The Project Gutenberg eBook of Scientific American, Architects and Builder's Edition. No. 26, by various contributors.

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ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS!
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ADVERTISEMENT ON PAGE iii.
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Scientific American ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION

THE SHAKESPEARE MEMORIAL AT STRATFORD‐UPON‐AVON.

The American veneration for the birthplace of Shakespeare is well known, and it has just taken practical shape by the presentation to the town of a public drinking fountain and clock tower, the gift of an American citizen, Mr. George W. Childs, of Philadelphia, in commemoration of the jubilee of Queen Victoria. The memorial has been erected in Rother Street, a broad open space near the center of the town, where several thoroughfares converge, and where the annual statute fairs or “mops” take place. The structure is handsome and imposing, and is built of Peterhead granite (for the fountain) and of hard freestone (for the clock tower). The base of the tower is square, with projecting buttresses at the four corners, terminating in acutely pointed gablets, surmounted by a lion bearing the arms of Great Britain alternately with the American eagle and the stars and stripes. Appropriate inscriptions are engraved on the four sides of the memorial. The tower terminates in a spire, beneath and surrounding which are smaller spires and turrets. The whole height of the structure is fifty feet. The architect is Mr. Jethro A. Cossins, of Birmingham. The ceremony of inaugurating the fountain was performed on Monday, October 17, by Mr. Henry Irving, in the presence of the Mayor (Sir Arthur Hodgson, K.C.M.G.), the corporation, and a distinguished company of visitors. Sympathetic letters were read from Mr. J. Russell Lowell and Mr. Whittier; and speeches were delivered by Mr. Irving, by Mr. Phelps, the American Minister, Mr. Walter, of the Times, Sir Theodore Martin, and others.—London Graphic.

Optical Refinements in Architecture.

Many architects look upon all refinements of line and curve as so much waste time, and would as soon think of referring to the original Latin of Vitruvius for rules in proportioning their rooms as to consult and apply the corrections of the Parthenon to their buildings. In sketching out his design to a small scale on a sheet of Whatman’s drawing paper, the architect does so without any further thought than to produce a convenient plan or a well grouped elevation. Any infinitesimal correction to the straight line or entasis would be inappreciable to the naked eye on the surface of paper the inequalities of which would render it worthless; nor does he take much trouble in the proportions of his rooms, so long as they look right and fit well. If such refinements are to be made, they should be shown in large drawings, or set out to the full size on the works by proper rules and other instruments. The task is laborious and troublesome, and contract prices are little in sympathy with such niceties of adjustment. Even of the more practicable mode of adopting certain ratios and proportions, the architect does not avail himself very much.

We do not say that every horizontal beam—such as an entablature supported by columns at intervals—ought to be “corrected” by the application of a parabolic curve, or that every string course and cornice should be arranged to curve or bend upward; but we contend that these refinements ought to be made in interiors wherever the lines are long, and contrasting lines and surfaces occur in juxtaposition; that they are, in truth, applying precisely the same principle of correction as the colorist or decorator would apply when he takes care to juxtapose two colors or shades which shall be complementary to or harmonize with each other.

It is painful to witness in modern buildings a perfect ignoring of these principles of design. We go into a public hall or concert room, and take our seat. The flat coffered ceiling appears to be literally bending or falling upon our heads. To make the impression still more apparent, the architect has introduced a circular or flatly curved arch over the orchestral recess. If the ceiling is a flat curve, as it often is, the trusses are, perhaps, brought down below and incased, their lower edges being made perfectly horizontal, the two lines serving to increase the difference between them; in other words, to make the trusses look as if they were deflecting.

Mr. Pennethorne, some years ago, showed that the masses of the temples of Athens and Rome were designed on perspective principles—that is to say, the masses and many of the details were designed as they were intended to be viewed. The point of sight was always before the architect—that is to say, he studied the effect of his entablatures, abaci, and other masses of details from points of view that were likely to be frequented. It is well known that the various sections through the Doric capitals, the mouldings, and other parts of Athenian buildings, were composed of different arcs of the conic sections. Mr. Pennethorne says that the Greek entablature is perspectively proportioned and arranged to suit the given points of sight thus: The apparent height of entablature is measured in seconds upon the arc of a great circle. “Then, dividing this whole apparent height into some given number of aliquot parts, measured also in seconds, the apparent height of the architrave, of the frieze, and cornice will, in each case, be a multiple of this given modulus. Again, by dividing the first modulus into a given number of apparent aliquot parts, a second modulus is obtained, by which the apparent heights of all the details of the cornice of architrave and frieze will be regulated, and the true lineal heights are then all determined by trigonometrical calculations.” In short, all the visible heights of features are, upon this principle, regulated from a given point, the real elevational height of each part being afterward found.

This system of proportion would probably entail too much labor upon the architect to work out with any accuracy, and may be looked upon as chimerical. But we see instances every day of positive ignorance of these principles, especially in the designing of mouldings, projecting features, and towers. If the architect is too impatient to make nice corrections in the manner we have pointed out, he ought at least to take the trouble necessary to regulate his heights and masses before inking in his elevations. Sketching in perspective is a valuable auxiliary in designing roughly the masses of a building; but some more accurate method is required in perspectively setting out the heights of stories, entablatures, parapets, towers, and other features. This can only be done by adjusting all heights from a given point of sight, or upon the arc of a circle described from the said point. An elevation is misleading, as every architect knows who has suffered disappointment after the building is finished. It only gives vertical heights, which may be very much curtailed or foreshortened in the actual view of the building from the opposite side of the street, for example.

Many towers and spires have been spoiled by designing them in elevation instead of at the angle. In broach spires we find a want of care in one particular above the others. The broach is designed on the level. The hips of the broach are made to look gentle in elevation, but when raised above the eye 60 or 100 feet, they become so depressed as to give a very ungraceful and abrupt springing to the spire.

We may instance the want of entasis to spires and columns. Every one who has a critical sense of vision must have observed the apparent weakness there is in a spire that has perfectly straight sides, when compared with one which has been entasised, and the same with all columns. Here also the method to insure the correction can be easily applied. The more important of these refinements are capable of being made at the initial stage of design, without recourse to decimals of two or three removes from the decimal point, or to mathematical calculations.—Abstract from the Building News.

Testing Pile‐Protecting Compounds.

In 1882 several piles, coated with various patent anti‐teredo coverings, were driven in the harbor of San Francisco for the purpose of testing them. Recently Engineer Manson began pulling up the piles in order to see the result of the experiments. A pile coated with Pearce’s compound, composed of paraffine, limestone, kaolin, etc., was found to be completely honeycombed by the teredos. The eucalyptus and cedar piles were also nearly destroyed. In 1884 the two piles incased by A. W. Von Schmidt in sewer pipe and cement, the twenty‐three coated by Frank Shay with asphalt and wire cloth, the ten of McKeon & Co., coated with warm cement containing a poisonous substance, and those of W. H. Hayes, coated with Portland cement, etc., were examined by Colonel Mendel and Mr. Manson. All showed signs of having proved failures. The insect is ahead of the inventors up to date.

A Tower on the Mount of Olives.

The tower which is being erected by the Russians on the highest point of the Mount of Olives is already several stories high, but one more is to be added. The object is to make it so high that both the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea may be seen from the top. A number of bells will be placed in the tower. In digging the foundation, several Christian graves were found, together with an inscription in Greek, in which the word “Stephanus” could yet be deciphered.

Scientific American.

This is a Special Edition of The Scientific American, issued monthly. Each number contains about forty large quarto pages, forming, practically, a large and splendid Magazine of Architecture, richly adorned with elegant plates in colors and with fine engravings; illustrating the most interesting examples of modern Architectural Construction and allied subjects.

A special feature is the presentation in each number of a variety of the latest and best plans for private residences, city and country, including those of very moderate cost as well as the more expensive. Drawings in perspective and in color are given, together with full Plans, Specifications, Costs, Bills of Estimate, and Sheets of Details.

No other building paper contains so many plans, details, and specifications regularly presented as the Scientific American. Hundreds of dwellings have already been erected on the various plans we have issued, and many others are in process of construction.

All who contemplate building or improving homes, of erecting structures of any kind, have before them in this work an almost endless series of the latest and best examples from which to make selections, thus saving time and money.

Many other subjects, including Sewerage, Piping, Lighting, Warming, Ventilating, Decorating, Laying Out of Grounds, etc., are illustrated. An extensive Compendium of Manufacturers’ Announcements is also given, in which the most reliable and approved Building Materials, Goods, Machines, Tools, and Appliances are described and illustrated, with addresses of the makers, etc.

The fullness, richness, cheapness, and convenience of this work have won for it the Largest Circulation of any Architectural publication in the world.

An Increase of Trade will necessarily accrue to all Manufacturers and Dealers whose establishments are conspicuously represented in this important edition of The Scientific American. Terms for advertising very moderate. A card of rates sent on application.

Bound Volumes.—Two volumes are published annually. Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4, which include all the numbers of this work from commencement to close of 1887, may now be obtained at this office or from Booksellers and Newsdealers. Price, bound in paper, $1.50 per volume. These volumes contain all the colored plates, sheets of details, specifications, and all the other interesting matter pertaining to the work. They are of great permanent value. Forwarded to any address.

For additional information concerning any of the plans or buildings illustrated in these pages, address Munn & Co., as above.

CONCERNING AGENTS.

Customers who pay money to subscription agents or brokers do so at their own risk. Care should be taken to deal only with known, responsible, and reliable parties. We send no papers until we receive the subscription price; and no person is authorized to represent us, act for us, or receipt for us.

CONTENTS
Of the December number of the Architects and Builders Edition of Scientific American.

(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)
Arch construction	131
Architectural era	129
Architecture, optical refinements in	119
Ash, white	125
Bamboo tree	123
Bathing establishment and casino in Vittel (Vosges)*	134
Beams, iron, in place of wood	133
Board, sounding, in St. Paul’s Cathedral	142
Books for architects, builders, etc	xiii
Bricks, fire	126
Building, a great	140
Cement, Portland	126
Charleston, S. C., building in	139
Chateau at Castelnaudary*	130
Chimes for churches, new form of*	132
Chimes, tube	132
Chimneys, removal of	132
Church, unsafe	126
College for women, the John Crouse memorial*	139
Compounds, pile protecting, testing	119
Correction, a	120
Cottage, a French*	122
Cottage for $4,200*	136, 140
Cottage, sketch for a*	135
Drain pipes and wells	130
Dwelling, a $4,200*	138
Dwelling of moderate cost*	120
Dwellings at Glenridge*	126
Engine, Charter gas and gasoline	142
Fever, typhoid, carried by well water	126
Fireproof structures*	124
Fireside, cheerful, how to make*	142
Flues, chimney, construction of	124
Forestry problem, our	122
Foundations in wet ground	142
Furnace, hot air, the “Fortune”*	142
Gangways vs. staircases	133
Grown, how we have	135
Heater, Wainwright*	142
Hemlock	127
Home, Florence Nightingale’s*	132
Homes of factory operatives*	133
House, $2,500 California*	128
Ice house, how to build	130
Ink, marking, blue	129
Keystones, ornamental*	125
Library, curious	138
Memorial, Shakespeare, at Stratford‐upon‐Avon*	119
Mortar, sugar	122
Nails	130
Notes and queries	vi, x
Painting	132
Pavements, cedar	127
Pine woods	134
Planer, improved double surface*	142
Plants for room decoration	141
Plate, roofing, a large contract for	120
Plumbing, not defective	142
Protection, fire	140
Rabbit remedy	130
Readers and patrons, to our	120
Residence, a suburban*	121
Residence for $5,000*	137, 140
Residence for $8,000*	123
Roburite—a new explosive*	133
Roofing plate, contract for, large	120
Rooms, proportions of	140
Saw, band, hand and foot power*	142
Sawdust	125
Stable costing $5,500*	140
Statue, marble, how made	139
Suggestion, a good	135
Temple, Egyptian	124
Tower on the Mount of Olives	119
Trees, roadside, in Belgium	124
Victory, tower of	135
Walls of burning buildings, collapse of	127
Walter, Thomas Ustick	134
Yard, back, the	134

TO OUR READERS AND PATRONS.

The present number closes our fourth volume and brings us to the end of another year. Many subscriptions now terminate, and we ask our patrons to be prompt in sending their renewals, thus avoiding the loss of any numbers. The terms are only $2.50 a year.

Considering the wealth of illustration, the variety and value of information presented, this work is by far the cheapest of anything in the same line.

To builders, and those contemplating the erection of dwellings or other structures, our paper has proved to be of great value.

With every number, during the past two years, we have given plates in colors of many new buildings, with specifications, accompanied by extra special sheets of details. In most cases these have been so complete as to enable the builder and contractor to proceed at once with the construction; and on the plans thus presented, thousands of new buildings have been erected in all parts of the country. In almost every town in the land attractive dwellings are now to be seen, which, on inquiry, will be found to have been built from Scientific American plans.

No architectural publication in the world presents to its patrons so many practical specifications and drawings without cost, except the merely nominal subscription rate of $2.50 a year. It is hardly necessary to remind the builder that he would be obliged to pay several hundred dollars if the same number of plans were to be specially prepared for him.

In addition to the colored plates, details, and specifications, we have furnished a large number of other new architectural illustrations and many pages of valuable information. In all, the past year’s volumes include about one thousand engravings.

We remind our readers of these items with the hope they will mention them to their friends, and, if possible to secure a new subscription, to send it in with the renewal of their own.

Our aim is to improve and enlarge the sphere of work, rendering it more and more valuable. To this end we need the support and encouragement of as many subscribers as possible. If each one of our friends will do a little for us in this direction, all the parties concerned will derive benefit.

If any of readers have inquiries to be answered, or suggestions to make, relating to subjects or features they would like to see treated in our paper, we shall, at all times, be pleased to hear from them.

Architects and builders who desire to see their plans reproduced in our pages are also invited to communicate with the editor.

A CORRECTION.

In our November number an error was made in the estimate given for the $2,500 house illustrated in our colored plate. The cost should have been stated at $3,400. In some way the bill for mason work and painting was omitted. These additions and other modifications bring the cost up to the above sum.

A SUBURBAN RESIDENCE.

One of our colored plates this month represents a suburban dwelling built of dark trap rock, trimmed with buff brick, and roofed with ornamental stamped iron plates. It is now being constructed in New Jersey, by days’ work, at a cost of about $9,250. The following is an abstract from the

Specifications.
mason work.

Cellar Walls.—Cellar walls built of good sized trap rock. All necessary bluestone sills, cellar steps, and copings, fine tooled brownstone steps for stoops, also fine tooled brownstone sills for the doors and windows above cellar.

Walls.—All stone walls above cellar are medium sized trap rock and well selected, pointed with black mortar.

Brick Trimmings.—Buff brick used for trimmings, as shown on the plans, laid in mortar same color as brick.

Chimneys.—Chimneys built of trap rock and buff brick, and topped out as shown on the plans.

Fireplaces.—Fireplaces built where shown, of white fire brick, and the hearths laid in tile.

Cementing.—The entire cellar bottom is cemented 3” thick with concrete and Portland cement.

Plastering.—The entire first and second stories are plastered three‐coat work, hard finished. Cornices in principal part of first story and second story hall. Center pieces in rooms to correspond.

CARPENTRY.

Timber.—Timber all well seasoned spruce. Floor timbers, 2″ × 10″, 12″ on centers. Studding, 3″ × 4″. Main rafters, 2″ × 8″, 24″ on center.

Roof.—The rafters are covered with hemlock boards, then covered with ornamental iron plates laid on tar felt. Valleys and gutters, XX tin. Leaders, galvanized iron. The ridge is ornamental iron work.

Floors.—The floors throughout are double. The upper floors are narrow white pine, except hall and kitchen. The hall is narrow oak, the kitchen narrow white maple, the bath rooms are white maple. The main hall is paneled wainscot, 4′ high. Kitchen and bath rooms wainscoted with narrow beaded strips of maple. The trimmings throughout, except main hall, will be selected white pine. Hall to be of white oak. Doors to be six paneled. Main stairs and balustrade to be white oak. Others stairs white pine, with Georgia pine treads. Inside blinds throughout. Plain bronze hardware on principal part of first story. Jet and bronze for balance.

Painting.—The wood and iron work on the outside will be painted three coats. The inside will be wood filled and have two coats of hard oil.

Plumbing.—The apparatus for plumbing work located as shown on the plans. To be piped and arranged for water pressure.

Heater.—There will be placed in the cellar a No. 14 combination steam and hot air heater.

ESTIMATE OF COST.
Mason work, complete	$4,400
Carpenter and roof work	3,400
Painting	200
Plumbing, gas pipes, etc.	650
Steam heating	600
	$9,250

A LARGE CONTRACT FOR ROOFING PLATE.

The interesting picture of the Western Tennessee Hospital for the Insane, at Bolivar, in that State, which will be found in our advertising pages, will command the attention of humanitarians and administrators everywhere. Such buildings, devoted to such purposes, are not frequently to be met with. The announcement made in connection therewith, that the Alderly brand of square Terne plate was selected by the commissioners for the roof, gutters, and valleys of the structure, requiring over 1,000 boxes of roofing plate, presents, in a forcible way, the claims of that article. It is manufactured and sold by Messrs. Gummey, Spering, Ingram & Co., of Philadelphia, Pa., and Liverpool, England.

A DWELLING OF MODERATE COST.

This cottage is built in Plymouth Park, Buzzard’s Bay, near Wareham, Mass., one of the most charming locations on the New England coast. From the veranda a beautiful view is obtained of the bay and coast. The cottage is erected on one of the knolls (which is one of the features of the park), and has for a background a grove of pine and oak trees. The shingles are treated with “Cabot’s creosote stains” of the following colors: On roofs, a steel gray, and on sides, sienna. The clapboards are painted a light olive green and trimmed with bronze green and Indian red. The studs of hall, dining room, and parlor are exposed, and together with underboarding and beams overhead are planed and sand‐papered, and all woodwork is given two coats of shellac of light finish. The second floor is plastered (sand finish). The contract price for cottage was $2,800 complete. The architect is Chas. E. Miller, 149 Broadway, N. Y.

Specification.
general conditions.

