The Project Gutenberg EBook of Printing Telegraphy... A New Era Begins, by Edward Ernst Kleinschmidt This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Printing Telegraphy... A New Era Begins Author: Edward Ernst Kleinschmidt Release Date: November 9, 2016 [EBook #53481] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRINTING TELEGRAPHY *** Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, MFR and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
Edward E. Kleinschmidt
1967
Having been associated with the printing telegraph for more than sixty years, I have felt the urge to write a résumé of the problems and the progress made during my time toward today’s wonderful achievements in the art of telegraphic communications.
It is interesting to note that of all the old-time electric telegraph systems, it appears that only those using the Morse dot-dash code invented in 1837 and the permutation code devised by Gauss and Weber in 1833 (now known everywhere as the Baudot code) have survived today.
Samuel Morse’s code, which was modified somewhat in several letter code compositions to facilitate its use anywhere in the world, has become an audible, easily learned international language, loved by its users everywhere. It will no doubt continue to be used for some time to come, as long as we have our railroad telegraph operators, radio amateurs, police CW systems, certain branches of the Armed Forces, and any others who converse in dits and dahs.
The permutation code has taken hold firmly, too. Its use of five pulses transmitted in varying combinations of on and off, or positive and negative, conditions has wide application in today’s printed communications systems. As in the Morse system, alphabets for the five-unit permutation code system have been modified as to letter code compositions for international correspondence. The permutation code uses the powers of two in progressively selecting a letter printing position.
The binary code uses the same selective stops by yes or no designation in a system of counting by the powers of two. It is used where larger groups of yes or no positions are required, as in data processing and computer systems.
This writing, then, is a bit of history that will put together the constructive developments that brought about the present era of the worldwide, telegraphically-transmitted printed word.
I wish to acknowledge with great appreciation the informative material sent to me by my friends, both here and in foreign lands, who are associated with the telegraph industry.
For assembling information we have gathered from various sources and for the most helpful assistance given me in writing this story, I also want to thank my secretary, Mrs. Doris Pompilio.
Edward E. Kleinschmidt
It is a major effort today to keep pace with the rapid advances in the field of printed communications. Hardly a day passes that we do not read of a new development in equipment that is more complex, farther reaching, more rapid in operation....
This electrical, or electronic, transmission and interchange of the printed word might be said to be an evolvement of the old printing telegraph systems. Such systems, over the years, while not so rapidly as today, were also improved upon, modified, speeded up, but could be used only in the point-to-point transmission of messages.
While the railroads had been using the Morse code system (key and sounder) satisfactorily, they would have preferred a system whereby a printed record could be obtained. In the industrial world, too, there was need for a businessman’s printing telegraph—a means to type out messages, directly and interchangeably, to far-off associates. And there was always that dream, starting with the earliest telegraph experimenters, of being able to correspond instantly with one another anywhere in the world. Indeed, the need for all this had been known for many years, but not the way.
It was after the turn of the century that telegraph engineers began in earnest to think about a system of telegraphy that would permit direct intercommunication by the printed word, and direct circuit connection to any outlying subscriber as in the telephone communication system.
Up until then, apparatus for transmitting telegrams, such as that of Wheatstone & Cooke, Morse, Hughes, Barclay, etc., also the step-by-step stock tickers and bulletin printers, used various types of code-signaling devices in which the code varied in length as to the transmission of more frequent or less frequent letters.
Now in order to provide a practical telegraph system permitting the interconnection of apparatus throughout the world, the first basic requisite is a standard signaling code; this code, moreover, must be of such nature as to use the simplest form of electrical signaling (such as make and break signals, or positive and negative signals), and the code should be of equal length for all characters.
The permutation code, where combinations of five plus and minus pulses will give thirty-two selective positions, was suggested as far back as 1833 by Gauss and Weber. Whitehouse, in 1854, and Barnett, in 1860, experimented further, using the permutation code to operate a recording mechanism. However, no practical means for actually printing letters and figures was found until 1882 when Jean Maurice Emile Baudot designed a multiplex system to permit the transmission of four messages in each direction over a single line circuit. Later, Baudot designed a tape printer in which the selecting and printing mechanisms comprised an ingenious arrangement of cooperating parts, including a rotating typewheel associated with a coded combiner wheel and five stationary elements selectively movable to received code positions, each element having an extending finger to be brought into contact with the periphery of the coded combiner wheel upon the completion of a selective code setting. When the code combination of the set fingers matched a code on the wheel, a print roller was released to press the recording tape against the typewheel and print the selected letter.
Although the Baudot Multiplex was used extensively in Europe, engineers and inventors in the United States had not produced a practical 5-unit permutation-code teleprinter system. They were constantly searching for a unit code system requiring a minimum number of electrical impulses to operate a telegraph printer. Various types of relay systems using distinctive signal pulses were proposed. A three-unit-code system that showed promise, and did not require synchronism, used four different electrical pulse conditions: a high voltage positive or negative pulse, and a low voltage positive or negative pulse. Records show that many inventors played with this code and that John Burry, C. L. Krum, G. A. Cardwell, and J. C. Barclay, among others, built operable equipment using such a code arrangement. The following excerpt from Cardwell’s patent No. 905,497 of December 1, 1908, may be of interest. It describes the code arrangement of four different line conditions in three signal groups to produce 36 different code combinations.
3In order to energize the controller magnets in proper sequence to position the type wheel for printing a desired letter, a predetermined code or system of sending in the impulses is essential. In an instrument constructed by me in accordance with the present invention I have used the following:
1-2-1 letter space 1-2-3 carriage return 1-2-4 line space 1-3-1 type wheel shift 1-3-2 type wheel release 1-3-4 A 1-4-1 I 1-4-2 O 1-4-3 D 2-1-2 E 2-1-3 H 2-1-4 N 2-3-1 W 2-3-2 R 2-3-4 S 2-4-1 T 2-4-2 V 2-4-3 U 3-1-2 - 3-1-3 , 3-1-4 ? 3-2-1 Y 3-2-3 C 3-2-4 F 3-4-1 G 3-4-2 Q 3-4-3 L 4-1-2 M 4-1-3 J 4-1-4 B 4-2-1 X 4-2-3 Z 4-2-4 . 4-3-1 K 4-3-2 P 4-3-4 The numerals in the above code or system indicate the sequence of the impulses through the relay contacts 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Cardwell’s backers formed the American Telegraph Typewriter Company and sold shares, claiming a great profitable future for their apparatus. A few printers were built, but, on extended service tests, the high-low-voltage feature proved to be impractical and the company folded.
J. C. Barclay of the Western Union Telegraph Company designed printing apparatus and perforated tape transmitting equipment for this type of system, but, after limited use of the high-low-voltage principle, he changed this feature to long and short pulses with discriminating relays. With later improvements, this system was put into service on a number of Western Union message circuits.
Note: Today, in the 1960s, the techniques of frequency division and electronics could be used for transmitting three different line conditions from a group of four different frequencies. In such a system, synchronism between send and receive terminals, or the start-stop method to control correct timing, is not needed. The transmission of any selected group of three, when received in succession at a teleprinter, will cause printing of a letter when the third receiving relay completes a circuit to the selected printing magnet. Transistor circuits with associated control elements could replace the relays.
Telegraph companies in the United States were mostly using the Morse and increased its efficiency through development of quadruplex operation and high-speed transmission systems. However, the quest for a more efficient printing telegraph system persisted and various types were proposed and tried. All made use of codes that were impractical for intercommunicating systems and, while some were used in message service 4 by the telegraph companies, they did not appear to have any great advantage over the Morse telegraph.
In 1911, Western Union began investigating systems used in Europe. The first to be tested was the Creed, a system for transmitting and printing Continental or Morse code signals at high speed. After observing several other systems, the Murray Multiplex, an improved and modernized version of the Baudot Multiplex, was found to show better operating features and, due to the use of the five-unit permutation code, more efficient use of telegraph lines.
By agreement with Donald Murray, and with his cooperation, the so-called Western Union Multiplex was developed, using Murray’s phonic wheel drive and synchronous correction. Western Union engineers designed tape transmitters and an autocontrol device for transmitting service signals. A keyboard-operated, five-unit-code, tape punch was supplied by the Morkrum Company. A page printer, which was later converted to print on gummed tape, was supplied by the Kleinschmidt Electric Company. The Western Union Multiplex was effective in increasing operating efficiency and came into extensive use throughout the system.
From that time on, development of the Baudot permutation-code printing telegraph apparatus was furthered by various companies, such as Bell Laboratories, Western Electric, the Morkrum Company, the Kleinschmidt Electric Company, as well as the companies of J. E. Wright, L. M. Potts, and others.
It appears that all of these inventors experimented with the idea of operating all transmitting and receiving apparatus at identical speeds to transmit a five-unit-code combination by first transmitting a pulse to start both transmitter and the distant receiver at the same time. Synchronous operation was obtained by electric motors equipped with governors to maintain correct speed; some used tuning-fork-controlled impulse motors. A system of five relays with progressive contact arrangements to cause cascade operation was also used to provide correct timing. Later, when correctly-timed, 60-cycle alternating current became available (see page 27), synchronous motors did the job.
Teleprinter apparatus using this synchronous method worked very well for point-to-point transmission as was used by the telegraph companies and news-distributing organizations to carry local traffic. It did not, however, solve the sought-for plan for a teleprinter intercommunicating 5 system. When attempts were made to connect printers at different distant points in a telegraph intercommunicating circuit while using the synchronous principle, false reception and printing errors would occur, due to variation in line circuit conditions and to a variation of the mechanical start operation at outlying teleprinters. This required frequent overline adjustment to keep the connected apparatus in phase.
The following is an excerpt from a patent application of Dr. Louis M. Potts (later to become research engineer for the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation), filed June 17, 1909, giving his idea for achieving a teleprinter intercommunicating system on the synchronous principle. Dr. Potts was a very capable telegraph engineer. His early association was with the telegraph system of the Rowland Telegraphic Company which had limited use in the early 1900s.
In those synchronous telegraph systems wherein the sending and the receiving commutator brushes constantly rotate, it is necessary to adjust these brushes so that they will approximately simultaneously engage corresponding segments. To effect this adjustment there is usually provided a special device embodying an additional segment on each commutator, and the adjustment consists in causing the brushes to arrive approximately simultaneously on this segment at the two ends of the line. Such adjustment is known as “finding the letter” and has to be made every time synchronism has been interrupted. According to the present invention, the necessity of providing additional means for performing the so-called operation of “finding the letter” is rendered unnecessary, since the transmitting and receiving commutator brushes at the two ends of the line start up afresh as it were for each signal.
In a later patent application, filed October 11, 1913, Dr. Potts stated:
This machine has also the advantage of being able to operate with a very short code. In order to adapt it to Morse circuits, it should be capable of operating with a code at least as short as the Morse code. In the present machine, I preferably employ a five unit code which, together with the starting impulse and the lag between signals, is actually shorter than the Morse code. Counting the five code impulse periods, the starting impulse period and the period of lag between impulses, each signal in my case, may be considered in comparison with the Morse code as being seven units long, whereas the Morse code is 8.5 units long. The average signal being shorter than the Morse, the delicacy of adjustment will be less and the distance of operation greater than a Morse telegraph for the same rate of transmission in words per minute.
