Training Manual, Used by the British Forces | .30 |
| BOLLES, F. C., and others, What a Soldier Should Know | 1.00 |
| FITSCHEN, H., Spade (Trench) Warfare. Trans. from German | .50 |
| DONOVAN, T. F., Home Guard Manual | .50 |
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| LAWTON, MAJOR, F. H., Extracts from U. S. Army Regulations | 1.00 |
| McARTHUR, J. C., What a Company Officer Must Know | 2.00 |
| MOSS, J. A., Examination Guide, Officers’ Reserve Corps | 2.25 |
| MOSS, J. A., Army Paperwork | 2.00 |
| MOSS, MAJOR JAS. A., Infantry Drill Regulations (with annotations) | .75 |
| BOND, P. S., and McDONOUGH, M. J., The Technique of Modern Tactics | 2.65 |
| BJORNSTAD, A. W., Small Problems for Infantry | .75 |
| GRAY, ALONZO, Cavalry Tactics | 1.00 |
| GRIEPENKERL, MAJOR GENERAL, Letters on Applied Tactics | 2.00 |
| HANNA, M. E., Tactical Principles and Problems | 2.50 |
| HOENIG, FRITZ, Inquiries into the Tactics of the Future | 2.00 |
| INGALL, J. M., Handbook of Problems in Direct Fire | 4.00 |
| LAFFARGUE, A., Attack in Trench Warfare | .50 |
| MAGUIRE, E., Attack and Defense of Coast Fortifications | 2.50 |
| MERCUR, JAMES, Attack of Fortified Places | 2.00 |
| MOSS, JAS. A., Applied Minor Tactics | 1.00 |
| MOSS, J. A., Trench Warfare | 1.25 |
| NICHOLSON, W. A., Artillery Fire | 1.50 |
| SMITH, J. S., Trench Warfare | 1.50 |
| SWINTON, E. D., Defense of Duffer’s Drift | .25 |
| THUILLIER, CAPT. H. F., The Principles of Land Defence | 5.00 |
| VON ALTEN, Studies in Applied Tactics | 2.00 |
| SWOOPE, C. W., Lessons in Practical Electricity | 2.00 |
| TURNER, G. S., and FULMER, J. J., Battle Fire Training | 1.00 |
| VICKERS, L., Training for the Trenches | 1.00 |
| WALDRON, W. H., Scouting and Patroling | .25 |
| WALSH, H. P., Taking Bearings | 1.00 |
| WIMPERIS, H. E., Primer of the Internal Combustion Engine | 1.00 |
| ZU HOHENLOHE INGELFINGEN, PRINCE KRAFT, Letters on Infantry | 2.00 |
| ZU HOHENLOHE INGELFINGEN, PRINCE KRAFT, Letters on Cavalry | 1.75 |
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