The contractor is to give his personal superintendence to the work, and to furnish all transportation, labor, materials, apparatus, scaffolding, and utensils needful for performing the work in the best workmanlike manner, according to the true intent and meaning of the drawings and these specifications, which are intended to be co‐operative, and when anything is shown on plans and not mentioned in specification, or vice versa, the same is to be furnished as though it were both shown and specified. This specification and the drawings annexed are intended to include everything requisite to the proper and entire finishing of carpenter’s, mason’s, and plumber’s work, and the same shall be furnished, notwithstanding every item necessarily involved in the above words is not particularly mentioned.

All work when finished is to be delivered up in an undamaged state, without exception, except where otherwise specified, all materials to be of their respective kinds, and all labor to be done in the best workmanlike manner, to the full satisfaction of owner. Should the contractor introduce, at any time, materials different from the sort and quality herein specified, the same shall be removed and made good at the contractor’s expense.

The contractor will be held responsible for all portions of the work let to him.

The contractor shall make no alterations of the drawings or specification, but should any error or inconsistency appear in these, it shall be the duty of the contractor121 to duly notify architect, who will make proper adjustment. The contractor is to give to the proper authorities all requisite notices of the work in his charge, obtain official permits and licenses for temporary obstructions and pay all proper fees for the same, and to be solely answerable for all damage to neighboring premises or to the person or property of the public by himself or his men or through any operatives under his charge, whether in contract or extra work. Contractor is to protect his work from frost until building is finished, and is to cart away all rubbish and leave the whole broom clean. All drawings, etc., are to be returned to the architect, and are not to be used for any other building.

CARPENTER.

Scantling.—Sills over piers 6″ × 8″, sills that rest on stone wall 4″ × 6″, all to be halved and pinned at angles. Plates 4″ × 4″, posts 4″ × 6″, girts 4″ × 4″, braces 2″ × 4″, studding 2″ × 4″. The studding of hall, parlor, and dining room to be planed and chamfered.

Partition caps 2″ × 4″ to be planed in the above rooms. Soles 2″ × 4″ as well. First floor beams 2″ × 8″, 16″ on centers. Second floor 2″ × 8″, 16″ on centers, and to be dressed when exposed in above rooms. Attic beams 2″ × 8″, 16″ on centers. All beams under partitions to be doubled and spiked. Trimmers ditto.

Main Roof.—Rafters 2″ × 8″, 2′ on centers. Valley rafters 3″ × 10″.

Veranda.—Girders 4″ × 8″, floor beams 2″ × 6″, 2′ on centers. Rafters 2″ × 6″ (dressed). Posts constructed of studs. Hemlock boards and shingles. Veranda roof timber will be exposed and dressed, floor to be merchantable yellow pine, free from large loose knots, shakes, or sap. Balcony floors to be covered with heavy canvas and slushed over with metallic paint, to be graded away from wall of house.

Framing.—The house to be framed and braced in a perfect and substantial manner, and to be perfectly plumb and true. All beams to be spiked together where practicable, so as to form tie across building. All framing of beams to be with tenon and tusk. Roofs strongly framed and cross bridges, first and third tier of beams. Gutters on roof to be hung of galvanized iron. Veranda to be built in and lined with Merchant & Company’s roofing tin (or plates). There will be three 4″ galvanized iron leaders for main roof, and one in front for veranda. (See plans.)

Roofing.—Cover all roofs with sawed pine shingles 6″ × 18″, three shingles to the lap. On main roofs these to be nailed on shingle laths; on veranda roofs, on spruce boards, underside dressed (as specified). Flashing of Merchant & Company’s old method roofing plates. Flash around chimney, valleys, and junction of roofs with walls of house.

Walls.—The walls of hall, dining room, and parlor to be covered with good ⅞″ pine boards dressed on exposed side; all other underboarding to be of hemlock of even thickness. Over this cover walls with felt paper, and then on first story cover paper with clear pine clapboards 5″ to weather. Above felt cover paper with 6″× 16″ sawed pine shingles not more than 6″ to weather. Between partitions of hall, dining room, and parlor fit ⅞″ pine boards, dressed on both sides, with ¼ round mould to keep panel in place; the sheathing on other sides of room dressed on one side; boards not more than 5″ wide.

Furring.—Fur out the walls of stairs to cellar (corner boards to be 4″ wide, 1¼″ thick; put on angle beads where necessary).

Flooring.—First and second floors to be made of good T. and G. yellow pine in rooms over hall, parlor, and dining room; to be dressed on both sides; third floor spruce; all to be not more than 5″ wide.

Partitions.—Set the partitions between hall, parlor, dining room, pantry, kitchen, and cellar stairs with 2″ × 4″ spruce, studs dressed and chamfered. (Note.—This is to be done so as to make a uniform appearance in hall, dining room, and parlor.) Studs of all other partitions of hemlock. Construct woodwork between piers, as shown.

Interior Stock.—All the stock for inside finish to be best quality, well seasoned, smoothed, and sand‐papered, and, unless otherwise specified, of white pine. Hardwood saddles for all hearths and door openings.

Architraves.—All doors and windows to have ⅞″ × 5″ plain architrave with moulding and bead on ends. No splicing allowed.

Doors.—Front door to be 2″ thick, of design shown (cherry). All other doors to have 1⅝″ thick four paneled stock door (local manufacture), and, unless otherwise shown, to be 2′ 6″ × 7′ 6″. The openings from hall to parlor and dining room to be: hall and parlor, 7′ × 7′ 6″; hall and dining room, 6′ × 7′ 6″. Bases 6″ high, moulded (in bed rooms, closets, and pantries).

Door Frames.—All door frames to have 1⅛″ thick jamb, with stops nailed on.

Window Frames.—All windows, unless otherwise shown, to have box frames with pockets; sills to have sub‐sill, upper sill, plowed, etc., and given proper pitch.

Sashes.—All sashes to be 1⅝″ thick, with lights as shown, and to have moulded sash bars. All sliding sashes to be double hung, the best steel axle pulleys, hemp sash cords, and iron weights. Cellar windows to have plank frame hinged at top. Casements to be hinged and have spring catches.

Bath Room.—Sheathe up sides of bath tub, riser of water closet and basin, with clear white pine ⅝″ thick; wainscoating of bath room of same stuff 4′ 6″ high with neat mould on top. Make a batten door under basin with catch, etc. Door in riser of and in top of water closet and bath to be black walnut put on with brass screws.

Closets.—Fit up closets, except as otherwise specified, with one shelf, and cleat under for books. Bed room in attic to be furred as shown.

Dressers.—Fit up dresser in kitchen of clear white pine, glass doors at top and drawers and cupboards under; dressers in pantry to be the same.

Blinds.—Provide and hang to all windows of first and second floors 1¼″ outside blinds of two folds properly hinged, and having rolling slats.

Hardware.—Butts.—All doors to be properly hung with japanned butts of requisite sizes. Locks.—The front door to be supplied with brass faced mortise, patent reversible front door knob lock with night work, with two keys to each combination, and brass striking plate. All other doors (except closets) to have 4″ mortised locks, brass face and brass striking plate. Closets to have rim locks. All locks to have brass keys. Knobs.—The front door to have a plain 2½″ round bronze knob, with bronze rose and drop escutcheon to match. All other knobs to be (black) terra cotta with bronze iron mounting, etc. Bell pulls.—The bell pull to front door to be bronze, to match front door hardware. Bolts.—The rear door to kitchen to have two barrel bolts; door to cellar one, doors to bulkhead to have brass padlock with staples, etc. Drawer pulls.—Drawers to have bronzed iron drawer pulls. Sash fasts.—All double hung windows on first floor to have Morris patent self‐locking sash fasts, to be of bronzed iron. Put on patent fasts to all casements, windows. Hooks.—Put heavy, triple hooks of japanned cast iron to all closets, 8″ apart. Screws.—All hinges, etc., to be securely put in place with steel screws of proper size. Bell hanging.—Put in a large gong for front door, properly connect with wire, etc.

Stairs.—Main stairs to have an open string moulded and nosing to return on ends and carried around well. Risers ⅞″ thick, tread 1½″ thick: tread and risers housed into wall string and treads plowed into risers; risers plowed into the underside of the tread. The outer string to be 1″ thick, and beaded on lower edge. All to be of clear pine. The stairs to have cherry newel, 5″ × 5″, turned. Cherry rail, 2″ × 3″. Balusters, 3 on each tread, 1⅛ × 1⅛; all to be solidly put together and wedged. Cellar stairs to have 1½″ thick strings, sawed to receive 1¼ treads; all of spruce. Attic stairs to have 1¼″ strings, plowed to receive risers and treads; all of spruce.

PAINTING.

All shingles of walls and roof to be stained with Cabot’s best creosote stains, of colors selected by architect. The clapboards to receive two coats of best white lead and linseed oil finish, in colors as directed.

Hardwood.—The newel, rail, and balusters to be filled with three coats of hard oil, rubbed to a dead finish. The studs and beams overhead in dining room, parlor, and hall to have two coats of shellac (or Wheeler’s hard finish). All other woodwork the same.

Glazing.—All glass to be double thick American, of number of lights shown; all to be well puttied and tacked, thoroughly cleaned, and left whole and perfect. All small lights to have cathedral glass, selected.

MASON.

Excavation.—Excavate for all cellar wall piers, etc., as shown. Dump the earth where directed, and leave the premises clear after building is finished. Piers 3′ below surface.

Cement, Lime, and Sand.—All lime used in the mason’s work to be extra No. 1 Rockland lime. Cement, best quality Rosendale of approved brand. Sand to be clean and sharp, and all to be used in proper proportions.

Foundations.—Furnish all materials and build walls, unless otherwise shown, 1′ 6″ thick of stone laid in lime and cement mortar in equal portions, and clean, sharp sand in proper proportion; the whole to be well bonded and trowel jointed inside and out.

Bluestone.—Chimney cap to be of bluestone in one piece, holes for flues cut in. Cellar stairs as shown.

Brickwork.—Brickwork of chimney to be selected, on exposed places jointed in red mortar, all to be hard, well burned brick. Build in register flue in kitchen breast where directed and 6″ C. I. thimble where shown. Build in breast of chimney on second floor 5″ C. I. thimble, 2′ 6″ from floor.

PLASTERER.

Laths.—Laths to be best seasoned pine, free from all imperfections, laid ⅜″ apart and breaking joint.

Plaster.—Plaster will be two coat work, the second to be white sand finish, well floated. The first coat to be best Rockland lime and clean sharp sand, well mixed with long cattle or goat hair, to be thoroughly worked and stacked, all to be well troweled and made perfectly true. Patch up and repair all plastering at completion of building.

PLUMBER.

Lead Pipes.—The lead pipes through to be AA lead pipe. The waste pipes to be heavy; all joints between lead pipes to be heavily wiped, and joints between lead and iron pipes to be made with brass ferrules wiped into lead pipe and calked into iron pipe with molten lead and oakum.

Iron Pipes.—Iron pipes to be heavy C. I. soil pipe, free from all imperfections, and of uniform thickness; thoroughly coated inside and out with coal tar. All joints to be calked tight with molten lead and oakum.

Drain Pipe.—From point marked on plans run a four inch C. I. pipe to roof, making all proper branches for water closets, baths, basins, tubs, sinks, and at roof to be capped with Smith’s patent ventilating cap. At foot of this place a 4″ running trap, with hole for cleaning out, and an inlet to run out under servants’ water closet. All branches to be Y branches, 4″ for water closet, and 2″ for basins, sink, etc. Plumber to make connections with street pipe.

Lead Supply Pipe.—Run from point marked on plans a ¾″ lead pipe. Place at the beginning of this a rough round way lever handle, stop and waste cock. Connect with main supply. From the ¾ lead pipe make all proper connections for water closets, tubs, baths, and sink with ⅝″ pipe, all to be graded so as to empty at stock cock. In kitchen, over sink, put two cocks (lever handle), so as to control supply of hot and cold water to second floor, the same to empty in the sink.

Boiler.—Furnish and set where shown in kitchen a heavy 30 gallon galvanized iron boiler with stand complete. The boiler to be supplied with water through a branch of ⅝″ lead pipe, and connect with water tank of range with a ⅝″ extra strong lead pipe, the other part of boiler to be fitted up with ⅝″ strong lead pipe with ⅝″ sediment cock, and the required length of light lead pipe to empty into sink trap (boiler to have a safety attachment). Furnish and put on to supply to boiler in the most convenient place a ⅝″ finished lever handled stop cock to control supply to boiler. From head of boiler run lines of ⅝″ lead pipe to supply sink and tubs in kitchen, basin, and bath tub on second floor.

Sink.—Furnish and set up (and of size shown) a plain C. I. sink with slate back. To be set on C. I. legs, to be supplied with hot and cold water through ⅝″ lead pipe, drawn through ⅝″ compression bibb cocks, one hose, the other plain, wasted through heavy lead S trap calked into iron pipe as specified.

Tubs.—Furnish and set up tubs of size shown, supplied and wasted the same as sink, but to have brass plugs and safety chains. Tubs of wood well dovetailed.

Wash Basin.—Furnish and fit up (of size shown) in bath room a 1¼″ thick Italian marble slab, counter‐sunk and moulded on edges, backs 10″ high, the slab to be fitted with a 12″ marble pattern basin (overflow) well fitted to slab, with brass clamps, etc. The basin to be supplied with hot and cold water through silver plated compression basin bibb cocks (⅝), wasted through 2″ lead pipe and S trap, silver plated basin plug and safety chain.

Bath.—Furnish and fit up bath of size shown, 14 ounce copper tinned and planished, tub to be supplied with hot and cold water through ⅝″ lead pipe, and drawn through ⅝″ bath silver plated compression cocks. Wasted through 2″ lead S trap. Silver plated plug and safety chain.

Water Closet.—Water closet in bath to be a Demarest or Manhattan patent long oval flushing rim earthenware hopper, automatic seat, all complete, with waste preventing cistern, to be copper lined; supply through ⅝″ lead pipe connected to main supply; to have heavy last lead trap, properly connected with soil pipe. Connect from cistern to hopper with 1¼″ light lead pipe so as to get good flush. The water closet for servants to be enameled iron hopper with cistern, etc., as above.

It is said that the ova of tapeworms are frequently deposited in the wrinkles of a lettuce leaf and near the mid rib of a cabbage leaf, and so it behooves those wishing uncooked leaves of any kind to have them carefully washed.

A FRENCH COTTAGE.

We publish herewith the plans for a house designed by M. A. Fatalot and erected by M. Valette, architect. It is built on the side of the terrace (Rue Babie), on the green hills which overlook the Seine.

The construction is very simple. The architect was, in fact, asked to use the strictest economy. The first floor, built over a cellar, consists simply of a vestibule, A, which opens into a dining room, C, a bed room, D, a kitchen, B, the water closets, E, and the stairway. The latter is constructed of wood and leads to the second story, which serves as both studio and drawing room. This room is lighted by the large window shown in our perspective view. The walls of the building are of stone—stone from Meudon, nicely colored—and Bourgogne bricks of different shades form the design of the frieze. The basement is of dressed stone; the pediments of the gables and the cornice are covered with a plaster of sand and mortar colored in imitation of stone. The tops of the pediments are decorated with Parvillee faience. The perron is of Bagneux stone and the mullions and supports of Euville stone.

The following is a detailed list of the expenses:
Masonry	$1,480
Carpenter work	265
Plumbing, etc.	166
Joiner’s work	462
Locksmith’s work	315
Heater, etc.	74
Painting and glazing	92
	$2,854
Salaries	200
	$3,054

Our Forestry Problem.

According to latest estimates, we consume yearly, with our present population of sixty millions, not less than twenty billion cubic feet of wood. The amount is made up, in round figures, in the following manner:

To this it will be safe to add, for wasteful practices and for the destruction by yearly conflagrations, at the least, twenty‐five per cent.

The average yearly growth of wood per acre in the well stocked and well cared for forests of Germany has been computed at fifty cubic feet. Applying this figure to our present requirements, we should have an area of not less than five hundred million acres in well stocked forest to give us a continual supply of all kinds for our present needs. Now, a careful canvass made four years ago developed the result that the existing forest area in the United States, excluding Alaska and Indian Territory, comprised almost five hundred million acres (489,280,000); but it is well known to everybody who is acquainted with our forests that they cannot compare in yield with the average European Continental forests under systematic management. Much of what is reported as forest is useless brush land or open woods, and depreciated in its capacity for wood production by annual fires, by which the physical structure of the leaf mould is destroyed, and thus, too, its capacity for storing the needful moisture, reducing wood production, and killing all young growth.

Without care, without management, and left to the kind but uneconomical work of nature, interfered with, in addition, by rude and ignorant action of man, it is doubtful whether, on the existing area, one half the amount of wood is produced yearly which we now require. We have, therefore; beyond doubt, reached—if not passed—the time when increased drain means squandering of capital, and when regard to husbanding, to careful management, to recuperation of our forests, and planting of new forests is required for the purpose of merely furnishing raw material; and it should not be forgotten that to reproduce the quick growing white pine of an acceptable quality and sufficient size requires not less than eighty to one hundred years, and for the long leaved pine two hundred years; that, altogether, wood crops are slow crops; that nothing of size can be grown under a quarter of a century at the best.

That this is a business requiring intelligent national consideration is apparent. Not less so if we appreciate the magnitude of the values resulting from it. The total value of forest products in the census year was placed at $700,000,000, or ten times the value of the gold and silver production, five times the value of all coal and mineral production, and exceeding every one of the agricultural crops, corn and wheat not excepted; and representing in value about thirty per cent. of the total agricultural production.

Of injuries wrought locally by the reckless clearing of hill sides and of deterioration of the soil due to inconsiderate action of man, I could entertain you by the hour. The country is full of examples. Any one who wishes to study the effect of such denuding of hill sides upon the soil, the water flow, and agricultural conditions, need not go to France, Spain, Italy, Greece, or Palestine. The Adirondack Mountains are within easier reach, where the thin cover of earth exposed to the washing rains is carried into the rivers, leaving behind a bare, forbidding rock and desolation, while at Albany the Hudson River is being made unnavigable by the debris and soil carried down the river. The government has spent more than ten million dollars, I believe, and spends every year a goodly sum, to open out a passage over the sand bar thus formed.