Dr. Potts, however, still depended on like synchronous operation at both terminals, and dual start, so he did not have the answer after all!
John E. Wright, who in the 1890s designed and built step-by-step printing apparatus, including the Wright-Negron bulletin printer, also turned his thoughts toward the five-unit permutation code for printer operation and built several variations using the synchronous principle. The Superintendent of Telegraphs for the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad thought well of Wright’s apparatus and placed some in operation. But, here again, reliable operation could be maintained only in point-to-point operation. As will be noted in Chapter 2, Mr. Wright’s patents were purchased by the Kleinschmidt Electric Company in 1922.
A paper issued by Siemens-Halske of Germany in January of 1917[1] states that the Siemens Pendel Telegraph “is among the forerunners of the eventual worldwide start-stop system for intercommunication by the printed word.” The following excerpt translated from that description briefly explains the operation:
The Pendel Telegraph uses the five-unit permutation code to select characters, and operates on a start-stop principle. It is intended for station-to-station, one-way operation, the line current normally being closed to the positive side of the line battery. Transmission is under control of a keyboard with keys arranged as in a typewriter. Upon the depression of a key, the line battery is reversed, thereby transmitting a negative pulse to line which effects the start of both transmitter and receiver at the same time. Thereafter, five-code-combination pulses are transmitted, followed by positive current to line, thus restoring the circuit system to a normally closed line condition.
The name “Pendel Telegraph” would make one think that the timing of the transmitter and receiver were under control of a swinging pendulum. This is not the case. However, it does have a plan for simulating the action of a pendulum by an arrangement of springs and semi-rotating weights to effect synchronism for each printing cycle; and energy is derived from a motor which intermittently winds a power mainspring to an even tension. This arrangement is started in operation at both terminals at the same time and provides isochronal motion at both transmitter and receiver for each transmitted character. Due to multiple operations of the springs and weights used to provide synchronous action, the operating speed is limited to four or five letters per second.
In England, too, there was work being done along these same lines. Mr. H. H. Harrison, who is so well known for his contributions over the years in the telegraph field, devised printer apparatus using the five-unit 7 code which is described in Herbert’s Telegraphy,[2] as follows:
The instrument is provided with a Baudot 5-key keyboard, and has a step-by-step distributor which is mounted inside the casing. The standard Baudot alphabet is used, but each letter or character is prefixed by a positive starting impulse. Every time a key is depressed a universal bar is actuated which closes contacts giving the starting impulse and the distributors at both ends of the line step through six spaces. The combiner is of the electrical type invented by Baudot, and is similar to that used in Siemens’ new automatic printing telegraph. Five relays of the class used for telephone purposes are set at the receiving end, according to whether some of the stepping impulses are positive or negative. The distributor is a trunk hunting switch as used in automatic telephony, and consists of a ratchet wheel and stepping electromagnet. On the shaft of the ratchet wheel is fixed a wiper which sweeps over a semi-circular bank of contacts in response to the stepping impulses. Two-way working is secured by means of the differential balance.
(The article ends with the statement that a typewriter keyboard is being constructed to replace the five keys.)
It appears that all of these telegraph engineers and inventors envisioned a start-stop system and experimented with the idea of operating all transmitting and receiving apparatus at identical speeds by inserting a start signal before each group of letter code signals, to start both transmitter and distant receiver at the same time, and a stop condition between code groups.
In the following chapters will be shown the contributions made by both the Kleinschmidt and the Morkrum companies in the printing telegraph field, and finally their joint efforts which were to lead up to the establishment of that now worldwide intercommunicating system, the TELEX.
Edward E. Kleinschmidt’s first direct contact with telegraph apparatus was during his employment as a young man, in 1893, by John E. Wright, whose firm had developed and was then manufacturing printing telegraph equipment known as the Wright-Negron bulletin printer for the Havas News Agency in Paris. These printers operated on the step-by-step principle at 30 words per minute. (To attest to their ruggedness, as late as 1951 some of these machines were reported to be still in use!)
Five years later, in 1898, Kleinschmidt started an experimental shop at 122 Fulton Street in New York City. A sign over the door read, “Inventions Developed,” and he did experimental and developmental work for various customers (individuals as well as companies—including Western Union) on a time-and-material basis. In the beginning he had a project of his own going—a facsimile telegraph system. He submitted the system to Western Union in 1900 with the suggestion that it might be valuable for customer services, since a customer could write his telegram in longhand and insert the written message in the transmitting unit for transmission in facsimile to the telegraph central. The idea, however, was rejected. At that time the photoelectric cell for scanning the written message and electronic means for amplifying signals had not yet been developed; while the apparatus operated quite well over short circuits, evidently the time had not arrived for commercial facsimile telegraphy.
The first telegraph apparatus job for the shop was brought in by Dr. George A. Cardwell, a dentist by profession. It was a partially developed printing telegraph using a three-unit code made up of combinations of plus-minus-high-and-low-voltage pulses (the code we have already discussed). The work for Dr. Cardwell was carried on until 1903 when a working model was completed. It had a typewheel for printing and stops arranged in a circle; magnets under control of relay selection were used to set the stops according to the received code combinations. This arrangement operated well, and on a test over a Western Union circuit from New York to Baltimore it gave satisfactory results. As we have seen, 9 however, the code arrangement proved unsatisfactory for general telegraphic use.
Many customers came to the experimental shop with every type of idea imaginable; vacuum cleaners (The “Vacuna”), elevator signals, some early designs for Elmer Sperry’s gyrocompass were only a few. Kleinschmidt also set up a couple of side-line businesses, one for manufacturing automatic fishing reels under the trade name “Kelso,” another, the Aseptuloid Company, for making vaccination shields (some readers may well remember their childhood vaccinations being protected by a bubble of celluloid).
Another customer was George M. Seely, who later was instrumental in bringing Kleinschmidt’s work to the attention of Charles B. Goodspeed and W. S. Moore (they were to become his financial backers—see page 14). Mr. Seely came to the shop in 1906 with a partially developed block system for electric trolley car railways. His plan was to use special devices attached to the trolley pole which would cooperate with stationary electrical controls at certain fixed points along the road.
After working along these lines for awhile it became apparent that some inventive work would be required on Kleinschmidt’s part. Seely, in addition to time and material, then offered him a retainer for the assignment of any resulting patents.
As plans and studies progressed, a number of railway signaling devices were developed, tested, and patented. A major item was the development of a telephone train dispatching system. A complete set of apparatus was exhibited in operation at the American Association of Railroads Communications Convention held in Los Angeles in 1910. The company name given this venture was the “National Telephone Selector Company,” located at 235 Greenwich Street, New York City. The telephone train dispatching system was installed on the Long Branch Railroad with 30 stations connected with dispatcher headquarters at Red Bank, New Jersey. Another installation was made on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in West Virginia, connecting 38 stations with dispatcher headquarters at Fairbanks, West Virginia.
Most of the patents assigned to Mr. Seely were eventually sold to the Hall Signal Company.
Doing development work for others and assigning patents for a retainer 10 did not satisfy Kleinschmidt’s ambitions. His interests being mainly in the telegraph, he set out to design and build a piece of apparatus that the telegraph companies could use. A keyboard-operated perforator to punch the Morse code in a tape for automatic transmission at high speed looked like a promising subject, since the tape punches in use at that time had a three-key arrangement—one each for dot, dash, and space.
Kleinschmidt’s first keyboard-operated, Morse-code perforator was constructed in 1911 and exhibited to the Western Union Telegraph Company. Mr. G. R. Benjamin, their chief engineer, and Mr. Emmett R. Shute, a vice president, thought well of the machine and, after testing it, gave Kleinschmidt an order for fifty. This order spelled success. To celebrate the event, Kleinschmidt invited his brothers, Bernard, Fred and William, and their families to a dinner party at a distinguished restaurant. Soon thereafter (1913), the Kleinschmidt Electric Company was organized, with the brothers as incorporating officers.
The Kleinschmidt Keyboard Perforator came into use by telegraph and cable companies throughout the world where Morse, Wheatstone, or Cable codes were used to transmit telegrams. It was also used with Western Union’s Barclay system which had its own code. The device was later manufactured by Teletype Corporation under the name “Teletype Perforator” and used by the U. S. Government where it served its purpose for high-speed Morse transmission during the war period (see figure 1).
In the years 1911 and 1912, the Western Union Telegraph Company, in looking toward higher operating efficiency over their trunk circuits, decided to test the Creed high-speed Morse and the Murray Multiplex, and invited both companies to bring their apparatus to New York. It was on this occasion that Kleinschmidt became acquainted with Mr. F. G. Creed, who, upon observing the Kleinschmidt keyboard perforator at Western Union, was impressed by its performance and said that there would be a good market for it in England, especially as a keyboard punch for the Creed high-speed Continental-Morse-code system. As a result of that conference he asked for ten as a trial order. These perforators were shipped to London in due time and gave satisfactory service. The British Post Office Telegraph evidently had heard about this new perforator and sent a letter to the Kleinschmidt company asking for a demonstration at their London headquarters.
Now it happened at that time that Kleinschmidt was extremely busy with the development of a five-unit-code typebar printer for the new Multiplex—and this was urgent since the first model was to be put on competitive test with a typewheel printer submitted by L. M. Potts and the Western Electric typewheel printer which was then in use. Therefore, he felt he should not lose a month or two in this developmental work for a trip to London. So, his answer to this important invitation was that he could not personally bring one of his perforators for exhibit but that he would ask Mr. F. G. Creed to do so. Mr. Creed agreed and set up a formal exhibit for the Post Office engineers; he consequently received an order for twenty Kleinschmidt perforators. Further correspondence with Creed resulted in an order for one hundred and a request that Kleinschmidt come to London the next year (1914) to negotiate a contract to supply his keyboard perforators for the Creed high-speed Morse and to set up a sales agency with Creed for certain territories.
While in London in the summer of 1914, Kleinschmidt visited the Managing Director of the Post Office Telegraph at his office to apologize for having had Mr. Creed exhibit the Kleinschmidt perforator instead of bringing it personally as had been requested. The Managing Director replied that Mr. Creed had indeed given a very good operating exhibition of the device and that an order for twenty had been placed with him. “However,” he added, “you know, we sent you an official invitation and expected your appearance with your machine!”
To continue: Upon observing the change in systems at Western Union (switching from the Barclay to the Murray Multiplex), the Kleinschmidt Electric Company, who had been experimenting in the development of a telegraph typewriter, built a receiving teletypewriter for the multiplex. It was a magnet-operated, five-unit-code typebar page printer, using the Underwood typewriter mechanisms as a basis; and it was completed in time for test and evaluation at Western Union in competition with the typewheel printers of both L. M. Potts and Western Electric.
The Western Electric machine was given the number 1A, Mr. Potts’s, 2A, and the Kleinschmidt printer was 3A. The final outcome of the tests was the selection of the Kleinschmidt model, and the company received an order for five machines, to include a spare, to equip the New York terminal of a New York-to-Boston, four-channel multiplex system. The order was filled in a short time and the machines were put on test.