Go to the eastern Rocky Mountains, or to Southern California, and you can gain an insight into the significance of regulated water supply for the agriculture below, and also learn how imprudently we have acted and are acting upon the knowledge of this significance by allowing the destruction of mountain forests in the most reckless and unprofitable manner. Along the shores of Lake Michigan, and along the sea coast, we are creating shifting sands by the removal of the forest cover, to make work for the ingenuity of our children in devising methods for fixing these sands again. The vegetable mould with which the kind forest had covered the alluvial sands of the southern coast plain we are taking pains to burn off in order to replace it with expensive artificial fertilizers.

That the great flood of the Ohio, which cost the country more than twenty million dollars, was entirely due to deforestation, I will not assert; but it must have been considerably aggravated by the accumulation of minor local floods, due to the well known reckless clearing of the hill sides, which sent their waters down into the river in torrents. At the season when the winter snows are melting, watch the newspapers, and you will find an almost daily mention of the disastrous ravages of brooks and streams, many of which injuries could have been prevented by avoiding the creation of their distant and indirect cause. Thus we may multiply examples all over the country, showing harmful local influences upon agricultural conditions due to forest devastation.

That the vast stretches of land in the Northwest, from which the white pine has been cut and burned off, present the aspect of a desolation which sickens the heart, you may hear from every one who has seen these deserts unnecessarily wrought by man. Every traveler in this country, be it to the White Mountains, to the Adirondacks, along the Alleghany Mountains, be it through the Rockies or the redwoods of California, cannot but be startled by the desolate, sad aspect of many of these once beautifully clad mountain crests.

And we are a nation hardly a hundred years old, with over thirty acres per capita to spread ourselves upon. What will become of us when we must live upon five acres per head? We are far enough advanced in our recklessness of disregarding the indirect significance of forest areas to have learned a lesson at home, and to feel the necessity of being more careful in the utilization of the forest, so as not to lose its protection for our agricultural and general interests.

The means for its solution I may only briefly indicate. They are education, example, encouragement, legislation. Some of these are of slow effect. Others can be made to give results at once. Let the United States government, which still holds some seventy million acres of the people’s land in forests, mostly on the Western mountains, where its preservation is most urgently needed—let the government set aside these otherwise valueless lands, and manage them as a national forest domain, and then the first effective step, a feasible and not a forcible one, is made. Let the military reservations on the Western treeless plains, which are still in the hands of the general government, be planted to forests and managed as such. This would be no doubtful experiment, would interfere with nobody, would enhance the value of the surrounding country—and education, example, and encouragement are provided, as far as it is in the legitimate province of the general government. And such example, instead of costing anything to the country, can be made self‐sustaining—nay, productive—and would add appreciably to the people’s wealth.—B. E. Fernow.

Mortar containing sugar has been employed in building the new Natural History Museum in Berlin, and has proved far superior to common mortar. It sets almost with the firmness of a good cement, while mortar made with molasses became soft and brittle after a time. In Madras a mortar is used with which either sugar, butter or buttermilk, shellac and eggs are mixed. It holds well and takes a marble‐like polish.

A RESIDENCE FOR $8,000.

The perspective and plans herewith presented are from the designs of Mr. S. W. Whittemore, architect, East Orange, N J. The general dimensions are: Front, 36 feet, exclusive of bay windows; side, 51 feet, exclusive of piazza and laundry. Height of stories: Cellar, 7 feet; first story, 10 feet; second story, 9 feet 6 in.; attic, 8 feet.

Materials.—Foundation, stone; first and second stories, clapboards; roof, shingles.

Fireplaces are provided in the dining room, library, parlor, and hall. The attic is finished throughout. Cellar under the whole house except laundry.

Bamboo Tree.

Writing from China, a correspondent says that the Chinese have developed the culture of the bamboo tree very wonderfully. They can produce a perfectly black as well as a yellow bamboo. The Emperor of China has one officer whose duty is to look after his bamboo gardens. This valuable tree is found in all tropical and sub‐tropical regions, both in the eastern and western hemispheres. An attempt has been made in England, and with some success, to raise a dwarf species found at an altitude of 12,000 feet in the Himalaya mountains. The new world furnishes bamboo of the greatest diameter. The stems are usually very slender, but in the northwestern part of South America is found one species with a diameter of 16 inches. The Chinese put this plant to a greater variety of uses than any other people. Some kinds of it when it first shoots up from the ground are used as a vegetable as we use 124asparagus, or it can be pickled in vinegar or made into delicious sweetmeats. The plant has to be 30 years old to blossom, and then it bears a great profusion of seeds and dyes. These seeds may be used like rice, and a kind of beer may be made from them. In 1812 severe famine in portions of China was prevented by the sudden blossoming of a great number of bamboo trees. The stems of all the varieties are remarkably silicious. One kind found in Java is so hard that it strikes fire when the hatchet is applied to it. This has only a very slender stem, which is polished and used as stems for tobacco pipes. This Protean tree furnishes material for houses, boats, cordage, sails of boats, telescopes, aqueduct pipes, water‐proof thatching, clothing, water wheels, fences, chairs, tables, book cases, boxes, hats, umbrellas, shields, spears, and paper. The pith is used for lamp wicks, so there is no part of it that cannot be used for something. From some of it exquisite carvings inlaid with gold and silver are cut, that exceed in beauty the ivory carvings for which the Chinese are so famed. Recently it has been put to another use. Mr. Edison has found that the carbonized fibers of the bamboo furnish the best material for the incandescent electric lamp, and has made use of it in his system of lighting. In Burmah and Siam whole cities are built from bamboo. These houses are made in pieces, lashed together, and raised on posts several feet high.—The Lumber World.

FIREPROOF STRUCTURES.

An article recently published by us apropos of the Opera Comique catastrophe has brought us several interesting communications, and, among them, one from Mr. Hennebique, one of the designers of the 948 foot Belgian tower. Mr. Hennebique has established the fact that structures in which iron is used in the flooring do not arrest the ravages of fire, but fall even more quickly than those in which wood is employed.

In fact, the beams that support the ceiling joists, flooring, and laths, naturally combustible materials, are raised to a high temperature, and, becoming red hot, bend under their own weight, and at the same time shove the walls outwardly.

The flooring of Mr. Hennebique’s invention, which is composed of a cement made of coal ashes, plaster rubbish, and hydraulic lime, is refractory enough to resist the heat developed by combustion.

As may be seen from the figure, this flooring consists of tubular girders resting upon very simple metallic anchorages. These girders are of the composition above described, and thus constitute a sort of monolith upon which any sort of a floor can be laid—terra cotta, marble, wood, etc.

Aside from its being nearly completely incombustible, this sort of flooring presents a great advantage, from an economical standpoint, in consequence of the rational utilization of the materials employed. It is unnecessary to say that the metal is perfectly protected against oxidation.

Another advantage of this flooring is that it almost entirely prevents the propagation of sound.

As may be readily seen, this mode of construction is applicable to different uses and to every possible sort of decoration, such as cornices, compartment ceilings, girders of various styles, as well as pillars, pilasters, columns, and supports of every shape and every resistance.—Chronique Industrielle.

Construction of Chimney Flues.

In a letter to the Insurance World Mr. Thomas Boyd, architect, of Pittsburg, Pa., gives the following practical information:

I have had considerable experience in examining buildings burned by fire, having been associated with my father for eleven years, and during that time have examined hundreds of buildings destroyed by fire. I have traced more fires to the cause of defective flues than to any other source, and I could refer you to buildings, not only in this city but in others, where fires have occurred from this cause, and the insurance men and the public in general stated that the fire occurred from “unknown causes,” as it was first seen many feet away from the flues.

In seventy‐five cases in one hundred where fires occur from “unknown causes,” it can be traced to defective brickwork. Ordinarily, an architect specifies that the brickwork shall be well slushed, and that the flues shall be well pargeted or plastered on the inside. This is a great error, as no flues should be plastered on the inside, and no walls having flues in them should be slushed, as the term is generally understood.

The flues should in all cases be built smooth on the inside, and all the joints should be filled full of mortar, the vertical joints as well as the bed joints. The lining of the flue or the four inches surrounding the flue should always be kept in advance of the brickwork, and the brick adjoining the lining and the second and third brick, and so on, should be shoved in soft mortar up against each other. This will fill all the vertical joints from bottom to top as laid. The slushing that is ordinarily put in from the top only goes down into the joint about ½ inch, thus leaving an opening the entire length of the wall, and in some cases an opening which a mouse could crawl through. As it is only a question of time when all the plastering that can be put on the inside of a flue will fall off, it will leave these vertical joints between the bricks open into the flue, and as the joists cross through these joints in the brickwork, fire is liable to take place ten or twenty feet away from the flue. I have taken down many old buildings in which these joints were filled with carbon or soot.

If the flues are built as above described, any competent builder or architect can find out whether the mechanics doing the work are slighting it or not; but if the inside of the flue is plastered or lined with terra cotta or any other material, you cannot tell whether the wall is properly built or not until this plastering falls off, which it will in the course of a few years. Thus all buildings erected with plastered flues are liable to burn at any time.

I have made a practice for a number of years of building flues without lining them, and then when the house is built, or as each story is erected, I put a dense smoke in the flue and close the opening at the top. If there is a hole the size of an ordinary pin head, the smoke will find it and penetrate into the interior of the wall adjoining the flue.

Roadside Plantations of Trees in Belgium.

The roadside planting of trees is carried out on a most extensive scale in Belgium, forming a marked feature in the landscape of that country. According to the report of M. J. Houba, State Head Bailiff or Ranger of Woods and Rivers in Belgium, recently published in the Revue Horticole, the total length of the highroads of Belgium in 1881 amounted to 4,227 miles, classified, as regards tree planting, in the following manner:

	Miles.
Roads already planted	2,417
„ still to be planted	264
„ which cannot be planted	1,546
	4,227

From this it will appear that, at the date mentioned, more than half the entire length of the Belgian highroads had been planted, and that the proportion would soon reach two‐thirds.

The number of trees used in forming these plantations amounted to 871,685, representing in 1881 a money value of £415,986, the average cost of each tree when planted having been about 2s. 6d. The plantations had therefore at this date increased in value to nearly four times the amount of the capital originally expended upon them.

The trees principally employed in these roadside plantations (already made) are: Elms, 371,621; oaks, 130,828; poplars, 80,853; ash, 73,893; beech, 32,970; maples, 27,755; service trees, 24,630; Norway spruce, 43,767; larch, 41,699. It will be seen from this list that coniferous trees are largely used in Belgium for roadside planting. On the other hand, the report only gives 897 plane trees, 976 acacias, and 672 cherry trees, apple trees, and pear trees, showing that while the Belgian authorities fully recognize the great utility of these roadside plantations in other respects, they especially aim at the production of timber of good quality in a commercial point of view.—The Garden.

An Egyptian Temple.

An Egyptian temple appears to have been one of the most imposing assemblages of buildings that can be well conceived. Avenues lined with hundreds of sphinxes on each side led the worshiper to the sacred precinct for the distance of thousands of feet, and thus the mind, even when remote from the vicinity of the temple, received an impression calculated to excite veneration. This avenue was terminated by a stupendous mass of pyramidal form, above 200 feet wide and about 80 feet high, whose enormous proportion was naught diminished by the vastness of the plain in which it stands, nor by contrast with the mountains that overhung it. In the center of this propyleum is a door, flanked in advance by an obelisk on each side, about 90 feet high, and beside which are figures of colossal dimensions, 45 feet high, sitting as guardians of the sacred portal. The effect of the whole is gigantic, and calculated to impress the coming worshiper with the fullest notions of his insignificance in the scale of material nature. The triumphal gateway being passed, a magnificent court meets the eyes of the beholder, having on each side a colonnade. And this court led to a densely columned hall or vestibule, under the shades of which the crowds of Egypt’s sons and daughters reposed to recover from the exhaustion and fatigue caused by their journey under a burning sun to the fane of their creature god. And here the mind also dwelt awhile on the first impressions produced by the contemplation of the overpowering majesty of the gorgeous mass. For the huge propylea, which inclosed either end of the court, and the hall, with its forest of clustered columns, which the eye could not number, and the playful variety and copiousness of channeled hieroglyphics which left not a space uncovered, and the brilliancy of the pigment which gave an endless variety to the shafts and capitals of the columns, to the beams, the walls and ceilings, bewildered the attention, and left not a moment of repose to the wondering stranger. A lofty central avenue of columns, above 60 feet high, forming, as it were, a triumphal way, leads under a third portal, of dimensions by no means inferior to the others just mentioned, and marked with what care and with what sanctity the priests guarded every approach to the inner parts of the temple. But this gateway passed, and a scene the most sublime burst upon the view. An ample peristyle much larger than the one already passed, presented itself to the eye, probably planted with trees, crowded with metaphoric statues.

On either hand a double avenue of columns, less for convenience than dignity of effect. In the center uprose the portico of the mass of building, that formed the temple itself—the columns in dimension more lofty, in decoration more rich, in proportion more graceful than those of the courts. The dynasties that had ruled over the country up to the period of the erection of this temple have their histories graven on the walls and on the columns. The same pyramidal form gives an appearance of endless durability to the mass, which is surmounted by an immense hollowed cavetto having the center occupied by the sculptured form of the agatho demon, or winged globe and serpents, with outstretched wings extending over the center intercolumniation of the facade, and seemingly a being of another world. Admitted beneath this porch, the minds of the worshipers are prepared for the gloomy inner penetralia, where every object was mysterious and emblematic. Numerous doorways closed by curtains succeeded each other, and led from vestibule to vestibule, which hindered the eye from penetrating with sacrilegious gaze into the inmost sanctuary, all access to it being forbidden to the multitude.

To these vestibules the light of day was denied, and the mind was subdued by the gloom of the spot, for the attention was absorbed by the contemplation of the sacred mysteries of the place and by the effects produced on the attention by the huge incongruous figures of granite—monstrous reflections of the gloomy minds of the religious inhabitants of the sacred precinct, who sought to deify matter and the animal instincts.—T. L. Donaldson.

The White Ash.

“About twenty years ago, Prof. J. L. Budd, of Ames, Iowa, advised keeping the seeds of the ash through the winter in kegs or boxes, mixed with clean moist sand, taking care that they become neither too wet nor too dry. Freezing will do no harm. The ground should be marked and prepared as for corn, and planting at the intersections, placing four to six seeds in the hill. They should be carefully cultivated, and the next spring thinned to one plant in each hill, the vacancies being supplied. By planting thus thickly, the young trees get a straight growth. At the end of six years every alternate row north and south should be thinned out, and at the end of ten years every alternate tree in each row. When twelve years old, on good soil and proper culture the first four years the grove would have 12,000 trees on ten acres, averaging eight inches in diameter. By cutting the stumps close to the ground, and covering with a light furrow on each side, a second growth is obtained in eight or ten years, more valuable than the first.”

Prof. C. S. Sargent, in speaking of this timber, says: “To develop its best qualities, the white ash should be planted in a cool, deep, moist, but well drained soil, where it will make a rapid growth. That the plantation may be profitable as early as possible, the young trees should be inserted in rows three feet apart, the plants being two feet apart in the rows. This would give 7,260 plants to the acre, which should be gradually thinned until 108 trees are left standing, twenty feet apart each way. The first thinning, which might be made at the end of ten years, would give 4,000 hoop poles, which at present price would be worth $400.

“The remaining thinnings, made at different periods up to 25 or 30 years, would produce some three thousand trees more, worth at least three times as much as the first thinnings. Such cutting would pay all the expenses of planting, the care of plantation, and the interest on the capital invested, and would leave the land covered with trees capable of being turned into money at a moment’s notice, or whose value would increase for a hundred years, making no mean inheritance for the descendants of a Massachusetts farmer. The planting of the white ash as a shade and roadside tree is especially recommended, and for that purpose it ranks, among our native trees, next to the sugar maple.”

Prof. B. G. Northrop says in reference to this tree: “One of the most valuable of our native trees is the white ash, and, all things considered, it is one of the most profitable for planting. Combining lightness, strength, toughness, elasticity, and beauty of grain in a rare degree, it is in great and growing demand for farming tools, furniture, interior finishing of houses and railroad cars, the construction of carriages, for oars and pulley blocks, and many other purposes. The excellence of our ash is one secret of the preference given abroad to American agricultural implements. It is hardy, will bear the bleakest exposure, is a rapid grower and attains large size, but will not thrive on poor lands. It is every way superior to the European ash, much as that has been cultivated and lauded abroad. It is now found widely in the nurseries and young plantations attached to the forest schools of Europe. Director General Adolfo di Beranger, president of the Royal Instituto Forestale, at Vallombrosa, pointed me to his plantations of Fraxinus Americana with a tone which implied that is the tree of which Americans may well be proud.

“The ash is a fine ornamental tree for private grounds, public parks, or for the wayside. When planted closely for timber they grow straight and free from low laterals, and early reach a size that makes the thinnings valuable for poles and fencing.

“The seeds of the white ash are abundant, ripening by the first of October. They may be easily gathered after the first frost. If sown in the fall, they should be covered with three inches of straw. If to be sown in the spring, the seed may be mixed with damp sand.”

Sawdust.

Sawdust has been a source of worry and expense to mill men in various ways, though it is to be admitted that in utilizing it to some extent as fuel they have in part solved the problem of its economical disposition. Lately, there has sprung up a certain demand for it, and the problem of its cheap shipment is now one that presents itself. A Yankee inventor has tried baling it, and appears to have devised a scheme that accomplishes the purpose successfully. He makes the sawdust into bales, and has progressed so far as to be able to compress thirty‐two cubic feet, or a quarter of a cord, into a package three feet long by two feet on each of its sides. As this occupies only twelve cubic feet, the reduction is sixty‐two and one‐half per cent. of its original bulk. The machine used is nothing more than an ordinary hydraulic press, which is arranged in a manner similar to a hay or cotton press. The sawdust is pressed into bales and at the same time inclosed in a burlap covering, making a neat and easily handled package for shipment. Small pieces of wood, shavings, etc., may be baled with the sawdust or separately with equal facility. It appears a simple method of putting this bulky stuff in convenient shape for shipment, and it would seem might be employed to advantage wherever a market can be found for this species of mill refuse.—The Timberman.