Fig. 1 Kleinschmidt Keyboard-Operated Morse-Code Perforator (this machine returned to author by a customer after being used thirty years!)
Fig. 2 3B Typebar Page Printer of Kleinschmidt Electric Companyfrom Museum of Kleinschmidt Division of SCM Corporation
Kleinschmidt watched the operation of his machines in service almost every day and was continually on the lookout for possible ways to improve and simplify the apparatus. The tests ran through to completion satisfactorily, and, upon submitting an improved design, numbered the 3B, the Kleinschmidt Electric Company received an order for one hundred typebar page printers. The 3B thereafter became standard apparatus and additional orders were placed as the multiplex system at Western Union expanded (see figure 2).
Several years later, Western Union efficiency engineers found that, due to circuit failures, certain parts of messages would have to be repeated. Because this meant retyping the message, they felt, and for other reasons as well, that printing the received messages on tape would be more economical, since corrections could be inserted without repeating the entire message. To meet this requirement, the typebar page printer was redesigned for printing on tape. This was accomplished by using the same selection controls and operating the typebars to print downward on the tape instead of upward against the platen as in the page printer. A tape gummer to attach the tape to a message blank was also designed. The 21A, later No. 22, tape printer was ordered in quantity thereafter.
Seeing the possibility of using their typebar page printer for direct-line service, the Kleinschmidt company built a motor-driven send-receive unit having a single contact transmitter which operated under control of a code-perforated tape to transmit seven signals in succession: one start, five code, and a stop signal. The receiving unit had a seven-segment commutator, one segment for start, five for code, and one for stop, and a rotating brush to pick up and transmit the received code signals to the printing unit. This apparatus was installed at the United Press for news distribution to their connected newspapers. Another set was installed at the Louisville and Nashville Railroad for station communications, and still another in New York City at the Equitable Life Assurance Society between their downtown and uptown offices. In connection with the latter installation, the Equitable people asked permission to install the printing apparatus on the telephone line and there was objection from the telephone company. However, after some consideration they finally agreed that the apparatus could be installed but warning that should it create interference with the telephone line it would be removed immediately. As it turned out, the printer operation over this telephone circuit 14 did not create any interference and the apparatus remained in service a long time (figure 3).
Fig. 3 Kleinschmidt Electric CompanyTeletypewriter Apparatus for Direct-Line Service
The Kleinschmidt Electric Company now began to have financial difficulties. Edward Kleinschmidt was borrowing wherever he could. There was no large quantity production and evidently his charges for the apparatus delivered were too low. At any rate, early in 1917, Mr. Seely suggested that he get financial help to carry on and it was here that the following gentlemen entered the picture: Charles B. Goodspeed of the Buckeye Steel Casting Company; Paul M. Benedict, assistant to the president of the C. B. & Q.; Edward Moore, son of Judge Moore of the American Can Company; Eldon Bisbee, a New York lawyer; and one of Mr. Bisbee’s clients, Albert Henry Wiggen, who was then president of the Chase National Bank. With their financial backing, the company was able to continue with further developmental work on simplified and 15 more efficient apparatus. Orders for various types of equipment for the Western Union Multiplex and for the Morse code keyboard perforator came along, but developmental costs were high and still more capital investment was required; Kleinschmidt would then borrow from the Chase Bank. Every so often at the Kleinschmidt company’s directors’ meetings, Mr. Holly, cashier of the bank and also a director of the company, would state that the Kleinschmidt loan “stood out like a lighthouse,” so a vote for an additional stock issue was carried and the loan paid.
Along about 1919 the Kleinschmidt company had completed a satisfactory keyboard-operated typebar teleprinter for intercommunication systems (see figure 4). The Kleinschmidt Telegraph Typewriter, as it was called, was installed at the New York City News, the Panama Canal, and at the Brooklyn Union Gas Company (fig. 5).
In 1922, Edward Kleinschmidt, having learned that Mr. J. E. Wright had discontinued further developments in the telegraph field, proposed the purchase of his patents, stating that this acquisition would broaden the Kleinschmidt company’s patent situation. The proposal was carried, and, after negotiations, Mr. Wright’s patents were bought for 100 shares of the Kleinschmidt Electric Company’s common stock.
In 1923, the Kleinschmidt Telegraph Typewriter was exhibited at the 20th Annual Business Show in New York and created a great deal of interest. In 1924, a complete telegraph system was engineered and set up for the Mexican government. (An engineer from Western Union was borrowed to help with this job.)
One day, in 1923, after some correspondence with Samuel Samuel & Co., Ltd., through whom the Kleinschmidt company received orders from Japan for the Morse code keyboard perforator, the Japanese Telegraph Administration sent one of their telegraph engineers, Mr. Y. Okomoto, to the company’s headquarters to assist in working out a keyboard arrangement of Japanese characters for a simplified alphabet consisting of 88 characters which the Japanese Telegraph Administration had devised. The five-unit code could not be used since only 64 selective positions could be had. So the telegraph typewriter mechanisms were changed to six-unit-code operation, which worked out very well. The Kleinschmidt company, and later Morkrum-Kleinschmidt, received continuing orders for the six-unit-code telegraph typewriters.
Fig. 4 Kleinschmidt Electric Company Telegraph Typewriter(keyboard-operated typebar teleprinter)
Fig. 5 Kleinschmidt Telegraph Typewriters(installation at Brooklyn Union Gas Co.)
Mark Morton, head of the Western Cold Storage Company in Chicago, and cold-storage engineer Charles L. Krum, the vice president of the firm, entered the telegraph field quite by accident. A young electrical engineer named Frank Pearne, in 1902, had some ideas for a printing telegraph machine and needed financial backing to carry on his experiments. One of his contacts happened to be Joy Morton, the founder of the Morton Salt Company. Joy Morton became interested enough to become Pearne’s backer, and prevailed upon brother Mark to set up a laboratory in the attic of the cold-storage plant for Pearne’s experiments.
It seems that after a year or so, Pearne lost interest in his invention and went into the teaching field. He proved to be a very successful professor at Armour Tech where he remained until his death.[3] But Pearne’s work was not in vain, for Charles L. Krum had become intensely interested and carried on the work with further inventions of his own. Indeed, he filed his first patent application on August 20, 1903, which proposed the use of a code comprising four signals: a positive pulse or a negative pulse of low voltage, and a positive or negative pulse of a higher voltage. Four additional patents were filed, the last in 1906.
C. L. Krum then set about building a machine which was demonstrated in 1906 and looked promising enough to form a company to further develop it. This company was made up of the Mortons (brothers Joy and Mark) and the Krums (Charles L. and his son Howard who had just finished college). The combination of their names, of course, resulted in “The Morkrum Company,” which was incorporated in the State of Maine on October 7, 1907. The charter stockholders were Joy Morton, who shouldered the greatest financial burden; Charles Krum; Joy Morton’s secretary, Daniel Peterkin (he later became an officer of the Morkrum Company); Mark Morton; and Sterling Morton (Joy’s son, of whom we 18 shall be hearing more later on). The working capital of the new company amounted to $150,000.00.
Charles Krum’s son Howard, after graduation, joined with his father in the developmental work of this new company and, due to his studies in electrical engineering, was able to help his father considerably. His first love and intended career was music, but he put this aside in favor of his father’s telegraph printer. However, a tune on the piano which he always kept in the laboratory would help him solve many a difficult problem.
In 1908 the Krums developed and produced a working model of the four-unit-code, plus-minus, high-low-voltage system, which was applied to operate the mechanism of an Oliver typewriter. The system was then given an operative test on the wires of the Chicago and Alton Railroad, of which Joy Morton was a director.
As their research work progressed, Howard studied the various systems in current use and, with his father, decided to abandon the plus-minus, high-low-voltage system. They turned instead to a system using the five-unit permutation code as employed by Baudot in his multiplex telegraph in which synchronized terminal apparatus with periodic correction was the controlling feature.
Their first joint patent describes a plan for accomplishing synchronized reception with transmission using a system of five relays interconnected to operate in successive cascade form; thus, when the relays at both terminals are correctly timed for successive operation, they will transmit and receive the five pulse combinations of the Baudot code. For transmitting and receiving the code pulses, each of the five relays has an additional contact. To start the relay cascade operation, a start relay is added at both terminals and operated by a start pulse which precedes each code transmission. It seemed natural for the Krums to turn to a relay system at first, since, from his work with the three-unit-code, high-low-voltage system, C. L. Krum was experienced with the possibilities of relay operation.
The system of the relay chain in cascade operation was employed to operate a page printer using the mechanisms of the Blickensdoerfer typewriter which had a three-row typewheel. The Postal Telegraph Company became interested and bought a number of these printers in 1910. This was the first sale of Morkrum apparatus and provided enthusiasm for the 19 Krums for further research, which led to the substitution of a governed-motor-driven brush distributor to replace the relay cascade system. For this new plan the motor at the receiving printer operated at a slightly higher speed and was held in continuously synchronous operation with the transmitter by the periodic transmission of a correcting pulse. The new code selecting and printer control system was also adapted to operate the mechanism of the Blickensdoerfer typewheel typewriter. The idea worked out better than the cascade relay system, and a number of printers using this method were constructed and named the “Morkrum Blue Code.” A few were put in service at the Postal Telegraph Company.
The Associated Press (AP) became interested in the Morkrum “Blue Code” printer system as a replacement for the low-speed Morse system which was being used to transmit news items to newspapers in many cities. Here, continuous transmission under control of a code-punched tape, as used in the Morse code system, was a requirement, so Messrs. Krum set to work and designed a keyboard-operated, five-unit, Baudot-code perforator and an automatic punched-tape-controlled transmitter. This apparatus was installed at the New York headquarters in 1915 and receiving printers were gradually installed throughout the Associated Press system. The following excerpt and picture (fig. 6) from Oliver Gramling’s book, AP—The Story of News,[4] describes the introduction of the system to the Associated Press:
The tide of news by telegraph had continued with the years. Facilities had been improved, the Morse clicked into virtually every town in the country, but the old method was the same. Day in and day out, sending operators took dispatches, translated them into the dash-dot of code, and the telegraph keys sent the signals on the circuits at a rate of twenty-five to thirty-five words a minute. In member newspaper offices along the line the Morse sounders clack-clacked busily and receiving operators translated the code symbols back into words, copying the stories in jerky spurts. The news of more than half a century had been handled that way.
For some time, however, Charles L. Krum, a Chicago cold-storage engineer, and his son Howard had been working to perfect an automatic machine which would send the printed word by wire at greater speed without the intermediary of code. They called their invention the Morkrum Telegraph Printer—coining the word Morkrum by combining the inventor’s name with the first syllable in the last name of Joy Morton, a Chicago businessman who financed them.
Fig. 6 A SENDING OPERATOR SAT AT A KEYBOARD LIKE THAT OF A TYPEWRITER.Reproduced from AP—The Story of News, by permission of Associated Press.
21Several other automatic telegraphic devices were being promoted, but (Kent) Cooper and engineers in the Traffic Department decided Krum’s machine held the most promise for their purposes. Tests got under way. In the Associated Press headquarters, which had been moved seven blocks from the old Western Union building to 51 Chambers Street, a sending operator sat at a keyboard similar to that of an ordinary typewriter. As he struck the keys, copying the dispatches before him, the machine perforated a paper tape with a series of holes, each combination representing a letter. The tape fed into a box-like transmitter which transformed the tape perforations into electrical impulses and sent them along the wires into the receiving machines in newspaper offices. These impulses actuated telegraph relays and set the receiving Morkrum machines automatically reproducing the letters which the sending operators were typing miles away.
The tests demonstrated that the Morkrum could transmit news hour after hour at the rate of sixty words a minute and the copy was delivered clean and uniform. Thus began the slow extension of Morkrum transmission to the whole leased wire system, replacing the “brass pounding” Morse keys. It was a transition that required years and until it was completed both Morse and Morkrum worked side by side in many places.
An interesting story appeared recently in “The AP World,”[5] giving some recollections of AP’s first field maintenance man, Royal (Roy) Bailey, then aged 71 and living in retirement in California. He still remembers the AP’s first printing telegraph machines, the article says; in fact, he helped make them, for he was a mechanic in the Morkrum Company’s factory in Chicago. When the Morkrum Company shipped the first machines to AP headquarters, Bailey went along with the machines to install and maintain them, although he remained on the Morkrum Company’s payroll. He eventually installed AP printers all over New York City and Connecticut, in Newark, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and in Chicago, St. Louis and Kansas City. He recalls that Morse telegraphers “used to groan when they first saw him.” The early teleprinters were hard to keep synchronized, Bailey further recalls, and copy boys had to check the speed frequently by sighting the striped motor flywheel through a tuning fork. (Many of those copy boys, he says, including Mickey Burt and Henry Elling, became AP engineers.)
As the experimental and developmental work continued at the Morkrum plant, Howard Krum studied all types of start-stop systems and found that synchronous control was the basis of all systems. After experimenting with various ideas his thoughts turned to a plan to make the start of the 22 receiving unit somewhat independent of the transmitting unit start, thus avoiding irregularities then present in transmitter start devices. This idea led to the construction of a permutation-code, start-stop system, using segmented commutators with rotating brush distributors at both transmitting and receiving units and a start magnet for each to control start-stop operation.
In this system the transmitter start magnet, when energized, releases the transmitting brush, which immediately contacts the first segment to transmit a start pulse to operate the receiver start magnet; the five-unit-code signal combination follows and both transmitting and receiving units are stopped. The apparatus was applied to control the selecting and printing mechanism of the Blickensdoerfer typewheel typewriter and named the “Morkrum Green Code.” This improved apparatus soon replaced the Blue Code printer at Associated Press and other installations (see figs. 7 and 7A).
In this connection the following additional comments of Mr. Bailey may be of interest:[6]
In 1919 I installed the New York-Washington circuit, with drops at Philadelphia and Baltimore. This was a new type of printer using what we called the Green Code. This was considered an improvement over the old Blue Code, which meant a rearrangement of the receiving mechanism, but still the machines made use of a typewheel....
Our biggest job of all came in 1923 when we changed over all the old Blue Code typewheel printers in the New York area to the new style L. C. Smith typebar printers using Green Code. (Morkrum bought L. C. Smith typewriters and added new machinery to them. Those printers became the famous Model 12.)
As we have seen, a number of inventors had patented ways and means to adopt the five-unit code for operating a telegraph printer system by the transmission of a start pulse to start both transmitting apparatus and the distant receiving apparatus at the same time, followed by transmission of a selected code and a stop pulse. To achieve successful operation, very close speed adjustment was required. At first, this was achieved by the use of governed motors and, later, when accurately timed, 60-cycle alternating current became available, the problem of synchronous operation of send and receive stations was solved by the use of synchronous motors.
Fig. 7 Morkrum Company’s Blue Code Typewheel Page PrinterPicture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation
Fig. 7A Morkrum Company’s Green Code Typewheel Page PrinterPicture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation
Telegraph printer systems of this type were used by telegraph companies for city-to-city transmission of telegrams and by news-gathering and -distributing organizations to transmit the news from headquarters to newspapers in different cities. While start-stop systems of this type were used successfully on press circuits and on telegraph message station-to-station circuitry, trouble was experienced when a number of printer send-receive units were set up in an intercommunicating system. Here it was found that the receiver start was not always in time with the transmitter start, due to varying line circuit conditions and a variation in the start release mechanism at connected stations.
It seems odd that synchronous systems, where both transmitter and receiver were started at the same time (requiring both transmitter and receiver to maintain synchronism), held the field for so long a time, thus limiting telegraph transmission to one-way operation.
It evidently took a mind not bound or hampered by the standard and accepted way of operating synchronous systems to discard such old ideas and to set forth boldly on a new pattern which, in reality, differed but slightly from the then-established synchronous systems, and to sow the seed for starting further developments leading to the present telegraph typewriter, TWX, and TELEX intercommunicating systems. Such a man was Howard L. Krum, who, in further thinking on the subject, came upon the almost simple idea of having the transmitter start the receiver rather than having them both start at the same time. This arrangement required higher speed operation of the receiver and therefore the receiving code pulse positions were spread over a shorter area, which meant progressively decreasing the angular division of the receiving members. Then, to set the received start pulse in the most favorable position with relation to the following code signal reception, an orientation adjustment of the receiver start position was provided.
(Note: On June 20, 1961, Kleinschmidt wrote to Howard Krum—then in retirement in California—giving a short description of the Morkrum Company activities, including the wording of the above last two paragraphs, and asking him to write the Morkrum story. Howard Krum replied on July 3, 1961, indicating his approval and saying that he would be glad to put together some notes for Kleinschmidt. It was quite a shock, therefore, when a letter was received from Howard Krum’s son, Charles, in September of 1961, telling of his father’s sudden serious illness. Then, regretfully, it was not long afterwards that 25 word was received of Howard Krum’s death on November 13, 1961.)
Fig. 8 Morkrum Company No. 12 Typebar Page PrinterPicture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation
Howard Krum’s improved method for operating start-stop, permutation-code telegraph systems was first applied to the Morkrum Green Code apparatus to control the selecting and printing operations of the Blickensdoerfer typewheel typewriter.
At this time the Kleinschmidt company and other manufacturers were starting to produce permutation-code, start-stop telegraph printers using typebar printing like the more modern typewriters which began rapidly to replace the Blickensdoerfer, the Hammond, and the other typewheel printing typewriters. Observing this situation, the Morkrum Company started intensive development work to produce the No. 12 typebar page printer, using the typebars and operating mechanism of the L. C. Smith typewriter and platen of a Woodstock typewriter (fig. 8).
Further developments produced the Morkrum No. 11 tape printer which used the Baudot combiner method for selecting and printing 26 characters under control of start-stop, send-receive devices. The No. 11 was a small, compact tape printer operating at fifty words per minute. Quite a number were put into service at hotels and elsewhere for local message service (fig. 9).
Fig. 9 Morkrum Company No. 11 Tape PrinterPicture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation
The new No. 12 typebar page printer found numerous applications. It replaced the Green Code and the earlier Blue Code wherever used. The new No. 12 was installed at Western Union, on some railroads, and in the Chicago Police telegraph system. The No. 12s were also installed by Postal Telegraph on intercity circuits and used as receiving units for the Postal Multiplex. The Postal Multiplex had been designed by Morkrum and Postal engineers with the consultant assistance of Donald Murray who was a friendly associate and had a license agreement with the Morkrum Company covering some of his patents. A few No. 12 Morkrums were shipped abroad for use with the Murray Multiplex; the British Post Office Telegraph and the Australian Telegraph Administration were customers.
Late in 1924 the Morkrum Company and the Kleinschmidt Electric Company joined to form the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation. A story telling of the union of these two companies was published by Fortune magazine in March of 1932.[7]
Before going to that story, it may be of interest to describe an important event concerning the change in the supply of electric power from direct current to 60-cycle alternating current and the final timing to exactly 60 cycles per second of all A.C. power supplies so that our electric clocks may be connected to an A.C. outlet and give correct time.
The advent of correctly timed, 60-cycle A.C. electric power, available throughout the nation, was a great boon to the designers of printing telegraph apparatus and some types of facsimile telegraph and picture transmitting systems. In prior years, overline synchronization of send and receive apparatus was always a problem and never perfect. Today, synchronizing apparatus between terminals becomes the simple matter of providing 60-cycle A.C. synchronous motors. Just plug into a power outlet and you have “sync”!
Henry Ellis Warren, a clock maker, noting the change in electric power service from direct current to 60-cycle alternating current, set about to build a motor to operate at 60-cycle speed but found that the 60-cycle frequency did not always hold to form, and when applied to running a clock, did not hold correct time.
The following excerpt, from The Romance of Time,[8] tells of Warren’s activities which led to synchronizing 60-cycle alternating current to exact time:
Synchronous Electric Time
One of the most important of all contributions to horology is the work of an American who has earned the title, “Father of Electric Time.”
Henry Ellis Warren was graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1894. In 1907 he married and settled in Ashland, Massachusetts. Here it was that he began to work out his idea for electrically operated timepieces.
His first product was an ingenious battery-operated clock. In 1914 he organized the Warren Clock Company and set up production in a barn on his farm. Yet he knew the battery clock was not his goal, for direct current offered no means of accurate regulation. Direct current flows constantly 28 in one direction only, like water down a river or like the passage of time. On the other hand, alternating current changes direction regularly, like the oscillation of the balance wheel in a watch. But instead of the usual five times a second of the balance wheel, most alternating current completes its trip forward and backward sixty times a second. Obviously, a clock “geared” to such a frequency would run as reliably as the current.
In 1916, after several years of extensive experimentation, Warren developed a motor which would start by itself, run on alternating current, and carry without difficulty the load of reduction gears driving the clock hands. It could also handle the cams and contacts of an alarm clock or set in motion a striking or chiming mechanism.
Then came the test. He plugged the clock into the power socket. It commenced to run. Weeks of observation and checking showed an irregular error of as much as ten to fifteen minutes a day.
Convinced that his clock was right, Warren discovered that the alternating current frequency delivered to his barn factory was off half a cycle per second—59½ and not 60 cycles. This slight deflection would produce that much time loss in a 24-hour run. When he informed the electric company of this error, he was met at first with polite disbelief. Yet he showed such a comprehensive knowledge of the subject that the company began to recheck their standards.
Warren built several more synchronous clocks and a master regulator of his own design for power-station use. On one dial of his master clock there were two hands, black and gold. The black hand was connected to an accurately adjusted pendulum clock, beating seconds. The gold hand was driven by the gear train of one of his electric clocks. As long as the two hands revolved together, the current cycles were exactly 60 per second. Set up in a power station, this allowed the operator to adjust the turbine generators as needed to keep the two hands of the master clock together. Thus all other properly set electric clocks on the same system would keep the same time automatically.
The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston tried out the master clock on October 23, 1916. Since then this regulation has continued.
Other power companies adopted Warren’s master clock. Today virtually all alternating current furnished in America is similarly checked. Practical electric time is available at the light socket almost everywhere. But there are additional benefits.