DWELLINGS AT GLENRIDGE.

We illustrate a few of the tasteful residences which have been erected at Glenridge, N. J., a charming suburb of New York City, situate on the line of the Delaware and Lackawanna Railway. Glenridge is 14 miles from New York, and the time required for the trip, including the ferry across the Hudson River at New York, is about 40 minutes. The dwellings we have chosen for illustration have been recently erected. They vary in cost from $4,000 to $6,500 or more. We can supply on application such further information as readers may desire.

Fire Bricks.

Mr. W. Y. Dent, in a Cantor lecture at the Society of Arts, London, on building materials, gave an account of some of the chemical problems involved in the constituency of fire clay and fire bricks.

The plastic clays consist of silica and alumina chemically combined with water. They are hydrated silicates of alumina, the plasticity depending upon the water that enters into their composition. The water with which the clay is chemically combined can be expelled at a temperature a little above that of boiling, without detriment to its plasticity, but the whole of the water contained cannot be driven off without raising the temperature to dull redness. Silica, alumina, and lime are separately very infusible substances, and are capable of resisting exposure to very high temperatures without softening. It is on account of its extreme infusibility that lime is found to be the most suitable material for the cylinders upon which the oxyhydrogen flame is made to impinge to produce a brilliant light, the intensity of the light being due to the extremely high temperature to which the lime is raised. Lime, however, from its want of cohesion, could never be brought into general use for such purposes as fire clay is employed, and this is also the case as regards silica, which requires the addition of some substance of a basic character, with which it will unite, and so cause the particles to bind together. The nearest approach to the use of silica alone as a fire brick is in the case of the Welsh brick, made from the Dinas rock in the Vale of Neath.

This material, before being made into fire bricks, had long been used for repairing the furnaces at the copper works of South Wales, for which purpose its peculiar property of expanding when subjected to the influence of a high temperature, instead of contracting, as in the case of some other fire clays, renders it particularly suitable, the cementation of the bricks being facilitated by the increase of temperature. This Dinas rock occurs in various conditions, from that of a firm rock to that of disintegrated sand, and a mixture of about 1 per cent. of lime is, therefore, necessary in order to make it into bricks. Dinas bricks will stand very high temperatures, but are more friable than ordinary fire bricks, and will not resist to the same extent the action of basic substances, such as furnace slags, containing much oxide of iron. They are, besides, porous and readily absorb moisture, rendering it necessary for furnaces built of them to be gradually heated, as they are liable to crack if sufficient time is not allowed for driving off the moisture. The composition of the clay used for fire bricks is a question of great importance, inasmuch as its quality depends greatly upon its chemical constituents, although its power of resisting fusion, when exposed to intense heat, is effected by its mechanical condition.

The same materials, when mixed together in the form of a coarse powder, will require a higher temperature to fuse them than would be the case if they were reduced to a fine state of division. The qualities required in fire bricks are that they should bear exposure to intense heat for a long time without fusion, that they should be capable of being subjected to sudden changes of temperature without injury, and that they should be able to resist the action of melted copper or iron slag. The Dinas brick, which contains 98 per cent. of silica, will bear exposure to a higher temperature than most others, but it will run down sooner when in contact with melted iron slag. Ganister is the name given to a fine grit which occurs under certain coal beds in Yorkshire, Derby, and South Wales, and the black ganister from the neighborhood of Sheffield is especially adapted for lining cupola furnaces, owing to its capacity to stand high temperatures without shrinking, in consequence of the large quantity of silica it contains.

Fire bricks made of silicious clays from granitic deposits in various parts of Devonshire also contain a large proportion of silica, but their powers of supporting exposure to high temperatures are materially increased by the coarseness of the particles of disintegrated granite of which they are composed. The material employed for the Dinas bricks, as well as the others mentioned, differs considerably in its character from what is ordinarily understood by the term fire clay, as used in the manufacture of the celebrated fire bricks of Blaydon Burn, Stourbridge, or Glenboig; the quality of which, as regards their chemical composition, depends upon the relative portions of silica and alumina, and their freedom from iron oxide and alkaline salts, the presence of which tends to render the clay more fusible.

Improvements in Making Portland Cement.

Clay is taken as dug from the pit, without being dried, and mixed with the usual proportion of lime, a portion of which is used as limestone, the remainder as freshly burnt lime. The burnt lime is first added in such proportion that the water in the clay exactly suffices to slake it, and the heat given out effects the necessary drying. The limestone is then added and the mixture ground in a mill to the usual degree of fineness, made into bricks, calcined, and the “clinker” reduced to a fine state of division as usual.

Typhoid Fever Carried by Well Water.

The following account of the transmittal of cases of typhoid fever by well water is sent us by Dr. Henry B. Baker, secretary of the Michigan State Board of Health. It is made to him by Dr. H. McColl, of Lapeer, Mich.

Dr. McColl reports: About September 1, 1887, Myron Gardner, railroad employe, came from the South sick with fever to his father’s house. He was supposed to be malarial. No care was exercised with stools in the way of disinfection, but they were thrown into privy vault in rear of house, and in close proximity to well. Wash water was thrown on the surface of the ground, which was very dry at the time. About September 7 or 8, a copious rain fell and soaked the sandy soil; and on September 14, Wm. Gardner and wife, father and mother of Myron, and E. D. Gardner, a brother (who was a student in my office), and who boarded at home, were attacked with fever. On this day I got home from Washington, and found four of them down with a severe type of typhoid fever; and in two weeks Myron’s wife and child were attacked; also a child across the street at Terry’s, who had used water from the Gardner well; about the same time three cases in the Clifford house, south of Gardner’s, who also used water from the Gardner well. None of the people from either of these houses were in the Gardner house. In the Walker house, still further south, one case has occurred, and I was at a loss to account for this case till a few days ago, when the young man said that at the mill where he was working they had used the Gardner water for a few days, owing to the disarrangement of the pump at the mill. Two others of the mill hands—Anderson and Lester—who used the same water were attacked about the same time. Lester is now convalescent. Anderson is dead, as also the child at Terry’s. When I took charge of the cases, I ordered the discontinuance of water from the Gardner well and the disinfection of the stools, and no new cases are now reported. People who assisted to take care of the Gardner and other families, and who use water from other sources, have not been attacked. Clearly, Myron Gardner brought the fever home, the well became infected after the first rain from slops and privy, and the other cases got their seed from the water.

Dr. Baker adds: The foregoing instructive account of the way typhoid fever was spread, in one instance, is produced in the hope that it may lead others to trace the spread of this important disease, and, what is of greater importance, act intelligently for the prevention and restriction of the disease, as Dr. McColl did in this instance.—Sanitary News.

An Unsafe Church.

About a month ago, Inspector of Buildings Griffin discovered that the wall on the southern side of the Warren Avenue Baptist Church, Boston, Mass., was bulging. He climbed to the roof, and was astonished to find that the scissors truss that supported the pitch of the roof was not bolted together, but was fastened only with railroad spikes.

The wall was out of plumb fully nine inches. A peremptory order was issued to vacate the church. Then a more careful examination was made, with startling results.

The truss was laid bare, and then it was discovered that the sole support for the roof of the great building consisted of three iron rods one and one half inches in diameter.

The cross rods were of no use, because the wood had shrunk away and the bolts could be rattled. The upper and lower chords of the truss were made of eight two‐inch planks, and where the cross rods had been put through and clinched the auger had cut off one plank and part of another, weakening the truss by one‐eighth.

The lower chord of the truss was cut completely through in two places. It is said that it will cost nearly $200,000 to repair the church, which is one of the largest in the city.

It would not be a bad idea for the trustees of other churches to have the trusses carefully examined.

Cedar Pavements.

To pave a city with cedar would seem to be a luxury, but it appears that in the city of Chicago, out of 277.71 miles of paved streets, there are 213.35 miles of cedar blocks, of which nearly forty miles was laid last year, and the Chicago Tribune says it is the cheapest pavement laid in the city. Dead cedar brought from the vicinity of Green Bay, Wis., was first used, but it was found that it did not wear well, and live timber is now required. The cedar is a tree which does not taper rapidly, and one of good size should furnish a stick 30 ft. long. The logs are brought here by boats in lengths of about 6 ft., with the bark still on, peeled, and cut into blocks 5 in. long. The blocks range in diameter from 3 in. to 9 in., and cost 50 to 60 cents a yard, measurement being made after they are laid. The process of paving a street with cedar blocks is much the same as was used with the Nicholson pavement. A sand foundation is first provided, and on this are laid boards which serve as stringers. On the stringers planks are placed parallel with the curb, and the cedar blocks are stood on end on the planks. The interstices between the blocks are filled with gravel and coal tar.

For the last three years block pavement has cost in Chicago from $1.00 to $1.30 a yard. The life of cedar block pavement is three to seven years, and it is an excellent pavement when first laid. It is believed by many to be detrimental to health from the fact that it absorbs all liquids falling upon it, gives them back in the shape of vapor under the influence of the sun, and is itself constantly decaying. It is stated as a curious fact that this pavement wears out faster on streets where traffic is light than where it is heavy. Cedar blocks are used for paving all through the West, but more freely probably in Chicago than in any other city in the world. They are cheap, and that is a great point in their favor.

Hemlock.

Respecting the merits of hemlock, the Minneapolis Lumberman has a good word in its last issue. It quotes from a correspondent at Williamsport, Pa., regarding the experience with the wood there as a foundation for paving blocks; and in regard to a stretch of Nicholson pavement there which had been down sixteen years, goes on to say:

“The blocks had been placed on two thicknesses of one inch hemlock, the boards coated both sides with coal tar. When the pavement was taken up, the boards were found to be in good condition—so perfectly sound that they were put back again for possibly another sixteen years. The correspondent says that out of a mile of sixty foot street, less than 10,000 feet of the old planking was condemned. There seems to be no question as to the superlative merit of hemlock for paving purposes.”

This is valuable testimony, and better evidence of the lasting qualities of hemlock under paving blocks than any Western experience has produced, for the reason that it has nowhere in the West been so long as that in use. It has been recognized, however, as a wood excellently suited to this purpose, and is employed almost exclusively wherever the cedar block pavement is freely used, which includes a good many of the large cities in the United States, and practically all Western towns in which any paving is done. It is apparent that lumbermen are beginning to take a strong interest in hemlock, and evidences of its growth in favor are becoming rather plentiful. It occasionally gets a setback from some local dealer, who has come off second best in an encounter with its slivers, but it is bound to come more and more in use in spite of the strong objection that is made to it by some users. Its light weight and great strength for many building purposes are factors that tell.—Timberman.

Collapse of Walls of Burning Buildings.

Mr. Alex. Black, writing to the Building News, says: The expansion of brick by fire heat may be estimated at rather above half that of wrought iron; and of mortar at about one‐fourth more than that of wrought iron. The mortar joints in the wall may occupy, say, one‐fifth to one‐sixth of the height of the wall. There is no accurate data as to the maximum heat developed at Whiteley’s fire. It, however, depends on the nature of the contents, etc., consumed and the accumulation of draught currents. If there is free lime, etc., in brick or mortar, there is added to the expansion more or less disintegration, which would become not the least potent cause of collapse.

We may assume that the interior surface of the brickwork exposed to the fire expanded, say, 1 in. in 8 ft. or 10 ft., vertically and horizontally, which would produce a distortion by buckling, or curving inward, dish‐like, of the inside half thickness of the wall, both vertically and horizontally, leaving for a time the outside half thickness (say, for convenience of description) not much disturbed; in the meanwhile, air gets in between these inside and outside half thicknesses, or slices, and it may become gradually expanded by heat and help to force them further apart until the whole wall collapses.

In setting iron girders, the usual practice appears to be to build the ends solidly in the wall to act as a tie; but by having cross flanges at ends the wall may be built close to these on inside toward interior of building, and space left for expansion on their outside; but this space is of no use without the ends of the girders are set upon rollers or rockers, as is done for bridge girders, because the rigidity of wall would not be sufficient to withstand undisturbed the expansive pushing out, or horizontal thrust, of loaded girder end if resting upon a rough bearing plate or block.

If building timber joists into walls, it is a safe method to bevel off the upper corner equal to the bearing of the end in the wall, which allows the projecting portion of joist, if broken accidentally, to drop down without disturbing the wall, by the leverage which it would exert if built in the wall in the usual way.

A $2,500 CALIFORNIA HOUSE.

California can justly boast of a larger number of pretty places and picturesque localities in which to erect residences of moderate cost than can be found in any other State in the Union. The beautiful town of Alameda, covering, as it does, a large extent of ground, embracing several square miles, may be regarded as a paradise for those who wish a quiet retreat, away from the din and confusion of the city, and yet be in close connection with the great mart. Nearly every portion of the town is covered with a natural growth of oak trees. Nor does this growth stop at this point. For a long distance to the north the ground is covered by the beautiful trees from which the neighboring city of Oakland derives its name.

Extremes meet in architecture as well as other matters. Some æsthetic persons have sought to copy the humble abode of the laborer in the external view of a dwelling, while the internal arrangements and fittings rival those of Aladdin’s palace. Others seek to have the outside present to the eye a conglomeration of whimsical ideas, while they have not deigned to cover the floors with a carpet, nor have a door between any of the rooms or halls, excepting those connecting with the outer world.

Much benefit has been derived from these whimsical erections, and it is only by much study and close application to the fancies of their clients that architects have been enabled to prepare the beautiful bijou plans, a good representation of which is given in this issue. In justice to the architectural profession, we must say that no portion of their practice has been so usefully bestowed as that which has been bestowed upon the production of plans for such homes, a full plan of which accompanies this article.

The elevation, as shown, is a model of neatness and economy. At once attractive in appearance and substantial in all its surroundings, it does away with all those horrible idiosyncrasies and bugbears of the Elizabethan and Queen Anne styles. There are no small windows to cause the one who cleans them to utter a whole vocabulary of cuss words at the architect who made so many corners to dig out. There is no part of California but what needs all the sunshine that was intended to enter a room, and the large windows shown allow the heat and light to make glad the hearts of the dwellers therein. Even with the thermometer at 100 degrees and over in the shade at noontime, still, when evening comes, the cool winds that invariably bless the sleep of those who are tired from their daily toil has easy ingress from these same large windows. And in winter, from the absence of snow in all of our beautiful valleys, the same windows are a source of joy and comfort for the occupants to observe the driving rains, or admit the blessed sunshine as it pierces through the wintry clouds.

Great care should be exercised in painting the exterior. The colors selected should be a happy blending of light and dark shades. They should be graded from rich, heavy grades at the bottom to the lighter tones at the gable peaks, preserving, through the intermediate section, a consistent harmony. The roof may be of dark slate color. The trimmings may be colored with a combination of blue, black, and Indian red. The body of the house may be varied to suit the above. It must be distinctly borne in mind that all buildings of the same class cannot be treated alike. Trees have a wonderful effect on colors used, and the main study of the painter and owner should be that the salient points of form and detail be enhanced by the proper selection of the various colors. By all means, if you are building a home for yourself, take the good wife into your confidence, and let her judgment be given on the various colors to be used.

The arrangement of the rooms, as shown by the plan, is very desirable for any one with a small family. A feature is made of the entrance way. From the hall, one can pass either to the parlor or dining room, the latter being the general sitting room. The parlor is large—13 × 17 feet in size. It has a fireplace, as shown. A cornice is also designated. Sliding doors connect this room with the dining room, the size of the latter129 being 12 × 17¾ feet. A cornice and fireplace are also shown. In case of company or family gathering, the two rooms will be practically one. The porch shown in front will be very handy for the gentlemen who smoke, or, on warm days the ladies can use the same for sewing purposes, sheltered, as the plans show, by the roof overhead.

You pass from this room into a hall, from which you can enter all the rest of the rooms. The main chamber is 12 feet 6 inches by 16 feet 6 inches, besides a large bay window, having four windows for light and air. There is also a cornice in this room, and a place for a stove to connect with parlor chimney. There is a very large closet, and also wash room, which is well lighted and ventilated. Passing along the hall, we next come to a large linen closet. This will be found very serviceable for the storage of the linen in daily use. Then comes a large chamber, 11 feet 6 inches by 12 feet. No cornice is shown. Should a fire be needed in this room, a patent flue could be placed therein, starting from near the ceiling. A large closet is also connected with this room. At the end of the hall is the bath room, 6 feet 3 inches by 9 feet 6 inches. A wash bowl and water closet are shown. The window, being directly over the tub, assures perfect ventilation.

On opposite side of hall from bath room is a room designated as breakfast room, in size 10 × 11 feet, with two windows. This can be used as a bed room, should the dining room suffice for the needs of the occupants of the house. This room is very convenient, as it can be reached by three different ways. The next room is the kitchen, in size 10 × 13 feet, with plenty of light and ample means of ventilation. The place for the stove pipe is indicated by the dotted lines leading to the dining room chimney. Should it be found more desirable to have the stove in a different position from that indicated, a patent flue can be put in, starting near the ceiling. A large pass closet, amply fitted with drawers and shelves, connects with the dining room. There is also a large pantry fitted up with bins, etc.

A stairway is shown, near breakfast room, leading to the attic. No plan is given of the latter, as the space can be divided according to the individual tastes of the parties building. The rear hall is 3 feet 6 inches wide.

The whole plan is very compact, and will bear careful study. The detail drawings, as shown, will give an adequate idea of the various finishes. Each one is distinctly marked.

We append a general set of specifications to aid those who may see fit to adopt the design. Should any one want a complete set, we can forward them a printed copy.

SPECIFICATIONS.

Excavations.—All rock, dirt, etc., to be cleared away from site of the building. Trenches for walls and piers to be extended down to firm and solid ground. The bank to be dug well away from the walls, and the same to be left open until the walls are well set and dry.

Drains.—To be of ironstone pipe, with cemented joints. The fall to be not less than one‐fourth inch to one foot. No drains to be less than sixteen inches from surface of ground.

Brick Work.—Hard, well burned brick to be used throughout. All brick walls to be made level and straight to the proper and exact height, and to a true line from one end to the other, even to the splitting of a brick where necessary. Piers 12 × 12 inches. Turn trimmer arches for the support of all hearths at the time chimneys are built. All sills to be set in mortar after walls are proper height.