Standardizing the frequency expanded the market for current to run the increasing number of clocks in use. Yet, from the consumer’s point of view, each clock draws little current, costing but a few pennies a month. Uniform frequency also gave more even speeds in motor-driven machinery, with a resultant improvement in product. It made easier the joining of 29 one power station to another. Synchronous motors used in certain meters and recorders produced better, more accurate records at lower cost.
The Warren enterprise expanded rapidly. The battery clock was discontinued. The red barn was no longer large enough, and new space was acquired. The trade mark “Telechron,” meaning “time from a distance” (from two Greek words), was used to identify all products of the company. The firm name was changed to stress the name Telechron, and in 1952 a merger was made with the General Electric Company. Plants are now operated in Worcester as well as in Ashland, Massachusetts.
And now back to the telegraph field....
During and after the first world war, both the Morkrum Company and the Kleinschmidt Electric Company were progressively developing and producing telegraph apparatus and bringing out new and improved operating devices to a point where conflicting patents were at issue. This meant infringement litigation which might destroy both companies. Neither company could obtain orders in sufficient quantity to make the manufacturing of apparatus profitable, and, with costly development work at hand, more capital investment was a continuous requirement.
The following excerpts from the March 1932 issue of Fortune[9] tells of the final joining of the two companies.
The Morkrum Co. had no profits to show for its efforts, and one can be fairly safe in assuming that no other maker of telegraph printers made profits. There were competitors, of course. Even the first telegraph invented by Samuel Morse had a printer, but it printed in dots and dashes instead of in letters of the English alphabet. That original Morse printer was abandoned as far back as 1844 because a man who could be trained to read dots and dashes could just as easily be trained to listen to them. The problem of getting a printer to print the alphabet was faced by inventors more than half a century ago, and it was not really a difficult problem. The difficulty was to invent a printer that was not too complicated and delicate to be reliable, that was simple enough to be manufactured for a few hundred instead of a few thousand dollars.
This difficulty occupied many minds other than the Morton-Krum intelligences. The most noteworthy of Morkrum Co.’s rivals in printer-making was Edward Kleinschmidt, an inventor who had all the inventor’s legendary devotion to his task and to nothing else. His creations included a vaccination shield, an automatic fishing reel, and the perfection of the Wheatstone perforator. He had been tinkering with a telegraph printer in one form and another since the beginning of the century. In 1917 his project was revamped. It had the financial backing of Charles B. Goodspeed, of the Buckeye Steel Casting Co.; Paul M. Benedict, assistant to the president of the C. B. & Q.; Edward Moore, son of Judge Moore of American Can fame; 31 Eldon Bisbee, a New York lawyer; and one of Mr. Bisbee’s legal clients, Albert Henry Wiggin, then president of the Chase National Bank. It was Mr. Goodspeed, a quiet, retiring gentleman, who supplied most of the corporate (as distinct from inventive) energy of the Kleinschmidt Electric Co....
In the years from 1917 to 1924 the Kleinschmidt and the Morkrum companies became the leading makers of telegraph printers, but they did not have an easy row to hoe. Their only possible customers were the two great telegraph companies, the Telephone company, the railroads, and an occasional outside business such as a press association. The competition was disheartening, and it became keener with the elevation of Sterling, son of Joy Morton, to the presidency of the Morkrum Co., an elevation that was mainly a War-time accident, for Sterling Morton had resigned from his father’s company to enlist in the Army, had been rejected because of a small steel plate in his anatomy, and had chosen the Morkrum Co. as an alternative. Engineering progress was made, sometimes under ludicrous circumstances.
There was one occasion when Sterling Morton, about to sail for Europe, heard that the Kleinschmidt Co. was about to bring out a simplex printer. Up to that time both companies had been making printers for use with multiplex machines. Mr. Morton was afraid that Mr. Kleinschmidt was about to anticipate him in the simplex development which was the forerunner of the present teletypewriter. This was a contingency which Mr. Morton could not well permit. On the spur of the moment, he called on Howard Krum, who happened to be in New York. They bought a drawing board, hired a room at the Princeton Club, and worked for twenty-four hours trying to design such a machine. Completely baffled by one small detail, they gave up and took a bus for Coney Island. On the way, Howard Krum doubled up in sudden ecstacy and inspiration. They rushed from the bus at Coney Island, entered a soda fountain, and on the spot designed the machine on the back of an envelope. This simplex machine of the Morkrum Co. and the one developed by Kleinschmidt at the same time are the machines which make Teletype commercially important, the substance of the business today.
But engineering progress was not business progress. Both companies from the standpoint of profits were failures. Their few customers played them off against each other. In despair, they were both willing to sell out. At one point Mr. Goodspeed offered the Kleinschmidt company to Mr. Newcomb Carlton of Western Union for $412,000, the amount invested in it. Mr. Morton sold his company in all but fact to Mr. Charles G. du Bois, then president of Western Electric, but Mr. du Bois went off to Europe, and his substitute refused to see any merit in the deal. So it fell through. Unable to sell themselves to their customers, they tried selling themselves to each other. In 1923 Messrs. Goodspeed and Morton came to terms. The Morkrum Co. signed the agreement and, everything arranged, Mr. Goodspeed 32 went off to bicycle with his wife in South Africa—whereupon his company suddenly changed its mind.
That was the situation of these two unfortunate companies in 1924 when Mr. Morton started a suit for patent infringement against his rivals. A counter suit was promptly filed. Mr. Goodspeed was quite right when he said the suits would ruin both—there was every prospect that by the time the courts had settled things, the patents would have been in such a snarl that neither could do anything. The suit, in fact, was Sterling Morton’s way of bringing matters to a head. So, figuratively speaking, on the courthouse steps they merged.
The terms of the merger as embodied in the six-line agreement (it was later made over into a twenty-five-page legal document which concluded by saying that in case of dispute the six-line agreement should be the final authority) were these: each of the old companies received a half interest in the common stock (10,000 shares) of the new company; 15,000 shares (callable at 105) of the new company’s preferred stock should be divided according to the assets of the old companies. Actually, 13,979 shares of preferred were issued, the majority going to the Morkrum group.
And so it was that the agreement to join both companies under the name Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation was consummated and chartered in the State of Delaware on December 29, 1924, with Sterling Morton as President, Howard L. Krum as Vice President in charge of manufacturing, and Edward E. Kleinschmidt as Vice President in charge of development, patents and foreign sales.
One of the first decisions to make was whether the Kleinschmidt plant in Long Island City or the Morkrum plant in Chicago would be the headquarters for the new company. The Kleinschmidt company was on a 27,000-foot leased floor in a building which R. H. Macy Company had just purchased to use for a warehouse, and negotiations had been going on for some time for the purchase of the Kleinschmidt lease—the sum of $25,000.00 having been offered. When the union of the two companies was decided upon, an agreement to vacate on the terms offered was signed, and the Kleinschmidt firm moved to the Morkrum-owned plant in Chicago.
Fig. 10 Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation No. 14 Start-Stop Typebar Tape PrinterPicture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation
Bringing together the engineering talent and patents of the two companies had an immediate effect toward further progress. The first thing the new company set out to do, through consolidation of their past efforts, was to perfect a satisfactory start-stop-operated tape printer for the Western Union Telegraph Company to use for circuit extension to customers who were extensively using the telegraph for immediate, written communication. (This was to speed up telegraphic communication and eliminate the need for messenger service which had been the custom.) The Morkrum company had submitted their start-stop-operated Baudot tape printer, and the Kleinschmidt company had proposed the Western Union No. 22 tape printer in a redesign to start-stop operation. Now, the new company was able to combine both plans and as a result came up with their first development, a typebar, start-stop-operated, tape printer, the No. 14 (see figure 10). In the final design, Howard Krum and his production engineers took a large part. After tests and evaluation, Western Union’s first order was for 10,000 machines at $317.00 each. This amounted to a total of $3,170,000.00. No such quantity had ever been heard of before!
It is quite evident that while the two companies were separated, each coming up with improved and new designs of telegraph apparatus, there was a lack of decision by telegraph companies as to which type of apparatus to adopt in expanding their operations, and therefore they did not buy in quantity. The largest previous order to the Kleinschmidt Electric Company was for 800 No. 22 typebar tape printers for the Western Union Multiplex.
At Morkrum-Kleinschmidt more space was needed. The corner property on Wrightwood Avenue adjoining the Morkrum plant was purchased, and a four-story building was erected.
The design of a telegraph typewriter that would be more efficient and require a minimum of maintenance service was the most important project, and Morkrum-Kleinschmidt was working with Bell Laboratories engineers endeavoring to meet all the requirements of the Bell Telephone system. A typebar printer with a stationary printing platen and moving typebar printing unit was specified. These requirements were finally met with the design of the No. 15 page printer to operate at 60 words per minute, and manufacture of this apparatus was started in 1927 (see figure 11). The No. 15 page printer became the standard for nationwide intercommunicating telegraph service for many years.
In 1926, soon after the No. 14 tape printer was put into service, Morkrum-Kleinschmidt received a request from the police department of Berlin, Germany, for detailed information, stating that they were interested in the purchase of about sixty No. 14 printers. The letter asked if Morkrum-Kleinschmidt was represented by an agent in Germany whom they could contact. At an executive meeting, Mr. Morton and Mr. Krum asked Mr. Kleinschmidt to take care of this matter since his company, before joining them, had sold apparatus in some foreign countries. After further correspondence with the Berlin police officials, Kleinschmidt decided personally to take a No. 14 printer to Germany and arrange for a representative there. After visiting and conferring with several companies experienced in the telegraph and associated apparatus field, a satisfactory arrangement was consummated with the C. Lorenz Company, on October 25, 1926, for the manufacture and sale of Morkrum-Kleinschmidt equipment in Germany, on a royalty-licensing basis. At that time the Lorenz company manufactured telegraph and telephone equipment and railway signaling apparatus. Their engineering department was under the supervision of Dr. Gerhard Grimsen who took the matter in hand for further exploitation toward an intercommunicating printing telegraph system, using the No. 15 page teletypewriter. Siemens & Halske, the principal manufacturers of telegraph equipment in Germany, were also licensed by the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation, on June 1, 1929, with the consent of the Lorenz company.
Fig. 11 Morkrum-Kleinschmidt No. 15 Page PrinterPicture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation
(As may be seen in the following chapter, it was these licensing arrangements which led to the establishment of the TELEX intercommunicating teleprinter system in Europe.)
In early 1927 the well-known newspaper publisher, Mr. Frank E. Gannett, came to Morkrum-Kleinschmidt, bringing his company’s engineer, Mr. Walter Morey, who had heard of various attempts to operate a typesetting machine, such as Linotype or Intertype, directly from the telegraph. Mr. Gannett said, “We have telegraph typewriters in our news rooms that record the news as transmitted from the Associated Press and the United Press, and that is fine. Now, why not go a step further and operate our typesetting machines directly from the telegraph circuit? If you can develop such a device, I will help finance the project.”
Indeed, after some study of the matter, the possibility of devising such a system seemed entirely feasible and the development of suitable apparatus was turned over to the research and development department. A workable plan was soon put together and a separate company, the Teletypesetter Company, was organized, with Mr. Gannett joining financially. Edward Kleinschmidt was elected president. Development proceeded and a complete set of apparatus was set up and publicly demonstrated for the first time on December 6, 1928, at one of Mr. Gannett’s newspapers, The Times Union of Rochester, New York. Teletypesetter equipment was subsequently manufactured for several installations. After the Western Electric Company purchased the Teletype Corporation in 1930, the Teletypesetter Company was sold to the Fairchild Company. Teletypesetter equipment is now in universal use by most newspapers and the larger printing companies.
During the period that the United States’ business cycle was on a continuous upswing (during the late 1920s), securities sales on the New York Stock Exchange were going to constantly higher volume, and the old step-by-step stock ticker did not, by large margins, keep pace in recording stock share transactions. There was a cry for a higher speed stock 37 ticker; in fact, the Stock Exchange officials told Morkrum-Kleinschmidt that they would be happy to convert the entire system if they could get higher speed.
An adaptation of the five-unit-code, start-stop system seemed the solution and the Research and Development department set out to develop suitable apparatus. Several ideas were studied and, because of the frequent changes from letters to figures, requiring printing in separate rows on the tape, a six-unit code was adapted instead in which combinations for a figure included the sixth selecting pulse to operate the figures print hammer and block the letters print hammer.
Fig. 12 Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation Stock TickerPicture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation
The Morkrum-Kleinschmidt company was soon able to show the Stock Exchange people a stock ticker operating on a telegraph system that 38 worked at twice the speed of the step-by-step-operated tickers then in use. A speed of 500 printing operations per minute could be obtained, thus attaining a one-hundred-percent increase in the transmitting and recording of stock quotations on the tape (see figure 12). The Stock Exchange ticker service company ordered 15,000 of these high-speed tickers and the Western Union Telegraph Company also ordered a quantity for their national stock quotations distributing systems.
As business of the combined Morkrum and Kleinschmidt companies went along, it was thought that the name “Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation” was a pretty big mouthful and that a simpler name more characteristic of its products would be better. The name “Teletype” was suggested, and in the year 1928 the name change to “Teletype Corporation” was made. The exact origin of the word “teletype” is not known but it is no doubt one of the abbreviated forms of the words “telegraph typewriter” which were used over the years. In literature, in the early 1900s, we find that the word “teletype,” in speaking of printing telegraph equipment, and other shortened forms, such as “telewriter” and “teletyper,” were used interchangeably.
Kleinschmidt’s son, Edward F., who studied electrical engineering at Steven’s Institute and at Northwestern University, was employed as development engineer by the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt company where he assisted in the design of projects at hand, and, during 1929, produced a system and apparatus for transmitting and recording printed characters by the successive transmission of dots arranged in a pattern to form letters. While this system required a higher signaling frequency, it was thought to be superior to permutation-code transmission over radio circuits where electrostatic interference is experienced, since, in the dot pattern transmission, electrostatic interference up to a degree will not change the readability of a transmitted letter.
The system was in test operation to prove its efficiency over radio circuits where considerable static interference was experienced. Upon hearing of this new telegraph for the radio, Mr. R. Stanley Dollar became interested in the use of this communicating system for his steamship line. There was considerable correspondence in this matter during mid-1930, just prior to the sale of Teletype; however, neither AT&T nor Western Electric was interested in further promoting this new radio telegraph, so the matter was dropped.
Business activities of Teletype Corporation were now growing rapidly and with good profit. The capital structure of 10,000 shares was wholly inadequate, so by a 15-to-1 stock dividend the capital structure was raised to 150,000 shares, and dividends on an annual basis of $12.00 were paid.
The successful development of apparatus for different applications useful in the telegraph field was largely due to the close cooperation between the research-development and the manufacturing departments of the organization. Howard Krum had expert engineers and designers in his department, Kleinschmidt brought his leading engineers and designers from the Long Island City plant, and there was a definite spirit of cooperation all around.
To quote again from the Fortune magazine story:[10]
As the years up to 1925, when the Kleinschmidt-Morkrum merger took place, were wanderings in a profitless desert, so the years from 1925 to 1930 found the teletype in a land of milk and honey. Mr. Morton, however, was inclined to think that a company which had only two or three major customers is not strongly placed. Furthermore (and by the spring of 1930), at least one of those customers was actively in the market as a Teletype purchaser. This buyer was Colonel Sosthenes Behn, whose International Telephone & Telegraph Co. includes Postal Telegraph at home in addition to many communication and manufacturing companies abroad. With Colonel Behn wanting to buy and Mr. Morton wanting to sell, negotiations rapidly proceeded to a point at which Mr. Morton, at least, thought the deal was almost concluded. But while Mr. Morton and the Colonel were discussing the prospective acquisition, into the Colonel’s office walked a man who has no other place in this story except that he happened to interrupt at this moment. As this gentleman was introduced, he asked whether Mr. Morton were related to Joy or Paul Morton. When Mr. Morton admitted that they were his father and uncle, the man turned to Colonel Behn and said in jest: “Better watch your step. That’s a smart family.” Only Colonel Behn knows whether he gave that remark any weight, but the point is that the negotiations suddenly collapsed, and that the visitor’s remark about the smart family still lives vividly in Mr. Morton’s memory.
This setback was not a setback at all to such a negotiator as Mr. Morton. Two months later, in May, 1930, you find him walking into the office of Clarence G. Stoll, vice president of Western Electric, A. T. & T.’s manufacturing subsidiary. This time there had been no preliminaries. Mr. Stoll rose from his desk and said: “Good morning. What can I do for you?”
“Do you want to buy Teletype?”
40“Is it for sale?”
“Yes, at a price.”
“All right. Let’s get down to business.”
They got down to business on the spot, and they remained at it for three solid days in Mr. Stoll’s office. The agreement as reached called for A. T. & T. to pay off the preferred stock of Teletype, 13,979 shares callable at 105, and to give one share of A. T. & T. in exchange for each common share of Teletype. The A. T. & T. shares were worth about $200, so the price came to upwards of $30,000,000—plus, of course, the $1,467,795 for retiring the Teletype preferred.
It should be noted here that this deal to take over Teletype on a share-for-share basis was exclusive of foreign patent rights but did include patent rights in Canada and Mexico.
The sale to Western Electric was closed on September 30, 1930. Mr. Stoll of that company was made president. Howard Krum continued on as vice president and was a leader in developing a number of commendable devices, including a system for transmitting messages in scrambled, untranslatable code form and receiving such scrambled code in perfect message form. Mr. Morton was retained as consultant. Edward Kleinschmidt made an arrangement to do development work for the new organization in a laboratory of his own, assigning all inventions to the Teletype Corporation (see page 50).
After Kleinschmidt left Teletype, his assistant, Albert H. Reiber, carried on as head of Research and Development for a short while before his untimely death. In the meantime, Walter J. Zenner had advanced and, in 1935, became Department Chief and later Vice President in Charge of Research and Development. Under Zenner’s direction a number of new devices in the teleprinter field were developed, including ultra-high-speed tape-perforating and tape-controlled transmitting devices, as well as a high-speed stock ticker operating at 900 characters per minute (introduced in 1964) to replace the earlier Morkrum-Kleinschmidt ticker which operated at 500 characters per minute. Some 94 patents were issued in his name, which have contributed greatly to the growth of the Teletype Corporation.[11]
On May 15, 1940, Howard Krum and Edward E. Kleinschmidt were both honored by The Franklin Institute and awarded the John Price Wetherill Medal, each one “For his Part in the Development of a Successful Electrically Operated Duplicate Typewriting Machine Now Known as the Teletypewriter,” (Quoted from the medal certificate.)
Teletype Corporation’s new Model 33 Automatic Send-Receive SetPicture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation
Howard Krum later also received an award as Modern Pioneer from the National Manufacturers Association. Edward E. Kleinschmidt, on April 19, 1958, was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn.
To continue: After the sale of patent rights in Canada, Mexico, and the United States to Western Electric, there remained the European and other foreign patent rights still with the original Morkrum and Kleinschmidt investors. The International Telephone and Telegraph Company wanted these rights, and, after negotiations in New York, a price was set for their purchase through the Creed Company in London, then owned by IT&T. Edward Kleinschmidt was sent to London in 1930 to close the deal. Some changes to the sales contract were requested by Creed which kept the cables busy by Kleinschmidt in asking for approval from A. T. & T. and Western Electric lawyers. Finally, upon all-around approval, the contract was signed at the previously-agreed-to price of one and a quarter million dollars.
As a result of the acquisition of patents of the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Company by the Lorenz company, Siemens & Halske, and, later, the Creed company in England, all of which we have discussed briefly, teletypewriter intercommunicating expanded rapidly. In just a short time, through the cooperation of these companies, it spread over all of Europe and was named TELEX (TELeprinter EXchange Service).
Dr. Gerhard Grimsen of the Lorenz company, in a letter to Edward E. Kleinschmidt, dated July 11, 1962, states, in part (slightly edited):
The story of printing telegraph apparatus using an equal length code in the Lorenz Co. commences in 1927 with the acquisition of the most important patents of the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Co.
Before then, the Lorenz people were busy in manufacturing Morse apparatus and delivering exchange tickers which used the Hughes code. The transmitter had a piano keyboard, the receiver was a page printer with a moving type wheel.... The biggest network of this kind was installed in the Berlin Police service (with one transmitter and about 300 receivers). The connections between the headquarters and the substations were built by using guttapercha cable lines owned by the police administration. This broadcasting network was erected around 1907. By 1927 the cables had aged, by normal corrosion, to such a degree that instead of 110-volt double current transmitting voltage, little by little, up to 220 volts was necessary for a fairly satisfying operation. Also, the maintenance of the apparatus became more costly.
This was the situation when some communication experts of the police and the post administration made the first studies about the newest telegraph technique in the U. S. A.... They found that the start-stop, five-unit tape printer, the Model 14, developed and manufactured by the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt company, would be the best instrument to replace the old ones in the police service as well as in the telegraph business of the German post administration.
Of special importance to the police service was the fact that by introducing this apparatus, it was not necessary to build a new network because now it became possible to rent normal telephone lines using single current, 40-milliampere, 60-volt current only.
Siemens and Halske engineers, in 1925, had designed a teleprinter using the five-unit-code, start-stop principle. This was manufactured and improvements added, including the new start-stop method developed by Morkrum-Kleinschmidt. The Creed company, which had started manufacture of start-stop teleprinters before 1930, having purchased several Morkrum printers before the consolidation of that company with the Kleinschmidt company, also designed a teleprinter for the new five-unit-code, start-stop system.
In another write-up, Dr. Grimsen states that after the Siemens company came into the picture, a fully automatic teleprinter network was started in 1933 with a trial installation between Berlin and Hamburg for about forty private subscribers. The results were so encouraging that the German Reichspost continued the work, and five years later the TELEX system contained about 10,000 subscribers.
TELEX service was introduced in Great Britain in 1932 and was worked over the telephone network, using a single-tone voice frequency carrier signal which was keyed on and off by the teleprinter transmitter. (From Freebody’s Telegraphy.)[12]
Interconnection for TELEX service was made by dialing a subscriber as in telephone operation. TELEX directories then, as now, gave the call numbers of subscribers. Types of answerback devices were designed in both England and Germany which finally developed into an arrangement whereby the calling subscriber would, after dialing a number, press a special key, the shifted D key—named the “Who-Are-You?” button—which would cause the transmission of a signal code automatically to activate the called teletypewriter mechanism into transmitting its TELEX number.