Size of Timbers, etc.—Main sills, 6 × 8 inches; plates, 2 × 4; studs, 2 × 4; underpinning, 4 × 6; joists, 2 × 10; ceiling joists, 2 × 4; rafters, 2 × 4; bridging, 2 × 3 and 2 × 4. Studs and joists spaced 16 inches from center; rafters, 2 feet 8 inches from center; underpinning 2 feet 8 inches from center. All timber below main sills to be of redwood.

Roof to be sheathed with 1 × 6 Oregon pine, well nailed to every rafter. Gutters arranged so as to carry off water wherever directed.

Rustic.—All laps and butt joints to be painted before being nailed in position. Butt joints to have a 3 × 11 inch piece of tin to keep out water.

Outside Steps to be built upon strong stringers, inch risers of redwood, and two inch treads of Oregon pine, with nosing and scotia. The recess to front hall will be floored six inches below main floor, with three inch Oregon pine, put together with white lead.

Floors.—Oregon pine, tongued and grooved, 4 inches wide, to be used throughout the house. One tongue nail and one through nail to be driven in each piece at each nailing.

Wainscoting.—Rear hall, kitchen, and breakfast room to be wainscoted 3 feet high, and capped with nosing and scotia. Bath room, 6 feet high all around.

Pantry and Pass Closet to be fitted up with shelves and hooks complete, and bins and drawers as shown.

Lathing.—Good sound lath to be used, laid on not less than ⅜ of an inch apart. Joints broken over 8 laths. No lath to be put on vertically, to finish out to corners or angles; neither must there be any lath run through angles and behind studding from one room to another. All angles to be formed and nailed solid by carpenter before laths are put on.

Plastering.—All walls, partitions, and ceilings to be plastered one coat of well haired mortar, made of best lime and clean, sharp sand, free from loam and salt, using best cattle hair. To be made at least eight days before using.

Brown coat to be covered with a good coat of best white hard finish. All plastering to extend to the floor. Center pieces where designated on plans.

Painting.—All interior wood work to have three coats of best white lead, in such tints as may be approved by the owner. Kitchen floor to be oiled two coats.

Plumbing.—Water pipes to be of galvanized iron ¾ inch diameter. No ½ inch pipe to be used. A 40 gallon galvanized iron boiler, with necessary connections, to be placed in the kitchen. Sink to be of size shown by drawing, to have 2 inch iron water pipe and a Garland trap; 3½ inch brass strainer; back of sink to be lined with zinc. Slop hoppers to be placed as shown. Wash basins to be located as per plan, and to have all necessary hot and cold water connections. Water from all basins to discharge into an open slop hopper outside. Bath tub to be lined with No. 12 zinc, to have a 1¼ inch waste, with Garland trap. All necessary fixtures for bath tub to be placed in proper position. The water closet to be Budde’s patent. Place safe trays under all sinks, bath tub, wash basins, water closets, etc., with 2 inch turned‐up edges, well nailed to wood work. Three‐fourths inch wastes. All waste or soil pipes to be connected with the sewer, and extend the same above basins, sinks, bath tub, water closets, etc., out through the roof.

Generally.—Drawings and specifications are intended to correspond, and to be illustrative the one of the other. All drawings to be furnished by the architect. Details to be given from time to time as the work progresses. Should the necessity arise that any change or changes be made from the original design, the owner shall have the right so to do without invalidating the contract, adding to or deducting from the contract price the agreed sum of any change made.

COST.

The above specifications are given as a general index of the work. No accurate estimate can be given from them of the cost of the house. Quality and price of hardware, etc., have been omitted, leaving same to the pocket books of intending builders. As shown, with finishes indicated by the details given, the house can be erected at a cost of about $2,500. Of course this figure can be changed considerably. Using the best of materials, etc., the price should be given at $3,000, at which sum a truly cozy home can be obtained by those seeking a permanent dwelling place.—California Architect.

The Architectural Era.

This is the title of a new monthly published at Syracuse, N. Y. It is finely printed, handsomely illustrated, and full of interesting reading matter. It forms a valuable addition to the architectural literature of the day. The elegant style in which it is produced does honor to its enterprising publishers, Messrs. D. Mason & Co. Three dollars a year, twenty‐five cents per number.

Blue Marking Ink for Boxes, Bales, etc.

Mix a sufficient quantity of ultramarine with barytes (sulphate of barium, blanc fix) and water to produce the desired tint. It may be rendered more permanent by adding some liquid glue (solution of glue in acetic acid) or some starch paste, prepared with the addition of a little wax.—Chem. and Drug.

CHATEAU AT CASTELNAUDARY.

The internal decoration of the structure represented in the accompanying engravings is due to Mr. Arnaud, an architect at Carcassonne. The front already existed in part, and merely the finishing of it is due to him. As for the parlor and dining room, of which we give an illustration, these two rooms, like the rest, were studied with very artistic care by Mr. Arnaud, and the execution of the work was closely watched.

The chimney that decorates the dining room is of Echaillon stone, and was made at the works of Mr. G. Biron. It is 14 feet in height, and cost, all carved, $1,400. The flooring of the rooms is of oak, of two colors, and was put down by the house of Idrac, of Toulouse, which makes a specialty of old oak inlaid floors. The color of the old oak, introduced into the very substance of the wood, lasts an indefinite length of time. The wainscoting of the dining room and that of the parlor is of walnut, and forms a frame, in the case of the dining room, for old tapestry. In the parlor the panels are covered with large‐figured cretonne.

The ceilings are of plaster, with mouldings. To that of the dining room are affixed, by invisible hooks, some old Japanese plates. These produce a very happy effect in the ceiling as a whole, and in nowise injure it. The ceilings are painted in softening tints, the principal of which are red, blue and maroon. The dining room cost, as a whole, $3,600, the old tapestry included. It is 24 × 30 feet, and the parlor is 28 × 37 feet.—La Construction Moderne.

Nails.

A test has recently been made of the relative value of wire and cut nails, with results quite at variance with generally received opinions. This test, given below, is published in a circular issued to the nail trade by the Wheeling nail manufacturers, and was made by a committee appointed by the Wheeling manufacturers, who give the following result:

	Number of nails in pound.		Pounds required to pull nails out.
	Cut.	Wire.	Cut.	Wire.
20d	23	35	1,593	703
10d	60	86	908	315
8d	90	126	597	227
6d	160	206	383	200
4d	280	316	286	123

In obtaining the above results, two tests were made of the 8d. cut nail and four of the 8d. wire nail; three tests each were made of the 6d. and 4d. cut nails and 6d. and 4d. wire nails, and the average is shown.

The committee report as a result of their experiments that $1 worth of cut nails will give the same service as $1.78 in wire nails, if at the same price per pound.—Building.

Rabbit Remedy.

A correspondent of the Revue Horticole states that he has been completely successful in saving both his vines and haricot beans from being totally destroyed by the rabbits which swarm in this district by using a remedy which he terms the “Bouillie bordelaise.” This consists of a mixture of sulphate of copper (bluestone or blue vitriol) and fresh slaked lime, in the proportion of 3¼ lb. of the former to 4½ lb. of quicklime in twenty‐one gallons of water. The bluestone is first dissolved in a bucket of water, the quicklime is then slaked, and when cool it is thrown along with the dissolved bluestone into a barrel or other vessel of sufficient size; water is then added to make up twenty‐one gallons, and the whole is well stirred up. The mixture is conveniently applied with a whitewash brush, and in fine, dry weather only should it be used. The object of the lime in the mixture is to counteract any ill effects that the sulphate of copper or bluestone might have on the vegetable tissues, and also to indicate that no part of the stem or plant which it is intended to protect has been passed over without receiving its proper share of the application.

How to Build an Ice House.

1. The ice house floor should be above the level of the ground, or, at least, should be sufficiently above some neighboring area to give an outfall for a drain, put in in such a way as to keep the floor clear of standing water.

2. The walls should be hollow. A four inch lining wall, tied to the outer wall with hoop iron, and with a three inch air space, would answer, but it would be better, if the air space is thoroughly drained, to fill it with mineral wool, or some similar substance, to prevent the movement of the air entangled in the fibers, and thus check the transference by convection of heat from the outside to the lining wall.

3. A roof of thick plank will keep out heat far better than one of thin boards with an air space under it.

5. It is best to ventilate the upper portion of the building. If no ventilation is provided, the confined air under the roof becomes intensely heated in summer, and outlets should be provided at the highest part, with inlets at convenient points, to keep the temperature of the air over the ice at least down to that of the exterior atmosphere.

In reply to inquiries from various correspondents we would say that Messrs. Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, proprietors of this periodical, have an extensive architectural bureau connected with their establishments, and here, with the assistance of an able corps of architects, they prepare, in the best and most prompt manner, designs, plans, specifications, and details for all kinds of buildings, churches, schools, stores, dwellings, etc. Hundreds of buildings in all parts of the country have been erected from their plans. Messrs. Munn & Co. will be pleased to furnish any information desired by readers relative to any buildings illustrated in these pages.

Look to Your Drain Pipes and Wells.

The Rhode Island State board of health has completed its investigation of the epidemic of typhoid fever at Conanicut park hotel, made last summer.

At the opening of the season of 1887 trouble was experienced, but no action was taken. Soon the people in the house began to be ill, and at a time when all the rooms were taken and many more guests were to come and occupy the cottage apartments. From the first symptoms, which were not considered serious, the disease, which proved to be typhoid fever, assumed a violent form, and Dr. Jernigan, on whose advice several patients had come to the island, directed a practical plumber to make a thorough examination of the premises.

The plumber discovered that the pipes leading from the water closets had leaked into the cellar, and that from all appearances the leak had existed from the first of the season. The sewage had run into the well from which the water was drawn for general uses about the hotel. Prior to the discovery of the contamination of the water, its sparkling qualities had been praised by all the guests. The plumber also reported that the ground near the well was saturated with the sewage, and that when disturbed the earth emitted an overpowering and sickening stench. From the cellar the investigation was continued to the well at the north end of the house. It was dug quite recently, and the shaft had been sunk through an old drain leading to a cesspool, and a portion of the drain constituted a section of the well shaft.

The State board of health proposes to ask for an appropriation this winter sufficient to pay for a careful examination of all the hotels in the State, and the inspection and analysis of all waters used for drinking purposes where there is liability of contamination.—Sanitary News.

Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication of the Scientific American, continue to examine improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for Inventors.

In this line of business they have had forty years’ experience, and have now unequaled facilities for the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications, and the prosecution of Applications for Patents in the United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Copyrights for Books, Labels, Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringement of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness, on very reasonable terms.

A pamphlet sent free of charge, on application, containing full information about Patents and how to procure them; directions concerning Labels, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements, Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of Patents, etc.

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Arch Construction.

Iron construction has so completely superseded masonry for bridge building that it would appear almost unnecessary to discuss the question of the equilibrated arch for any large span. But the mathematical principles of the arch have always been an interesting subject with geometricians and theorists, and the theory, at any rate, ought to form one of the subjects of the architect’s and engineer’s education. As a problem of the equilibrium of forces, the theory of arch construction is instructive, inasmuch as it presents us with a concrete example of three forces balanced in a structure. The other day, at the opening of the engineering section of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, at University College, Bristol, the president, Mr. Charles Richardson, C.E., read a paper on arch building, in which he advocated the employment of arches of equilibrium for bridges. The author referred to the well known and elegant property of the balanced arch, which is derived from the principle of the catenary or suspended chain or inverted polygon of bars, each bar or link assuming the position (inverted) that the arch stones of an equilibrated arch would have. In Dr. Hutton’s valuable “Tracts on Bridges,” this principle is followed in his elucidation of the arch, and readers of that work will remember the diagrams given of various kinds of balanced arches, and the curves of extrados necessary to insure equilibrium. The theory, indeed, is older than Hutton. Belidor and Dr. Hooke both investigated the form of the extrados from the nature of the curve, and this theory has been made the foundation of a very interesting system of designing arches. According to this theory of the question, the stones are considered free from all friction—a condition which does not hold in practice. Mr. Richardson follows, as far as we can see, this theory. He enunciated the theorem that the weight on any point of the arch is proportional to the vertical line from the road line to the intrados at that point; that the horizontal thrust is the same throughout the arch, and is equal to the weight on the crown per unit of area multiplied by the radius of curvature there; and also that the bed pressure at any point is equal to the horizontal thrust multiplied by the secant of the angle the curve makes with the horizon at that point. This rule is thoroughly mathematical and true for arches of equilibrium; and the author exhibited an instructive model of an arch equilibrated, and showed by inverting it, and suspending a chain weighted by steel rods representing the loads at each point, that the latter coincided with the road line. But the engineer‐architect has to do with arches in which the element of friction enters; the stones are cemented, and therefore the theory, however beautiful, does not hold good in every case. Instead of the separate arch stones or voussoirs, he has to deal with segments of the arch which turn upon certain edges. Thus an arch which fails breaks into four parts, the crown sinks, and the haunches rise, the joints at those points opening. One of the questions to decide is the points at which rupture occurs, that being found to find out what horizontal pressure each of those lower segments have to sustain. From knowing the thrust and its point of action, the stability of the arch will depend on the mass and weight of the pier. The experiments of Rondelet and others have proved that the voussoirs unite into segments of the arch, and tend to overturn the abutment, acting rather as levers than wedges. He found, also, that the greatest thrust was in arches with an even number of voussoirs or a point at the vertex; that a keystone lessened the thrust. Nevertheless, the theory of equilibration should be known by all architects and bridge builders.

In alluding to the materials, the author showed the impossibility of dressing and bedding stones accurately. Practically, the stone built arch is difficult to execute with precision. The facing stones only are cut to the true curve, the backing being filled in with rubble and roughly executed. With brickwork the bricks can be all bedded in cement, being more convenient for handling, and a vitrified brick is equal at least to the best stone in resistance. The brick arch should be built in vertical bond, not in rings. Mr. Richardson finds that, taking the safe load in cement at 5 cwt. upon the square inch, an arch 15 in. thick at the springing and 12⅚ at the crown is sufficient for a span of 85 feet with a rise of ⅛ of the span. He says: “As all loads and thrusts on such an arch are in direct proportion, if each dimension were multiplied by four, we should have a span of 340 feet with a rise of 42 feet and an arch thickness of 5 feet. This 5 feet thickness would give a sufficient margin of safety for the moving load, because 5 feet is only the necessary thickness at the springing, while that at the crown would be 9 in. less. The total weight of this bridge would be 100,000 tons.” Ring‐built arches are advisedly objected to, as the rings tend to separate when any settlement takes place. Mr. Richardson does not rely too much on friction, and he is right. There can be no scientific arch construction that is not based on the principle of equilibrium, the line of thrust being kept within the middle third of the arch thickness; and in designing arches of brick or stone the engineer should always be able by diagram to satisfy himself of this condition. Whenever the line of thrust passes close to the lower edge of the arch ring at the haunches, there must be undue pressure and a tendency to open at the other edge. In other words, the arch is inclined to drop at the crown. When it passes out of the arch, failure must take place sooner or later. Instead of first deciding upon the curve and road line, as is frequently done, the right course is to find the line of thrust for the given span and loading, and then make the arch conform as nearly as possible to this line. We agree with the opinion that brickwork, if correctly applied, would be found to excel iron construction in strength, durability, and economy—certainly in appearance. In the construction of masonry arches, sufficient care is not always bestowed upon the drainage of the arches—a cause, we imagine, of many failures.—Building News.

Gilbert Sheffield, a Warren County, N. Y., lumberman, is one of the men who believes in using his men well, and in doing something to relieve the tedium of life in the woods. He has 35 men employed at Tahawus, in Essex County, and says that for the past two years it has been his practice to furnish them with copies of the prominent newspapers, so that when they left camp they were as well informed regarding current events as when they went in.

NEW FORM OF CHIMES FOR CHURCHES.

A new form of chimes for churches is being introduced in England, which are said to give much satisfaction. They consist of a series of metallic tubes suspended from a beam, as shown in our engraving. They are struck by hammers, are very resonant, loud, and pleasing. A correspondent of the Pall Mall Gazette, speaking of their effect, says: “The music of many tuneful bells, harmonious, ever changing, lending themselves to any simple air, easy of management, and mellowed as the sound of cathedral bells.... Such music I have heard at Coventry.”

Tube Chimes.

The new invention which goes under the name of tube chimes is a musical chime in which metal tubes instead of bells are employed. The tube chimes can be used for any purpose that bells are used for, and besides are an economical substitute for bells. They are remarkable also for a depth and richness of tone which one does not expect to find except in high class cathedral bells. A tube chime for a church belfry is especially suitable. The carrying power is not quite equal to that of bells. A chime was lately set up in the tower of one of the Dorsetshire churches which has pleased all concerned. Rung for the first time on occasion of the harvest festival, it caused both delight and surprise by the sweet and melodious tones it gave out. The invention has not long been brought under public notice, but the demand for household octaves in place of the inharmonious gong is already very large. Mr. Harrington has a taste for music, and the idea of adapting tubes of metal for the musical purposes of bells is no new one. It has taken, though, many years of experiment and study to perfect the principle. One difficulty, which was a great obstacle in the way, may be alluded to. The large chimes are rung by bell ropes, but, contrary to the plan of bells, there is an external hammer instead of the internal clapper. If the hammers were made of sufficient hardness to prevent wear and tear, the chime lost its sweet tones and became harsh. If the hammers were less hard, they would constantly require to be replaced. Fortunately, that difficulty, like many others, has been satisfactorily got over. The chimes can be, it should be noted, tuned to any desired pitch, and Messrs. Harrington & Co. are probably warranted when they say: “The introduction of this invention will, we are assured, mark the commencement of a new era in connection with church bells and carillons, chimes for clocks of all sizes, dinner calls and gongs, and all mechanisms in which musical bells are used or required, and in some of these departments bids fair to work a complete revolution.”—The Architect.

MISS FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’S HOME.