Further apparatus, a device to punch the code in a tape and a punched-tape-controlled transmitter, was soon added.
The Siemens company also developed and built completely automatic switching equipment for the TELEX system which is used by many telegraph administrations.
Through the cooperation of the companies who were manufacturing teleprinters and associated equipment, the many problems that appeared were eventually solved to improve the apparatus and bring the TELEX 44 system to eventual perfection for worldwide telegraph communications. (At the time of this writing, according to statistics, there are nearly 1,000,000 TELEX subscribers throughout the world.)
One of the problems faced in setting up such a worldwide system was that of standardizing the code and operating speed. At the time of Kleinschmidt’s stay in London in 1930 to close negotiations with Creed for the sale of Morkrum-Kleinschmidt’s foreign rights, he met Mr. Martin Feuerhahn of the German Telegraph Administration who at that time was in conference with Creed and representatives from the British Telegraph Administration as to standardizing on an alphabet and telegraph code for international communications. Mr. Feuerhahn argued for the adoption of the American Murray alphabet and code, stating that he already had the approval and consent of the French, Italian, and Belgian telegraph administrations.
Mr. Feuerhahn and Kleinschmidt spent some hours together. After their return to their respective countries, Kleinschmidt received a letter from Mr. Feuerhahn referring to their talks and stating that he had been in correspondence with Mr. Benjamin of Western Union and Mr. Parker of Bell Laboratories with regard to code and other pertinent matters of standardization so that an International Teleprinter Exchange could be extended into the United States. Another letter dated October 10, 1931, reviewed the aforementioned standardization search.
The Murray alphabet and 7½-unit code were soon adopted and are still in use today in TELEX.
In later years, an association, the Consultative Committee on International Telegraph (CCIT—now the CCITT to include the telephone), was formed and met regularly to discuss problems and to set operating regulations for the TELEX apparatus in an intercommunicating system. The CCITT at this writing is still meeting regularly on worldwide standardization in both telegraph and telephone communications.
In the United States, in November 1931, the Bell Telephone Companies announced an intercommunicating teletypewriter service, called TWX for short (TeletypeWriter eXchange), by which interconnections could be made by a switchboard operator as in telephone service. One of their first advertisements named it a “Telephone Typewriter Service, a 45 service that typewrites by wire, a method of inter-office communication that has the quickness of the telephone, the flexibility of conversation, the accuracy of the typewriter, the authority of the printed word, the permanency of print.”[13] Tape-punching and tape-controlled transmitting apparatus was provided. This service allowed subscribers to carry on a typewritten conversation at a charge less than the cost of a telephone call, whether to local or to distant areas. The maximum speed of this equipment was limited to sixty words per minute.
Telephone Typewriter Service (early TWX apparatus)reproduced by permission of American telephone & Telegraph Co.
There are approximately 54,000 subscribers to TWX at this writing, and the TWX directory gets fatter with each new issue. In 1962 all TWX machines were converted to direct dialing operation, making the service easier to use. Instead of going through “Operator” by manually typing out the call letters of the party being called, one now merely depresses the Originate button, listens for the dial tone, and then dials the TWX number of the party wanted.
RCA Communications, Inc., was the first to extend international TELEX service to Bell System teletypewriter subscribers (1955), enabling them to make and receive overseas calls on their domestic TWX machines.[14] As stated, the TWX machines were geared for 60-words-per-minute operation, whereas the TELEX system operated at 66 words per minute. It was therefore necessary for R.C.A. to use conversion apparatus to an error-detecting code for overseas radio transmission. This code was a seven-unit code, using three marking and four spacing elements, giving 35 usable combinations. By using a special printer, when a faulty combination was received, a special error symbol was printed.
Western Union, in May of 1958, introduced TELEX service between New York City and various Canadian points. By 1962 the service had been extended to 67 United States cities, and at this writing they expect to serve 180 United States cities with an anticipated subscriber capacity of many thousands.[15]
In addition to domestic service between U. S. cities, subscribers can dial automatic teleprinter connections to Canada and Mexico. Also, they can obtain direct TELEX connections to other parts of the world through the overseas facilities of RCAC (Radio Corporation of America Communications), AC&R (American Cable and Radio), and WUI (Western Union International). The operating speed of 66 words per minute and also the teleprinter keyboard in the U. S. TELEX network conform to international standards of the CCITT. This provides complete operating compatibility with other TELEX systems throughout the world without the need for speed and keyboard translators.[15]
SOME OF TODAY’S TELEX APPARATUS
The SAGEM Electronic Teleprinter used in TELEXPicture by courtesy of Société d’Applications Générales d’Electricité et de Mécanique
Western Union TELEXPicture through courtesy of Western Union Telegraph Co.
General Post Office TELEX Installationby courtesy of H. M. Postmaster-General
Standard Elektrik Lorenz TELEX Apparatus reproduced by permission of Standard Elektrik Lorenz
Siemens & Halske TELEX Apparatus Picture by courtesy of Siemens & Halske
As we have seen, Edward Kleinschmidt, upon resigning from Teletype Corporation as vice president when it was taken over by Western Electric, had agreed to do development work for them, working independently but assigning any inventions to the new Teletype Corporation.
And so it was that Kleinschmidt Laboratories came into existence. Incorporated on March 21, 1931, under Delaware laws, for the immediate purpose of doing research and development work for Teletype, the principals of the new company were Edward E. as president, and his two sons, Edward F. as vice president and Bernard L. as secretary.
Kleinschmidt had earlier proposed a comprehensive and completely automatic printing telegraph switching system in which messages are automatically routed from the subscriber printer through telegraph centrals of the addressee printer under control of address tape perforations. Under his development contract with Teletype he continued work on the system. Message storage in perforated tape was provided for at all central switching points, and an answerback arrangement was included in the system by the automatic return transmission of the addressee’s number to the sender.
As the research and development work for Teletype continued, the switching system was completed, and various other devices of more or less importance were developed, with patents assigned to the Teletype Corporation. In late 1934 the contract with Teletype expired.
At that time, son Bernard was operating a printing plant in rather close quarters in Highland Park, Illinois. The operations of the Laboratories had been carried on in rented quarters at the Merchandise Mart in Chicago. Seeing that there would be no work for Teletype, it was decided to set up working quarters in Highland Park where the family lived. Since rented space was not available, a building was constructed on Lincolnwood Road in the Braeside section of Highland Park to house both the B. L. Kleinschmidt Printing Company and the machinery and 51 other equipment of the Laboratories. The Laboratories, now inactive, became a personal holding company with 2300 shares to cover a book value of approximately $230,000.00 (Kleinschmidt having distributed the major portion of these shares to his children and grandchildren).
Son Edward F. turned his thoughts to other fields and carried on experimental work in the new building in devices not connected with the telegraph. Son Bernard was involved in his printing business. Their father’s thoughts lay dormant for a long time, but still there was the urge to continue with the telegraph, and a plan for operating a five-unit-code selecting mechanism, operating on a progressive stop principle to position a typewheel or to select a typebar for printing on tape or page, was worked out.
When models of this new plan were completed and operating successfully, Edward E. Kleinschmidt immediately thought of Teletype Corporation and brought the apparatus to their attention, submitting models and patent applications for their evaluation. After numerous conferences and correspondence, however, his offer for the sale of patent rights and models was rejected. Discouraged, he left the completed models at the Highland Park lab and moved to Florida.
During the second world war, son Bernard abandoned his printing establishment and started a tool and die shop, using the machinery and facilities of the Laboratories as well as space occupied by his printing shop. The B. L. Kleinschmidt Company was kept busy building tools, dies, and special devices for the war effort.
Through Bernard’s associations he learned that the United States Signal Corps needed a light-weight, transportable teleprinter for tactical field use, and he asked his father if he could show the progressive stop printer to the Signal Corps at their Chicago headquarters. His father, in Miami at that time, gave his approval. Two days later, the telephone rang in Miami and it was Bernard saying, “Dad, they are interested and want you to bring the printer model to Army Headquarters in Washington.” Nothing could have pleased his father more!
In February of 1944, Edward E. Kleinschmidt demonstrated a working model of his teleprinter in Washington at the office of the Chief Signal Officer. Officials of the Signal Corps were greatly interested in the unit, not only because of its extreme lightness and small bulk, but because of the representations that the basic design features of this tape printer, 52 exclusive of the printing mechanism, could be incorporated in a page-type printer which could be constructed with a total weight of approximately thirty pounds. The machine was subsequently informally tested at the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and found to have excellent margins when working without an intermediate relay on very low line current, a highly desirable feature in a piece of tactical teletypewriter equipment.
The exhibit at Headquarters was successful, and after operative tests at the Signal Corps’ Coles Signal Laboratories in Red Bank, New Jersey, where approval for further studies was given, the Kleinschmidt organization was asked to prepare plans toward a tactical light-weight printer for field use.
It should be pointed out that teletypewriters at that time were heavy, cumbersome, and intended for use only at telegraph offices or at other plant or office fixed installations.
The plans for a light-weight page printer were submitted to the Signal Corps as requested and were well received by their engineers. These engineers then wrote up specifications detailing their requirements for a rugged, light-weight portable set for hand-carrying through jungles and swamps, and operable under severe climatic conditions; the specifications were submitted to the Teletype Corporation, the Western Union Telegraph Company, and to the Kleinschmidt organization. Western Union did not take on the development job, but Teletype and Kleinschmidt accepted. A contract for the development of a teletypewriter according to Signal Corps specifications was closed with both companies in 1945.
The Kleinschmidt Laboratories were not in active operation at this time, so the first development contract was closed with the B. L. Kleinschmidt Company which was fully equipped to carry on the work. Expert tool and model makers were in his employ, some of whom turned out to do well at the drawing board and were of great help in working out mechanical functions. As a matter of fact, five or six of Bernard’s employees are still with the Kleinschmidt Division of SCM Corporation at this writing, some having attained supervisory positions.
Edward F. joined his father in further engineering and development work, and models of a typebar page printer and a typewheel page printer to operate at 60 words per minute were built. Upon evaluation by the Signal Corps and Army engineers, a printer with a higher operating 53 speed, up to 100 words per minute, was demanded. This new requirement meant a complete redesign of apparatus, but it was successfully carried through and experimental models were submitted by both companies. Thereupon both Kleinschmidt and Teletype were asked to build ten printers for field tests. This was done, and after extensive field testing, the Kleinschmidt-designed, keyboard-operated, 100-words-per-minute typebar page printer was accepted, and, by order of the then Secretary of War, it was made the standard for the Military, effective on January 1, 1949. (This printer was later to be known as the TT-4 tactical page printer, the principal component of Teletypewriter Set AN/PGC-1.) (See fig. 13.)
An announcement from the Department of the Army, in a document released for publication on February 13, 1949,[16] read as follows:
Portable Teletypewriter Developed by Signal Corps
Portable teletypewriter equipment so light that a parachutist can carry it on a jump from an airplane has been developed and adopted by the Army, promising a major advancement in military communications, the Signal Corps announced today.