At the residence of Sir Harry Verney, Claydon House, Buckinghamshire, a deputation from the Working Men’s Club of Whatstandwell, Derbyshire, recently waited on Miss Florence Nightingale, for the purpose of presenting to her an oil painting, by Mr. E. Crosland, of her late home, Lea Hurst, as a token of their esteem, and in recognition of the great interest taken by her in that institution. The deputation, consisting of Mr. F. C. Iveson, Mr. Crosland, the artist, and Mr. W. Peacock, assured Miss Nightingale of the love felt for her by all classes of people at Whatstandwell and in that district, and of their gratitude for her kindness and help in every good work. Miss Nightingale, in thanking them for the present, which she admired very much, expressed her continued great interest in the institution and its members, and assured them of her hopes for its welfare. The deputation were entertained at Claydon House by Sir Harry and Lady Verney. We are permitted to copy the picture of Lea Hurst in our engraving, using a photograph taken by Mr. J. Schmidt, of Belper.

Miss Florence Nightingale is a lady whose name has been deservedly honored in England since the Crimean war and has become the symbol of a particular type of personal efforts in the service of afflicted humanity. She was born at Florence, in May, 1820, youngest daughter and coheiress of W. E. Nightingale, Esq., of Lea Hurst, Derbyshire, and Embley Park, Hampshire. She devoted her attention to the working of schools for the poor, juvenile reformatories, and hospitals, inspecting many such institutions on the Continent, and residing, in 1851, with the Protestant Sisters of Mercy at Kaiserswerth, on the Rhine. She next bestowed her care and gifts of her money on the London Governesses’ Sanatorium in Harley street. During the Crimean war, in 1854, when the inefficient state of our military hospitals in the East demanded instant reform, the hospital at Scutari, opposite Constantinople, was established for the relief of sick and wounded British soldiers and prisoners. It was resolved to form a select band of volunteer lady superintendents and female nurses for this and other army hospitals. At the request of the Secretary of State for the War Department, Mr. Sidney Herbert, afterward Lord Herbert of Lea, Miss Nightingale undertook the task of organizing and directing this service, which she performed in a manner universally admired, and which earned her the personal friendship of the Queen, with many public and private expressions of gratitude and esteem. A testimonial fund amounting to $250,000 was subscribed in recognition of her patriotic and benevolent work, and was, at her special desire, applied to create and maintain an institution for the training of nurses. Miss Nightingale’s impaired health, for many years past, has debarred her from active public exertions but she has continued to study the plans and operations of those charitable agencies on which she is a high authority, and has written brief treatises on subjects of much practical importance. Her “Notes on Hospitals,” printed in 1859; “Notes on Nursing,” in 1860; and “Notes on Lying‐in Institutions,” and on the training of midwives and midwifery nurses, in 1871, were of considerable utility. She also wrote, in 1863, valuable observations on the sanitary condition of the army in India, and has furnished to the War Office useful reports and suggestions concerning the army medical department.—Illustrated London News.

Painting.

In order to use paints and oils economically, a clear understanding of their purpose and action is absolutely necessary. Linseed oil is said to “dry” after being applied. That is only partially true. It rather oxidizes and changes to a tough, gummy substance not unlike hard glue. This action is accelerated by the use of “driers,” as they are called. But in no case does it give the same results as when left to dry of its own free will. The carbonate of lead or mineral which is added to the oil gives the color and assists in making up the body. The life of the paint is the oil, and when it is oxidized, it alone is the binding element. Upon it depends the durability of the paint. A piece of wood dipped in linseed oil and hung up to dry, or oxidize, in the air, will soon become covered with a beautiful translucent film of oxidized oil, which grows harder daily. It will take a high polish and preserve the wood. Another piece dipped in carbonate of lead, or mineral, mixed in turpentine, or any fluid to allow it to spread evenly over the surface, will when dry have a dead or flat color without polish or body to bind it together, and the slightest abrasion will remove portions of it. All painting is done either with pure oils or with the admixture of a fluid like turpentine, which assists in the distribution of the mineral, but does not add to the body. When the surface of wood has been covered with a thick coating of oxidized oil, it can be washed and rubbed to look clean and polished. Boats, when of a light color, are often painted with a mixture containing much turpentine, in order that all marks may be removed with a little beach sand, by rubbing off the mineral, which is not bound together securely by oil, but only loosely by turpentine. Car builders now often paint their cars or varnish them a second time soon after the first, say after about six months’ run. This gives them a good coat of oxidized oil to withstand the weather and preserve the wood. A few coats applied within short intervals produce a fine covering which is very durable and will take a polish after washing.—Master Mechanic.

Removal of Chimneys.

An interesting scene was caused recently by the blowing up of the two immense chimneys on Borsig’s machine works in Berlin. A large number of spectators were present to witness the ceremony, including several officers of the army, the trustees of the Borsig estates, and the employes of the works. Punctually at five minutes past six P. M., the signal to “Look out!” was given; then came the word of command, “Fire!” and at this moment the vast chimney, towering to a height of say 120 feet 9 inches, quietly collapsed. The noise occasioned by the fall was not very great, ditches two meters in breadth having been dug all round the chimney and filled with straw. For blowing up this colossus, which consisted of 98,000 bricks and was topped with a heavy iron cap weighing twenty‐five centners, only 24 kilos of dynamite were employed. Photographs were taken of the chimney before it fell, and also as it was in the act of falling, by an officer of the Commission for Experimenting with Explosives. The second chimney standing about 80 feet high, was blasted with gun cotton, of which 35 kilos were required.

HOMES OF FACTORY OPERATIVES.

The institution of the factory system changed the workshop home of the domestic system to the home proper by transferring work to the factory. As a result, the homes of the operatives under the factory system have undergone a great change, and are still undergoing changes, which are making the English significance of the word “home” a reality to the poorest. It is perfectly true that in every large factory town one can find loathsome dwellings occupied by groups of persons called families. In most factory towns, both in America and Europe, it is easy to find dwellings occupied by factory operatives which are a disgrace to the owners and the municipality. Yet, taking the operative population of such towns as a class, they are very comfortably housed, and about as well housed in one country as another. The personal inspection of more than 1,000 homes of factory operatives leads Mr. Carroll D. Wright to this conclusion, he having written a special report on the “Factory System of the United States” for the Census Bureau.

British factory houses being floored with stone, as a rule, present a cold and cheerless look. The dimensions of the British house are much smaller than factory houses in America. The tenements of three rooms have much less space than tenements of three rooms here. This is generally true of all European factory towns. But the houses of the operatives are, as a rule, separate ones, the tenement house being quite unknown except where what is termed the “model workingmen’s houses” are being tried. The boarding house is not an institution for factory operatives.

At Saltaire, near Bradford, the homes of the work‐people are excellent; rents vary from $30 to $100 per year for three to five room houses. The houses are neat, tidy, and prettily furnished. At Queensbury, where John Foster & Son have works, the weavers earn 15 to 18 shillings per week full run, and the rents are 84 cents per week for three rooms. Some of the best houses in England are at Copley village, in Halifax, built by James Akroyd & Sons. They rent three rooms for £10 per year, and the operatives are helped to acquire a freehold. The Crowleys at Halifax employ 5,000 people, who have good houses. The houses at Salford and Manchester are not so good. The factories at Paisley are excellent evidences of the good influence which arises from proper interest in employes. The works of the Messrs. Clark and Messrs. Coates are model establishments and the influence of model works extends to the houses of the people employed, which are here very comfortable. Rents vary from 72 cents to $2 per week, according to number of rooms.

In Glasgow no cellarages can now be found. The operatives have gone to the suburbs, where they have changed their cramped city abodes for clean and light houses. Belfast, Ireland, is improving the dwellings of the linen factory operatives. The houses are tidy, and rents are from 48 to 60 cents per week for four rooms. There are houses with flats in Belfast. In the west and east of Scotland the operatives live very largely in flats; rents in Dundee and Dunfermline being for two rooms from $15 to $30 per year, and for three or four rooms from $30 to $50 per year.

Among the most substantial houses for workingmen will be found those of Herr Krupp, in Essen, Rhenish Prussia. By his system of employment he has the selection of the best mechanics in Europe. This system comprehends all the advantages to be found in model industrial establishments, including excellent tenements and gardens at low rents. A foreman, a gun‐maker, earning $45 per month, receives four rooms, a drying place on the roof, a cellar, and a garden for $45 per year. A workman with wages at 75 cents per day pays $37 per year for three large rooms, drying place, cellar, and garden. There are fair tenements, in two or three story blocks, situated in colonies just outside the towns. For $100 per year, one can obtain a most excellent tenement of seven large rooms, cellar, garden, etc. The houses in the colonies are owned by Herr Krupp. In fact, he believes that he receives better results by owning everything, and by being able thereby to control the sanitary surroundings of the dwellings of his people. These colonies, each having its name, are laid out with park, schools, churches, supply stores, etc. The housing of the single men is on the barrack plan.

It may be stated that the houses in Great Britain and on the Continent are of stone or brick, as the locality may afford, and the neat wood cottage of America cannot be found. It is quite impossible to compare the houses of European factory operatives with those of the same class in America. The great mass of the former are, generally speaking, quite as well housed as the latter, so far as the quality of the house is concerned; but so far as quantity of room and excellence of living are concerned, the advantage is with the operatives of America. When the operative of this country steps out of the boarding or the tenement house, he steps into an individual home the equal of which cannot be found in the factory towns of the Old World.

The cottage of the American factory operative, when he sees fit to occupy one, is superior to the cottage of the workingman of any other country. It is most gratifying to know that the individual homes are not only increasing in number in this country, but they are increasing in influence. In all the leading factory towns this is the course of progress.

The plates we give on this page represent one of the styles of modern cottages built by the Willimantic Linen Co., of Willimantic, Conn. With each cottage is quite a garden of several thousand feet of land. The rent is from $60 to $125 per year. These houses are located in such a way as to exhibit variety of styles; that is, two of like architecture are never placed side by side. The company has a large number of these houses occupied by operators and overseers. The cuts show the front and side elevations, and the plans of the two floors. These are given as a type of the detached workingmen’s homes used in this country.—Min. and Sci. Press.

Gangways v. Staircases.

Mr. A. Lindsay Miller, in the Building News, recommends for theaters and other public buildings the use of gangways instead of stairs.

In public works, especially dye works, they will not use the stairs, but gain access to the several floors by gangways, with a rise of about 5 ft. in 12 ft. or 13 ft. of length, and any one watching the speed and ease with which the workers run from floor to floor would at once understand why staircases are not used. Of course, architecturally, they have not the dignity of the staircase; but, in theaters and music halls, dignity is secondary to security. The advantage of the gangway is easily explained.

In going down a stair, each step, or, in a hurry, each second step, must be taken, and the slightest mistake throws the person down. In a stair 12 ft. long, at least six different steps require to be taken. In the gangway of the same length, a person in a hurry, or in the excitement of a panic, would take it in two bounds, and with perfect safety.

ROBURITE—A NEW EXPLOSIVE.

A number of experiments were conducted lately at the works of Messrs. Heenan & Froude, Manchester, with a new explosive, called “roburite,” which is manufactured in Germany, and is about to be introduced into this country for use in blasting operations. The composition and process of manufacture of this explosive are kept secret, but we understand that it consists of two non‐explosive and perfectly harmless substances, of such a nature that they may be stored or transported without special precautions or restrictions. These two substances may be mixed together when required, and, in combination, become roburite, a yellowish compound, which will bear rough handling with safety. We understand that an intense heat is necessary to explode it. In order to prove this, the explosive was placed, in the experiments in question, between two plates, which were freely rubbed together and hammered; and a small quantity thrown upon a fire was merely consumed, without exploding.

In order to obtain an idea of the explosive effectiveness of roburite, eight ounces of the explosive were placed on a plate of the very best steel, at the point marked A in Fig. 1, which shows the state of the plate after the explosion. This plate was 3 ft. square by ½ in. thick, and a bulge of about 1 ft. diam. and 3½ in. deep was caused by the explosion. Twelve ounces of the explosive were then placed at A (Fig. 2) on a cast iron plate, 6 in. thick, and weighing nearly three tons. After the explosion the plate was found to be broken transversely, in the manner shown in the engraving. Unlike dynamite, roburite is said to be in no way affected by varying temperatures, and if duly protected against damp, it may be kept for years in any climate, without its efficiency becoming in any way impaired. It is also claimed by the manufacturers that roburite has an explosive force greater than dynamite by at least 25 per cent.

In exploding, roburite does not produce noxious gases, and, therefore, may be used without intermission, while the poisonous gases given off by dynamite often necessitate the stoppage of work, in some cases for a considerable time. This new explosive is applicable for use in mines and quarries, and for torpedoes and blasting operations generally.—Industries.

Iron Beams In Place of Wood.

Speaking of the large apartment house in New York lately condemned for dry rot (see illustration last November number of this paper), the American Architect says: A few of the floors were of spruce, and these, as might be expected, had resisted the rot much better than the hemlock, and were still sound, but the construction ought certainly to be changed. In view of the dangers from this source which attend efforts to provide fire‐resisting floors of wood, it would seem that something might be done with light shapes of rolled iron beams. We have seen rolled floor beams used in Paris nearly as light as wooden ones of the same depth, and a tier of these, deafened with mortar on wire in the French manner, and wire‐lathed underneath, with a wooden floor over, would cost little more than a solid mass of wooden beams, and would be proof against rot as well as fire.

BATHING ESTABLISHMENT AND CASINO IN VITTEL (VOSGES). BUILT BY CHARLES GARNIER, ARCHITECT, OF PARIS.

The casino is built of plastered quarry stone, with the exception of the socle, the balustrades, and the pillars, which consist of gray Vosges sandstone. The facade is ornamented with mosaics, and the roof is covered with slate of two colors.

The bathing establishment is colored in Moorish style. Red brick bands in the socle, as well as the faience and mosaics in the main cornice, stand out artistically from the gray plaster of the walls. The roof is covered with red tiles.—Architektonische Rundschau.

The Back Yard.

Our immediate ancestors had their farm house, with its necessary accompaniment of granaries, barn, etc. We move to town and build our shingle palace or brick mansion, with its large front show window, in which the well preserved, gilt edged family Bible and the Rogers group have it which and t’other for supremacy—and set up in our back yard, to represent the outbuildings of our ancestry, a privy, a pile of slabwood, generally as dumped, a few barrels, perhaps a cheap stable. Not then satisfied with the amount of decaying wood about the premises, we lay a lot of wood walk.

Walking along the avenue, we see a pretentious residence. It must be occupied by people of great refinement, for is not the most prominent room in the house the library, the whole street side taken up with an immense bay window, the glass reaching nearly to the floor? How splendidly it was lighted as we passed last night! What elegant sets of books on the shelves! Plenty of pictures, too. Let us to‐day take a look at the back yard. Why do not these people board up the windows at the back of the house? Here is a well with a dirty puddle by it, the pump standing on a rotting platform; hard by some kitchen garbage, farther on ashes, and so it goes, the whole rear of the lot so bad as to discourage vegetable life even. It is mercifully screened in part from the general view by a high, unpainted board fence, against which, now and then, a weed or tuft of grass grows. Where is there better field for the crusade?

The rear of the house and the outbuildings, though not so expensively finished, have a right to be carefully and artistically done. A woodshed is not a nuisance if inclosed, well boarded and painted, and the wood kept inside. A privy has no right to exist. If there be no proper system of drainage in the house for a water closet, partition off an earth closet from the woodshed or stable. Tasteful, well cared for outbuildings and fences are not only not an offense to the artistic sense, but are rather pleasing, indicating thrift, tidiness, and comfort. But when we consider the opportunities they offer for the support of the vine morning glories, sweet peas, nasturtiums, climbing roses, and like forms of plant life, what a joyous recompense for so little labor and care. Then all the available back yard space that is not used for walks, drives, etc., should give either vegetables or flowers—minister to the comfort or culture of the family.

Listen to people who lament the bad influences of street associations upon the children. Yet they say, very reasonably, the children must have outdoor air, etc., and they have never considered but that the only alternative from the housing of the children is the freedom of the streets. They do not know what moral education is contained in a few feet of ground, congenial work for the hands, and the prettiest of life development studies for the mind. Give each of these street‐loving children a flower bed, a small set of garden tools, some flower seeds, and what help and advice they need, and note if there be not germs of nobler thoughts and desires taking root at the same time in their fertile natures. But—to moralize a little—there is a kinship between the ornamented front and disgraceful rear of a residence and the fine clothes and the false heart of the wearer, and we fear that the majority of people who inhabit that sort of residence would rather risk some contamination of their children’s characters than to see their faces, hands, and clothes besmeared with Mother Earth.

The back yard of the future will be a bower of flowers and greenery and the leisure hour resort of the family.—N. W. Architect.

Thomas Ustick Walter.

Thomas Ustick Walter died at his home, in Philadelphia, on October 30, aged eighty‐four years. He had been for some years president of the American Institute of Architects.

His first principal work was the new county prison, in 1831, now generally known as “Moyamensing Jail.” In 1833 he made the original designs for Girard College, and was sent to Europe by the building committee of the institution. His tour through the principal countries was made for the specific purpose of the study of the principal buildings of the old world. Upon his return he took charge of the college buildings, which were finished in 1847, in accordance with his suggestions, when he was also made one of the directors of the college.

Mr. Walter’s next great public work was the break‐water at Laguayra for the Venezuelan government. In 1851 his design for the extension of the national capitol was adopted, and he was appointed government architect. He removed to Washington, where he designed several prominent public buildings, among them being the wing added to the Patent Office in 1851, the reconstruction of the Congressional Library building, which was destroyed by fire in 1851, the extensions of the United States Treasury building in 1855, and the Post Office in the same year, the dome of the national capitol, and the government hospital for the insane.

Pine Woods.

The sights and sounds of pine woods, the comfort and delight of walking in them, cannot be half told in a short paragraph. They are also as sanitary as they are pleasing and beautiful. It is said that the air of the Black Forest does more to revive and cure weakly patients than gallons of medicine; and from experience of the odors of pines at night, or in the early morning and dewy eve, I should say they were not only antiseptic, but strengthening as a dose of quinine. The living leaves, as well as the dead and slowly decomposing needles, redolent of healing and strengthening odors, bring back the color to pale cheeks and strength to semi‐exhausted constitutions.