Weighing but 45 pounds, compared with current field equipment that weighs 225 pounds, the new portable teletypewriter is but one-fourth the size of the old, has 300 fewer parts, is considerably stronger and consequently requires far less maintenance. The new equipment is capable of transmitting and receiving messages 66 per cent faster than existing types and will operate on both wire and radio circuits. It is waterproof and should it be used in amphibious operations, could be floated onto a beach.
The development is the fruition of a 20-year-old project that did not get under way in earnest, however, until World War II was nearly over.
Because of its light weight, the new teletypewriter can be used much closer to the front lines than has been the case. During World War II, teletyped messages could go only as far forward as a division headquarters. How much farther forward the new equipment can be used, will be determined in forthcoming field tests.
The portable teletypewriter was developed by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, through a research and development contract with Kleinschmidt Laboratories, Incorporated, of Highland Park, Illinois.
There are three components to a complete field unit: the teletypewriter itself, weighing 45 pounds; a power unit, and a case of accessories. The 54 three together weigh 116 pounds. All units are waterproof, both to permit flotation in amphibious activities and to provide complete protection from weather. One man can carry the teletypewriter itself, while two men can carry all three units.
The field teletypewriter in current use weighs 225 pounds and—if a vehicle is not available—requires four men to carry it. With power unit and accessories, present field equipment totals more than 400 pounds and requires seven men to carry it.
While development work for the Signal Corps was progressing, Bernard kept busy managing general operations and Edward F. took hold in the general design and devised important features that were patented in his name.
Bernard died in March, 1948. However, development work went along with the B. L. Kleinschmidt facilities until 1949, when a production order for 2,000 teleprinters, conforming to the now approved Kleinschmidt design, was to be placed. Now that Bernard was no longer there to take over business details, and as a certain amount of basic capital was needed to operate a production establishment, arrangements were made to transfer Bernard’s equipment to Kleinschmidt Laboratories which thereafter closed a contract to manufacture the required quantity of teleprinters now designated as the TT-4 telegraph typewriter.
Kleinschmidt senior, now seventy-four, was not eager to take over the management of production activities, and while manufacturers in the office equipment and radio field were ready and anxious to take on the manufacture of these new teleprinters, he sought to keep the future of this new development with the Kleinschmidt Laboratories—now owned by all members of his family. His son-in-law, Emerson E. (Bud) Mead, was operating a manufacturing plant, producing electrical control devices quite successfully, so, “Why not ask Bud, then Secretary of Kleinschmidt Laboratories, to take over? He could no doubt sell the Mead company at a profit.” Bud did find a buyer for his company and he was then made vice president of Kleinschmidt Laboratories; later, when Edward E. Kleinschmidt turned over full management to him, Mead became executive vice president.
The immediate problem at the Laboratories was to find manufacturing space. The first thought was to rent, but then there would be no room to expand should larger orders follow, and this could be expected since Kleinschmidt teleprinter apparatus was now made standard equipment for all U.S. Armed Services. Upon further investigation, Bud Mead found a plot in Deerfield, Illinois, facing County Line Road, consisting of thirteen acres, which could be purchased at a reasonable price. This area would give plenty of building room and space for parking cars. Kleinschmidt Laboratories’ first building, 200 × 150 feet, was soon erected.
Fig. 13 Kleinschmidt Laboratories, Inc. Portable TT-4 Tactical Page Printer
Fig. 14 Kleinschmidt Laboratories, Inc. AN/FGC-20 Fixed-Station Teletypewriter Set
Preliminary work toward manufacturing, drawings, ordering of production machinery, special tools, standard parts, and other items was carried on at the Braeside laboratory.
The efforts of all of the people of the Kleinschmidt organization, working with great enthusiasm and wonderful cooperation, sometimes around the clock, were rewarded when on April 17, 1950, preproduction samples of light-weight teletypewriter sets were delivered on schedule to the Signal Corps in Fort Monmouth for approval and acceptance. Immediately upon receipt of their approval, production began on the contract awarded in June of 1949.
Kleinschmidt Laboratories subsequently received contracts and built thousands of their teleprinters, including the filling of orders for the AN/FGC-20 fixed station teleprinters (see fig. 14).
Later, the Laboratories, together with the Automatic Electric Company, then of Chicago, now of Northlake, Ill., designed and built switching apparatus and set up high-speed, 100-words-per-minute, automatic teleprinter switching centers for the Military. These systems had trunk switching controls located at key distributing points in the United States and abroad, interconnected by microwave circuitry.
As further orders for teleprinters and associated equipment came along, manufacturing facilities were expanded into more building area; additions to the first unit brought that building to 200 × 500 feet. Another building, 250 × 350 feet, of special design to house belt-line apparatus assembly and parts storage, also testing, inspection, and shipping, was erected in 1958.
In August, 1956, Kleinschmidt Laboratories merged with Smith-Corona Inc., on an exchange-of-shares basis, which eventually gave Kleinschmidt Laboratories’ shareholders 60 shares of Smith-Corona (later Smith-Corona Marchant Inc., and then SCM Corporation) stock for one share of Kleinschmidt Laboratories’. Bud Mead was elected a director and a member of the executive committee. Later, he became vice president 57 of operations. When Smith-Corona merged with Marchant Calculators, Inc. (June, 1958), he was made executive vice president; then, in October of 1960, he was named president of Smith-Corona Marchant Inc. (now known as SCM Corporation).
Kleinschmidt, as a Division of SCM Corporation, continues to supply the Military and also commercial users with teleprinter equipment. The conclusion of this chapter tells briefly the direction the Kleinschmidt Division is going in the printed communications field.
Before the Kleinschmidt 100-words-per-minute teleprinter was put into service on intercommunicating circuits, the operating speed on standard circuits had been limited to 60 words per minute. Noting this important change in operating speed, other manufacturers had to redesign their teleprinter equipment to meet the new 100-words-per-minute speed.
Teletype Corporation came up with a new design, the No. 28, in which all the type pallets are moveably mounted in a rectangular box that is positioned to move a selected type pallet into printing position by a system of levers operated in aggregate motions under control of the code selecting mechanisms (fig. 15). When so positioned, a print hammer strikes the type pallet to print the character.
Creed, in England, later brought out a new design, their No. 75, using a segmented typewheel having four rows of type faces. The typewheel is set in the selected printing position by a lever and linkage system operating in aggregate motion under control of the code selecting mechanism. To print the selected character, the typewheel is struck against the printing paper (fig. 16).
Siemens and Halske, in Germany, produced their No. 100, a redesign of the No. 15 Teletype, using lighter and faster moving parts for operation at 100 words per minute. Among other improved features were a type bar shift to replace the platen shift for printing letters or figures, and a two-color ribbon which is automatically shifted to print in red or black to distinguish between sent and received messages—a feature of convenience in TELEX communication. The Siemens No. 100 was designed especially for the TELEX system, operating at 66 words per minute, where it is used extensively (fig. 17).
Fig. 15 Teletype Corporation Model 28 100-words-per-minute TeletypewriterPicture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation
Fig. 16 Creed & Company Ltd. Model 75 Teleprinter with attachmentsPicture by courtesy of Creed & Co. Ltd.
Fig. 17 Siemens & Halske Model 100 TeleprinterPicture by courtesy of Siemens & Halske
The Kleinschmidt printer, designed to operate at 100 to 150 words a minute, employs a new method for operating a typebar printing mechanism, comprising a type basket movable across the printed page and carrying the required set of type bars. Each type bar has a connected push rod extending to the rear of the type basket and is made operative to cause printing when a rotating finger, selectively positioned by a coded stop cage, is struck against the push rod. To meet the requirements of the Military for a teleprinter operable in any angular position, the letter spacing and carriage return with deceleration to the stop position is under positive control of the motor drive.
Kleinschmidt Division of SCM Corporation AN/FGC-25 Send-Receive Fixed-Station Teletypewriter Set (used by the Military)
In 1948, scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories, engaged in semiconductor research, announced the birth of their famous brainchild, the 61 transistor. Now the little transistor and his friends, the diode and advanced techniques in electromagnetic inductive devices, have gradually taken over in the communications field, permitting startling speed increases and changes in equipment design.
In the 100-words-per-minute teletypewriters, the permutation code equivalent of the character to be transmitted or received was at some point “set up” mechanically by positioning levers or vanes. The inertial properties of these mechanical parts placed low-level limitations on the operating set-up speed. By using the binary code and electronic switching circuits, the set-up time has been reduced from milliseconds to microseconds, making higher speeds more easily obtainable. Also, electronic approaches to printing on page or tape have contributed to the speed-up of telegraph receiving devices. Now, both tape and page devices are available at operating speeds up to 10,000 words per minute.
Thanks to the Bell System, also, is the development of Data-Phone service, started in 1958. Data-Phone makes use of all the telephone switching devices and repeating apparatus so that any type of communicating system using frequencies within the voice range may be used. For such systems the telephone company will install equipment to separate the different types of electrical transmission to prevent interference. Because Data-Phone enables not only the sound of the human voice to be sent over a telephone circuit, but information from a teletypewriter or business machine as well, this new use for the telephone system has expanded its service to many types of business communications. At this writing, the Bell System advertises, “Data-Phone ‘talks’ 16 times faster than people talk. It can send punched card or taped data anywhere—at speeds up to 2500 words per minute.”
While these advances have been taking place, the transistor and its companions have made a similar impact in the field of data processing. The rapid evolution of computers and other high-speed switching devices has generated a need for higher speed equipment to supply input and output requirements. The changeover to electronics has realized minification, lighter weight, reduction of mechanical parts with a corresponding reduction in maintenance, quieter operation, and greater adaptability to code and language conversion.
At the Kleinschmidt Division where Mr. Emilio J. Cadamagnani, Executive Vice President, is in charge, their engineering department, under the supervision of Mr. Robert L. Kearney, is keeping up with the change from electromechanically- to electronically-controlled devices. Their new Model 311 Electronic Data Printer shown here is an example. Operating at speeds from 60 to 400 words per minute and capable of receiving 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-level code information in either serial or parallel form, it is designed for use in high-speed communications or data processing systems.
Also illustrated is still another new Kleinschmidt device, the Model 321 Automatic Data Set, which includes not only a page printer with keyboard but a tape perforator and a tape reader, all compactly mounted in a console.
Both the Model 311 and Model 321 are compatible with existing data modems, conventional printing telegraph equipment, electronic computers, and data processing equipment. This compatibility permits their use in on-line or off-line communications and data-handling applications.
More exciting devices may be anticipated in the rapidly moving field of printed communications.
Kleinschmidt Division of SCM CorporationModel 311 Electronic Data Printer
Kleinschmidt Division of SCM CorporationModel 321 Automatic Data Set
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Printing Telegraphy... A New Era Begins, by
Edward Ernst Kleinschmidt
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRINTING TELEGRAPHY ***
***** This file should be named 53481-h.htm or 53481-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/4/8/53481/
Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, MFR and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country outside the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
are located before using this ebook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that
* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation."
* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
works.
* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
receipt of the work.
* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
[email protected]
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.