The shelter of pine forests is also perfect. No matter how the wind thunders and roars among the tops, calm prevails on the surface of the ground. Just as the waves of the ocean are, after all, limited to its surface while a perpetual calm rests on its deeper depths, so the turmoil of the storm exhausts its force on the tops of the trees, while the base of the boles are hardly moved by it. Hence the superlative value of pines in masses for shelter. The shelter of a large pine wood is unique in character, providing a local atmosphere as genial as it is pleasant. The elasticity of the dead needles seems to get into one’s spirits, and enables one for the nonce to bid adieu to the cares and the ills of life. One saunters along under the shadow of tall pines without fatigue, and can rest on the clean, sweet carpet of dead needles and leaves with little fear of noxious weeds, insects, or malaria; and the whole air is deodorized and charged to the full with health‐giving properties by the odor‐distributing pines, that not only provide warmth and shelter, but health, to all who walk under or linger among them. Pine woods in England are mostly too small to furnish to the full all these advantages; but the black forests of Scotland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Russia are massive enough to furnish shelter, shadow, rest, and health to those wise enough to seek for either amid their grand trunks or under their dense, dark masses of branches and leaves.—The Garden.

SKETCH FOR A COTTAGE.

We give from the Architectural Era the floor plans and perspective sketch for a cottage which presents a number of attractive features. This house might be well built for $5,500, and perhaps less, depending on the locality and style of interior finish.

How We Have Grown.

When the history of the past seven years comes to be written, they will stand as years of the most marvelous expansion ever known in our history. Two of them, 1884 and 1885, were held as they passed to be dull years, but even these included great growth, and were a period of industrial readjustment rather than liquidation. The population of this country has not increased more than a fourth since the census of 1880, but house building, as an industry, has more than doubled, the number of common brick made in this country having increased from 3,800,000,000 to 7,000,000,000, worth $49,000,000. As the lumber trade has increased in less but large proportion, and iron production has risen over one‐half from 4,300,000 tons in 1880 to 6,300,000 in 1886, it is certain that the past seven years have seen the most active building ever known in this country. Chicago uses one‐seventeenth of the brick made in the country, and if its building represents the same share of the cost of house erection of all sorts in the United States, fully $2,000,000,000 have been spent on buildings in this country in the last seven years. As about the same sum will be reached by adding the building in the leading cities and estimating for the rest of the country, the truth is probably not far from these figures, which are under rather than over the mark. The railroad building since 1880 has cost, at $50,000 a mile, $2,700,000,000. This makes $4,700,000,000, or about one‐tenth of the national wealth in 1880, turned into railroads and buildings in this country. As the residence and business real estate of the country, including water power, was valued in the census of 1880 at $9,881,000,000, and the railroads at $5,500,000,000, we have added one‐half to the cost of the latter and one‐fifth to the former in seven years, although the railroads represent the accumulated construction of fifty years, and the buildings are spread over an even longer period in their erection. This enormous increase has taken place without adding a bale to the cotton to be carried or a bushel to the grain raised. No more pork is produced now than in 1880, and the number of sheep is no greater now than then. Great increase has been made in cattle raised for food, in fruits, and, on the average, in canned goods. Coal, taking bituminous and anthracite together, has increased one‐half from 70,000,000 to 106,000,000 tons. Copper has advanced in output from 27,009 tons in 1880 to 69,800 in 1886, and about the same this year. A great advance is true of nearly all mineral products, but in agriculture the United States has made little or no progress in product in the last seven years, but a great advance in acreage or the cost of cultivation.—Philadelphia Press.

A Good Suggestion.

Charles Hardy, in the National Builder, says: Underestimating means working for nothing and forcing others to do the same; it means impoverishment and poor work. The contractor has himself and his family to maintain, and the temptation is great to get out by doing poor work. I would suggest that every contractor purchase an account book large enough to enter, line by line, upon a single page, every item of his estimate—giving quantity, price, and labor for each item. Let him leave opposite to this page a blank page, on which he may enter, on the corresponding line opposite, the actual amount of labor expended upon the item, and he will thus be able to see the result of his contract.

A tower of Victory has been erected on the grounds of Washington’s Headquarters, at Newburg, N. Y., at a cost of $35,000. It affords beautiful views of the Hudson, the Highlands, and the surrounding country.

A $4,200 DWELLING.

We give a perspective view and plans of a neat dwelling, the general dimensions of which are as follows:

Front, 29 ft. 6 in., exclusive of bay window; side, 48 ft. 9 in., not including piazza.

Cellar, 7 ft.; first story, 9 ft. 6 in.; second story, 9 ft.; attic, 8 ft. See floor plans for dimensions of rooms.

Materials.—Foundation, brick; first and second stories, clapboards; gables, cut shingles; roof, slate.

Fireplaces are provided in the dining room, parlor, and one bed room. The attic has two bed rooms, front room, and hall. Cellar under the whole house.

Prof. Thomas, of Little Rock, has a curious library. The covers of the books are of wood, each a different specimen. They are made from white oak, red oak, black oak, chestnut, American beech, birch, red cedar, yellow pine, pitch pine, willow, poplar, cypress, “old field” or long‐leaved pine, bois d’arc, black walnut, hickory (several varieties), white and red maple, box elder, black locust, black sumac, water locust, coffee bean, wild plum, holly, basswood, papaw, bay, umbrella, wild cherry, sweet gum, elm (several varieties), sycamore, witch hazel, butternut, pecan, hickory, and twenty or more other woods.

THE JOHN CROUSE MEMORIAL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.

We take pleasure in presenting to our readers an illustration of the John Crouse Memorial College for Women, which it is proposed to erect on the hill west of the Hall of Languages, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. This edifice is to be the gift of one of the wealthiest and most prominent citizens of Syracuse, Mr. John Crouse. The donor of this magnificent gift well deserves to be held in grateful remembrance by every friend and well wisher of the Syracuse University, as well as by the students and faculty. It is proposed to make this building a model one in every respect, and neither pains nor money are to be spared to render it the most perfectly equipped college to be found in the country. The structure is to be five stories in height, to be built of East Long Meadow brownstone, and to cover an area of nearly two hundred feet square.

In this connection a brief historical sketch of Syracuse University may interest our readers.

The college now known as Syracuse University had its origin in Lima, a pretty little village in Western New York, but quite out of the way, and not easy of access. It was then called Genesee College, and the first gathering of faculty and students occurred on Monday, June 9, 1851. The faculty consisted of Benjamin F. Tefft, D.D. LL.D. and Professors Houghton, Douglass, Whitlock, and Alverson. On June 12 of same year, the Rev. B. F. Tefft was inaugurated president of Genesee College, and on July 10 the names of thirty‐eight students were enrolled on the college register. November 5 saw the faculty increased by the addition of Professors Hoyt and Fowler. The college thus organized continued with varying fortunes until July 7, 1871, when it disbanded. In 1866 the subject of removing the college from Lima began to be agitated, and the idea of a central university for the Methodism of New York was first publicly announced in the Northern Christian Advocate, during the year 1873. From this time forth the new enterprise met with great favor on all sides, except with the citizens of Lima, who were reluctant to see the withdrawal from their midst of their principal attraction, to which we may well believe they had become greatly attached, and who procured an injunction against its removal. Prominent members of the Methodist Central Conference were nevertheless commissioned to carry forward the good work, and substantial aid was soon forthcoming. Syracuse, being the most central city in the State, was finally settled upon as the most appropriate home for the new college.

The site now known as University Hill was secured, plans made by the well known architect, H. N. White, were adopted, and July 19, 1871, the contract for building the Hall of Languages was let for the sum of $136,000, and Syracuse University became an assured fact. The corner stone of the Hall of Languages was laid on August 31, with impressive ceremonies, and the faculty of the College of Liberal Arts was inaugurated. On September 1 the college opened in the Myers block, which had been secured for the use of the university, and here the sessions were held until May 1, 1873, when the Hall of Languages being completed, it was on that date occupied for the first time. During the year 1871 the plan for a medical college in connection with the university was adopted, and its first commencement exercises were held February 12, 1873. When the Hall of Languages was erected, other buildings were contemplated at such time as the finances of the university should admit of their realization. The institution has struggled along, sometimes meeting with reverses, but now and then being fortified and strengthened by the reception of substantial encouragement from some of its many and devoted friends. Now at last the wheel of fortune has suddenly turned in its favor, and it finds itself at the flood tide of prosperity, with the prospect before it of a long and honorable course of usefulness and well deserved success. University Hill commands a magnificent view of the belt of hills which girdle the city, with Onondaga Lake set like a sparkling gem in the distance. Upon the west hill an observatory has just been erected, and near the Hall of Languages a suitable building is in process of erection, for the accommodation of the fine and valuable library which has been generously bestowed upon it by one of its friends. Syracusans are proud of the University, and they, in common with its hosts of warm friends throughout all parts of the country, rejoice in the evidence of its well merited prosperity.

The alumni of Syracuse University have members not only in almost every State in the Union, but count among their number graduates from Canada, England, Mexico, San Domingo, Brazil, China, India, and Japan.—Architectural Era.

How a Marble Statue is Made.

Mr. John A. P. Macbride, sculptor, who was introduced to a large audience, chiefly of workingmen, by Sir James Picton, recently gave a practical lecture on the above subject, at the Rotunda lecture hall, Liverpool. After giving a sketch of the art and its great antiquity, the lecturer drew a profile in chalk on the blackboard, which he filled in with clay, and proceeded to demonstrate the building up and modeling of a portrait bust of soft clay. He stated that there was a general and erroneous opinion that in taking a portrait bust it was necessary to take a cast of the face. This was a mistake, for the head lost all the spirit and go by such a mechanical process that should distinguish an artist’s work. The truth was not always that which appeared to be true, and the sculptor had to convey some idea of the character as well as of the mind of the sitter; and a man who knew his work ought to be able to do so with his fingers. Carving was a secondary consideration. The lecturer then explained the process of pointing a marble statue. In this process, the model and the block of marble were each fixed on a base called a scale stone, to which a standard vertical rod could be attached at corresponding centers, having at its upper end a sliding needle, so adapted by a movable joint as to be set at any angle and fastened by a screw when set. The sculptor having marked the governing points with a pencil on the model, the instrument was applied to these, and the measure taken. The standard being then transferred to the block base, the pointer, guided by this measure, cuts away the marble, taking care to leave it rather larger than the model, so that the general proportions were kept, and the more important work then left for the sculptor’s hand.—Building News.

About 5,500 buildings have been rebuilt and improved in Charleston, S. C., in the year since the earthquake, and 270 new buildings have been erected. This has been a busy year with mechanics and builders at Charleston, and about $3,500,000 has been expended in this work.

A STABLE COSTING $5,500.

We present herewith front and rear perspectives, with plans, for a handsome stable now being erected in Brooklyn, N. Y., from designs and plans prepared at the Scientific American office. The general dimensions are: Front, 40 feet; side, 25 feet. Height of stories: First story, 11 feet: 5 feet breastwork in second story.

Materials.—Foundation, stone; water table, red granite; outside walls, red pressed brick; trimmings, buff brick; tower and gables, shingles; roof, black and red slate; inside wall finish, enameled brick; ceilings and stable work, Georgia pine; cellar under carriage room. Cost, $5,500.

Special Features.—Space for six carriages in carriage room; accommodation for four horses; ample ventilation and light; stable connected by sliding door. Both floors are laid with 2 inch Georgia pine plank.

A Great Building.

Mr. J. L. Smithmeyer, architect of the Congressional Library building, states in his first annual report that the Congressional Library building when completed will be the largest structure in Washington, with the exception of the Capitol. It will cover 111,000 square feet of space.

In a building of such magnitude and importance, every step in the progress of the work must be carefully considered, lest fatal mistakes, due to hasty construction, should occur. It was deemed of the utmost importance to test every foot of ground supporting the foundation walls. For this purpose a traveling testing machine was constructed, which will give an accurate test of the entire soil. The tests thus far made have been most satisfactory, the soil standing a maximum pressure of 13·5 tons to the square foot, only 2·5 tons being required. These tests will be continued until the foundations are laid.

The method of testing the soil and putting in the concrete foundations may be briefly described as follows: First, the trench excavations are made by the contractor to the width and depth required by the plans, the bottom of the trenches being made perfectly level. Then the testing machine, consisting of a car bearing the required amount of weight in pig lead for making the tests, is placed in the trenches upon iron rails, which rest upon four cast iron pedestals, the latter being set four feet apart each way, each pedestal covering one foot of ground. Thus, one‐fourth of the entire weight borne by the car rests upon each one of the pedestals, and the precise weight sustained by each square foot of ground is exactly determined. The soil being thus tested as to its resisting strength, is then ready to receive the concrete foundations.

A COTTAGE FOR $4,200.

We give on page 136 a perspective view and floor plans of a cottage costing $4,200. The general dimensions are:

Front, 32 ft.; side, 39 ft. 2 in., exclusive of bay window and butler’s pantry. The size of rooms will be seen by reference to the floor plans.

The height of stories is as follows: Cellar, 7 ft.; first story, 9 ft. 6 in.; second story, 9 ft.; attic, 8 ft.

Materials.—Foundation, stone; first and second stories, clapboarded; gables, cut shingles; roof, slate.

This house is designed to be heated by a furnace. There are fireplaces in the dining room and in one front bed room. The attic has two bed rooms and hall finished, and garret. Cellar under the whole house.

A RESIDENCE FOR $5,000.

Cellar, 7 ft.; first story, 10 ft.; second story, 9 ft. 6 in.; attic, 8 ft. The floor plans show the sizes of the rooms.

Materials.—Foundation, stone; first and second stories, clapboards; gables, cut shingles; roof, slate.

It may be heated by a furnace. There are fireplaces in the dining room and in one chamber. The attic has two chambers and hall finished. Cellar under the whole house. Water closet off the laundry, and private stairs from kitchen to platform of main staircase.

Proportions of Rooms.

There are few objects connected with our art that have been more frequently dwelt on by those who have undertaken to be our guides and monitors than the right proportions to be given to rooms. Vitruvius led the way, and subsequent theorizers have laid down, sometimes very dogmatically, their views of just proportions. I find, however, in the actual practice of the ablest men such extreme diversity, and I observe pleasing effects producible by the adoption of such widely different proportions, that I find myself, I confess, much inclined to be somewhat incredulous of all these theories. Certainly if beauty could be thus reduced to a formula, and the proper relation indisputably established between the length, breadth, and height of every room, a royal road would be cleared for us, which would be at least very convenient both to those who teach and to those who learn. I fear I can scarcely hope to furnish you with such a desirable help in your studies. I find rooms of universally admitted beauty, yet of almost every geometrical figure. I have heard of the room in the museum of Florence, the Tribune it is called, which contains the Venus di Medici, spoken of in terms of rapturous approval for the beauty of its form and proportions. This saloon is an equilateral octagon on plan. I have known square rooms greatly admired—such, for example, as the saloon in Cobham Hall, which is usually pointed to as one of the chefs‐d’œuvre of Inigo Jones. Who is there that is not charmed with the proportions of the Pantheon at Rome? This, you know, is circular. The classical teacher of our art, Vitruvius, seems to contemplate only rectangular forms, and directs us to adapt the double cube and the cube and a half, whether for a temple or a triclinium.

The Sistine Chapel, attached to the Papal Palace, upon which the best art of Italy in its best days was expended, is a triple cube, viz., 133 by 44. While of modern French, Italian, and English teachers, each seems to have his own special favorite proportion. The truth I believe to be that, so bounteously have we been endowed, and so liberally have the laws of beauty in form and proportion been framed, there exists in fact an endless variety of beautiful forms and proportions. My impression is that it is as little consistent with truth to lay down any one definite form or proportion as the best as it is to extol any one particular curve as the line of beauty. I believe that there are as many pleasing proportions to be given to rooms as there are pleasing harmonies of color and sound. The purpose of a room must always be an important guide in determining the form and proportions to be given to it. If planned so long in proportion to its width as to remind us of a passage, it loses its distinctive character, and creates a false impression, which it can never be good art to do. It is indeed obvious that a consideration of the special fitness of a room for its destined uses must always greatly influence its proportions. The octagon form, so much affected by our ancestors in planning their chapter houses, owes its origin probably far more to the propriety of that form for a chamber intended for the convenient assemblage of the members of the chapter sitting in council than to any intrinsic architectural beauty, however unquestionable that beauty may be.—S. Smirke.

The Firemen’s Herald says fire protection, like charity, should begin at home. However efficient may be the public service against fire, a single bucket of water properly administered may stop a fire that all the efforts of the brigade would be unable to quench, and besides, the jet of a powerful engine is as destructive in its way as fire to all perishable articles within a room, such as furniture, pictures, and bric‐a‐brac.

Plants for Room Decoration.

The universal custom now prevailing in most establishments of having a few plants in addition to cut flowers dotted about the different rooms induces me to write a short paper thereon, not only because it has developed into a very important part of the gardener’s work, but it likewise requires a fair share of taste in the arrangements, as well as suitable plants for the purpose. Generally speaking, each room being differently furnished will require a different class of plants for its adornment, but, as a rule, plants with stiff, upright growth are objectionable to the eye, as they do not hide the pot or stems unless others of a dwarfer growth are associated with them; therefore they should only be used when possessing special features either in flower or foliage. Too many plants in a room are objectionable, because they detract from rather than elevate or enhance the effect, especially if the room is elaborately furnished. For instance, plants assigned to the front hall or corridor would be unsuitable in a drawing room or boudoir.

Another important matter to study is the various kinds of receptacles provided for the use of plants. These vary in size and shape greatly, but are generally of a fanciful, elaborate, and artistic design, and the plants for these should be selected with the greatest care and taste, so as to add a completeness and finish, and in no way hide or diminish the effect of their appearance. I have often found, however, a great difficulty in getting plants to go in them without taking them out of the pots, and in many cases I have found it necessary to reduce the ball of roots in order to fit the latter in properly. This quite ruins the plant, for, in the case of choice or delicate growing subjects, it is almost impossible for them to recover. But in order to meet this difficulty, it is advisable to make a selection of plants, grow them in suitable sized pots, and use them for no other purpose. To do this it requires a sufficient number for three changes; say, if twenty plants are required at one time, sixty should be grown, and duplicates of all to be grown to follow on.

The atmosphere of rooms is generally dry, though warm, and impregnated with gas and other enemies to plant life. So different is all this to the healthy atmosphere of a plant house, that it is necessary that every plant used should have completed its growth, or some injury will follow. Take the different varieties of adiantums, for instance. If used for the decoration of rooms in a growing state, the young fronds would most certainly be injured; yet, when properly prepared, there are no more popular or suitable plants for the purpose, and they can be grown to a useful size in small pots. Nephrolepis exaltata, though not so choice as others, is a most handsome fern to use. Its long and gracefully drooping fronds are an ornament in any position, while many of the Pteris family have a fine and graceful appearance, and may be used freely. Nice plants of Spiræa japonica with or without flowers are very ornamental. The different sorts of lycopods make perfect plants for small vases, as also do the artillery plant (Pilea muscosa) and the little Caladium argyrites. In fact, there is no lack of either foliage or flowering plants suitable for a tasteful arrangement either in a drawing room or boudoir, while for more commodious places, such as the entrance hall, corridor, or staircase, and where larger plants are admissible, there is the beautiful Caladium esculentum, with noble foliage and which stands well, several sorts of palms, the larger fronded ferns, curculigo, Ficus elastica, Hibbertia volubilis, and the calla or Ethiopian lily, all of which have a reputation for retaining their beauty better than many others, and therefore should be grown for the purpose. But to avoid as little injury as possible, frequent changes are necessary, and it is a very good rule to water every plant well before it is used, and when it again needs water change it for another. Let all pots and plants be kept very clean, and avoid letting the plants remain long enough to make growth in the different positions, for such growth, when brought out to the light, is generally very weak.—Thomas Record, The Garden.

We illustrate herewith the Wainwright Horizontal Feed‐Water Heater, adapted for use in a horizontal position under the floor of an engine room, or where the head room is limited. The feed water enters at the lower opening marked “feed,” fills the body of the heater, and having been heated by the exhaust steam surrounding the tubes, passes to the boiler at upper opening marked “feed,” the exhaust entering at either end. A drip pipe, as shown, is provided for escape of the water of condensation, and a hand hole for washing and cleaning. It will be seen that this heater contains a large body of water well disposed to receive heat, the tubes, being of corrugated copper, present 50 per cent. increased heating surface over plain tubes of the same length, while at the same time five times the strength is added, and owing to their property of expansion and contraction, all danger of the ends pulling out or the joints working and leaking is eliminated. This property of expansion and contraction also prevents any accumulation of scale and sediment.

These heaters are manufactured by The Wainwright Mfg. Co., 65 Oliver St., Boston.

The Charter Gas and Gasoline Engine.

This gas engine, manufactured by the Williams & Orton Manufacturing Company, of Sterling, Illinois, possesses various features that must commend it to the attention of all interested in the production of power from gas. It is characterized by great simplicity, having no gearing, so that it is practically noiseless. It has a power and a supply cylinder, one placed over the other, and each working or worked by its own crank. An impulse is given at every revolution of the wheel, and by the governing device the amount of gas consumed is regulated in proportion to the work done. The ignition valve is easily accessible, and needs no adjustment on starting the engine. It can be used either for gas or gasoline. For the latter, a few drops are aspirated at each stroke into the cylinder, where mingling with the air they form the mixture for ignition. The gasoline can be kept in a tank outside the building, and is subjected to no contact with the flame until it has been thoroughly vaporized and has entered the working cylinder.

AN IMPROVED DOUBLE SURFACE PLANER.

A four‐roll machine that is simple and durable, and all geared with the most improved extension gearing, is shown in the accompanying illustration, as made by Messrs. E. & F. Gleason, manufacturers of improved wood tools, American Street and Susquehanna Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. Both heads are driven with one counter, and only two belts are required, the adjustment of bed and control of feed being both on left‐hand side of machine, at B C, within immediate reach of the operator. The bottom head is quite as easy of adjustment as the top head, having large screws, F, one at each box, to regulate cut or chip and keep it in line with bed and top head, both heads having self‐oiling boxes. The machine will double‐surface stuff from one‐eighth inch to six inches in thickness. It occupies a floor space of about four feet by forty inches. The counter shaft has patent self‐oiling hangers and patent self‐oiling loose pulleys.

Foundations in Wet Ground.

A new method of making foundations in wet ground has been devised by M. Bonnetond, a French military engineer. His plan is to bore a hole 10 ft. or 12 ft. deep and 1½ ft. in diameter in the damp ground, and in this a series of dynamite cartridges are placed, and finally exploded. The expansion of the gases generated drives the water far out beyond the sides of the hole, into which it does not return for at least half an hour. The time thus gained is utilized in rapidly excavating the cavity, which is then filled with a cement concrete, which sets before the return of the water. The method has been adopted in the construction of a fortified enceinte at Lyons, and is said to have led to very rapid work.

HOW TO MAKE A CHEERFUL FIRESIDE.

In the accompanying illustration is shown one of several forms of arranging artificial sticks or logs in a fireplace for burning gas, to give a close imitation of a blazing wood fire, which has been patented and is made by Henry P. Dixon & Co, of 1330 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Several other forms of logs and grouping are also made, the sticks and the logs being colored to resemble wood, and having fixed between them splints of asbestos, which become incandescent when in use, so that when the gas is turned on and a match applied to the small jets arranged to the best advantage over and between the logs, it gives the appearance of a first class wood fire. These artificial logs are made of material not injured by the flames, and are designed to last a life‐time without cracking or breaking, the gas being supplied through a brass union fixed in the back of each log, through which connection can be readily made by rubber tubing or otherwise to the nearest gas pipe. A good, cheerful fire, which makes neither dust, dirt, nor ashes, is thus ever ready at hand and available by simply turning on and lighting the gas, the flow of which is regulated as desired.

The Sounding Board in St. Paul’s Cathedral.

The form of the sounding board is, I think, a novelty, but I am led to believe that it is an approach to the true form for the purpose. Flat sounding boards have been most commonly tried, but they are now generally discarded. A parabolic sounding board behind the preacher has been used with a certain effect, but the advantage is limited to those in the direction of the axis of the curve; and in these cases, action and reaction being equal, the preacher can sometimes hear the criticisms of his audience, if any should be uttered tolerably loud in the proper direction. Besides which, a shell of this description would have had little effect in stopping the objectionable echoes. To meet these difficulties, a curve was selected which has the property of distributing uniformly in every direction so much of the preacher’s voice as can be advantageously reflected. The figure is hyperbolic, the axis being perpendicular over the preacher. The diameter is ten feet, and so much of the voice it receives is reflected as if it came from a point about four feet from the preacher. It would be interesting to know, but I am not aware that sufficient experiments have been made to ascertain, what amount of sound is reflected from a given material. The harder the material, obviously the better the result. In this case hard organ pipe metal has been used. I observed a marked increase of audibility of the voice at a place where the assistance of the reflected sound is obtained over a point equidistant from the pulpit, but too high to receive the reflected wave from the sounding board.—F. C. Penrose.

THE POPULAR “FORTUNE” HOT AIR FURNACE.

A hot air furnace that is designed to include all the good elements of the best styles of modern construction, and is especially adapted for suburban houses, is shown in the accompanying illustration. It is manufactured by Messrs. Thomas, Roberts, Stevenson & Co, of Philadelphia, in four sizes, and has clinker‐cleaning, shaking, and dumping grate, upright lever for shaking the grate, improved dust flue and check draft, improved cylinder, with and without drum heads, and extra large radiating surface, being durable and cheap, while economical in use. These furnaces are made at a moderate price, without any expense being put on for mere show, and thousands of them are in use in nearly all parts of the country.

Not Defective Plumbing.

It many times so happens that plumbing is found a ready excuse for filthy people to place the blame upon “defective plumbing,” while in reality it is other defects that are the real cause. There are many things to take into consideration besides faulty plumbing. You should ask yourself: Is your cellar pure? How many germs of disease are lurking there because you have failed to properly drain and ventilate it, and remove the decayed vegetation and other impurities? And the well or spring; how much filth, unseen or unrealized though it be, is permitted to enter there, until at last it enters your life blood and becomes a part of your being, bringing you to an untimely grave?—Plumbers’ Trade Journal.

AN IMPROVED HAND AND FOOT POWER BAND SAW.

A strong and well made band saw machine, to be run by foot or hand power, is shown in the accompanying illustration, and is manufactured by Messrs. J. M. Marston & Co., of No. 3 Appleton Street, Boston, Mass. The table is 18 × 21 inches and 42 inches high, and is adjustable for cutting on a bevel. There is an adjustable guide for the saw above and below the table, the saw pulleys are 16 inches in diameter, and the driving power is by means of gears, all shafts being of steel. The upper saw pulley has an adjustment to tighten the saw and bring it in line with the lower saw pulley. The power machines are from the same pattern, and are arranged with driving shaft and pulley on lower part of the frame, and tight and loose pulley on lower saw shaft, so that it can be belted direct from main shafting without counter shaft. The machine is a very easy‐working one, cutting some four times as fast as a gig saw with less power.

The circular saw machine made by the same firm has its center part of iron, with grooves planed for gauges to slide in, which allows very fine and exact work to be done on the machine. There is a collar on the arbor, so that any endwise wear can be taken up, and the gears are accurately cut from solid iron. The aim of the manufacturers has been to make a simple, strong, accurate, and durable machine, such as can be put to hard work without injury, some of their saws having been in use for fifteen years without needing repairs.

Superior Copper Weather Vanes

SUCCESSOR TO
CHAS. C. BRIGGS,
V. W. BALDWIN,
Removed from 213 Pearl Street to
168 Front Street,
Near Maiden Lane,
NEW YORK.

Illustrated catalogue of over 250 designs, mailed to any address on receipt of a two cent stamp, half the postage.

GEO. W. MARBLE, Sole Manufacturer of THE ACME WRENCH.

The best made, all steel, and warranted, 8 sizes.
28 to 32 South Canal Street, Chicago, U. S. A.

DEXTER BROTHERS’ ENGLISH SHINGLE STAINS

Are made of the very best English Ground Colors, and contain no benzine, water, or creosote. They have been thoroughly tested by some of the best Architects in the country during the past three or four years, and the colors are more lasting than any other stain. The price is 75 cents a gallon for any color. We would advise Architects to specify Dexter Brothers’ English Shingle Stain, and note the number on the Sample boards. Send for Sample Boards of Colors. DEXTER BROTHERS, 55 and 57 Broad Street, Boston, Mass.

ARCHITECTS

to insure against the bursting of pipes and to preserve a uniform pressure throughout the building. Write for illustrated catalogue and prices.

COMPETITION.

[At Albany, N. Y.]
State of New York,	⎫ ⎪ ⎬ ⎪ ⎭
Department of Public Instruction,
Superintendent’s Office,
Albany, N. Y., September 20, 1887.

Architects are invited to submit competition plans for six school buildings, for which $975 is offered in prizes. Time of competition limited to December 15, 1887.

For further particulars address A. S. DRAPER,
State Superintendent, Albany, N. Y.

ALL OUR FURNACES ARE

Constructed with Simplicity & Economy.
Healthy, Pure Warm Air. No Flues
to Stop Up. No Mechanic
Required Every Year to
Put Them in Order.

Has more radiating surface than any Hot Air Furnaces made. Every Joint is a Steam Boiler Joint. Adapted for Heating Dwellings, Stores, Churches, School‐houses, etc.

Architects, ✠ Builders, ✠ and House ✠ Owners

Should use our Lead Covered Electric Conductors and Cables for circuits for Electric Call Bells, Annunciators, Electric Gas Lighting, Incandescent Lighting, or for communication between Residence and Stable, etc., and avoid the vexation and inconvenience of broken, leaky, or grounded circuits. Our Cables are moisture proof and can be embedded in the plaster walls, while the flat cable is specially adapted for arranging along the wainscoting, and staining to match. They are permanent, reliable, and economical.

Standard Underground Cable Co.
GENERAL OFFICES:
No. 708 PENN AVENUE, PITTSBURGH, PA.
Branch Offices:

Telephone Building, Cortlandt St., New York. G. L. Wiley, Manager.
139 East Madison Street, Chicago. F. E. Dehenhardt, Manager.

For Telegraph, Telephone, Electric Light and Power, Underground, Submarine, and Aerial.

Light Leaded Cables (containing one or more conductors) for use in Houses, or for connecting Residence and Stable.

JAMES F. WOOD & CO.

These coverings beyond question are the best non‐conductors of heat known to the scientific world. They are easily applied, very durable, and indestructible. Recommended by Engineers and Architects.

INSULATION OF HEAT.PROTECTION AGAINST FROST.
FREEDOM FROM RATS, MICE, AND INSECTS.

Many good Heaters have been condemned and thrown away for not giving a supply of hot air, when the fault was in the uncovered pipes in the cellar wasting the heat, which could have been saved with J. F. Wood & Co.’s Great American Pipe Covering.

It sends the heat where wanted. It protects the woodwork near from fire. It is a great saving in fuel. It prevents water and gas pipes from freezing. It prevents the condensation of steam. Fire and water have no effect on them. They do not powder down, char, nor crack. They are cleanly in application. They are neat and regular in appearance. They are applied to pipes without the use of paste or cement of any kind. Send for Catalogue and Price List.

This is a Cast Iron Casing, lined with tin or galvanized iron, to prevent direct radiation of heat in cellar; four loose panels lift out, so as to give access to furnace for repairs or renewal, if necessary, without disturbing the Hot Air Pipes; it has sliding panels for feed door and smoke pipe to allow for expansion; it has also a dust flue and flue door for Damper. We claim this to be the most complete, durable, and convenient cold case made, equal in efficiency to Brick set, with much less room required and less expensive, besides the facility for access for repairs, without requiring, as in a brick set, so large a space to work in. It is much superior to the ordinary sheet iron casing, both for durability and efficiency. It is not necessary to remove the casing or Hot Air Pipe to clean out, or repair, or even renew or change the heater.

L. MANASSE,

The GREAT CHURCH LIGHT

FRINK’S Patent Reflectors, for Gas or Oil, give the most powerful, softest, cheapest and best light known for Churches, Stores, Show Windows, Banks, Theatres, Depots, etc. New and elegant designs. Send size of room. Get circular and estimate. A liberal discount to churches and the trade. Don’t be deceived by cheap imitations.

THE “IDEAL”
PATENT TILE‐LINED BATH‐TUB.

Perfection of Cleanliness and Durability.
SHARPLESS & WATTS, Patentees,
BAKER BUILDING,
1524 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA.
Send for Illustrated Circular and References.

The latest improved, i.e., the boss to Engineers, Architects, Builders, Contractors, Farmers, and all others requiring a low price Leveling Instrument for grading, measuring heights, squaring, or getting any desired angle. Descriptive circulars furnished on receipt of stamp.

Brick and Terra‐Cotta furnished from any design.
Bricks for Arches ground to suit any radius.
Equal in Quality and Color to Philadelphia Brick.

Asbestos Roofing, Building Felt,
Steam Packings, Boiler Coverings,
Fire Proof Paints, Cements, Etc.
Samples and Descriptive Price Lists Free.

BRASS & WIRE WORK.
A. H. ANDREWS & CO. 195 Wabash Ave., Chicago, and 686 Broadway, N. Y.

Contains 96 pages, showing complete designs of 10 low‐cost houses, with valuable information for those who wish to build economically. Post‐paid on receipt of price. 25c.

Absolutely Water‐proof, Air‐proof and Decay‐proof.
ODORLESS AND PERFECTLY CLEAN TO HANDLE.
The Cheapest and Best in the Market.

Put up in rolls containing 650 square feet each, and at the low price
of $2.00 per roll (less than one‐third of a cent per square foot).

Send for Samples and Illustrated Pamphlet of STEWART’S PATENT LAP‐SEAL READY ROOFING and IRON‐FIBRE PAINTS.

Machines for ripping, cross‐cutting, scroll‐sawing, mortising and tenoning, forming edges, grooving, gaining, rabbeting, cutting dadoes, and turning. Builders use our Hand Circular Rip Saw for the greater portion of their ripping in preference to carting their lumber to a mill five minute’s drive from their shops. The same is true in regard to scroll sawing, mortising, tenoning, cutting stuff for drawers, boxes, etc. Builders using these machines can bid lower and save more money from their contracts than by any other means.

Clarence F. Lee, carpenter and builder, Morristown, N. J., says: “I have had one of your Hand Circular Rip‐Saws for about three months, and am much pleased with it. Have done the ripping for 15 houses in that time, which is over forty miles through inch boards. Have ripped as high as 3‐inch plank. Table is also good for rabbeting; having rabbeted all jambs and sawed all drips for 200 windows.”

Alex. Shields, Lima, Ohio, says: “A few days since we had some 150 small drawers to make for a drug store; the steam power mill wanted 50 cents each for making them. With my foot power machinery I made them, and saved $25 above good wages on the job.

The purchaser can have ample time to test them in his own shop and on the work he wishes them to do. Descriptive Catalogue and Price List Free.

The Latest and Most Improved
Scroll Saws, Circular Saws, Lathes, Mortisers, Etc.

Suitable for various kinds of work, in Cutting‐off, Ripping, Mitring, Rabbeting, and Grooving, and with the addition of the extra attachments, Scroll Sawing, Boring, etc.

Will mortise ¼ to 1 inch wide, 3 inches deep, and with the addition of the Diamond Adjustable Tenoning Tool, cut Tenons ⅛ to ¾ in. thick, 3 in. wide.

MANUFACTURED BY
CUSHMAN BROS. & CO.,
BOSTON, MASS.
All Shades and Upholstery Goods at Bottom Prices.

State & Monroe Sts., Chicago, will mail, free, their newly enlarged Catalogue of Band Instruments, Uniforms and Equipments. 400 Fine Illustrations describing every article required by Bands or Drum Corps, including Repairing Materials, Trimmings, etc.

Contains Instructions for Amateur Bands, Exercises and Scales, Drum Major’s Tactics, By‐Laws, and a Selected List of Band Music.

Manufacturers and Importers of PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS, Apparatus and Supplies, OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

Sole Proprietors of the Patent Detective, Fairy, Novel, and Bicycle Cameras, and the Celebrated Stanley Dry Plates.

Amateur Outfits in great variety from $9.00 upward. Send for Catalogue or call and examine.

ESTABLISHED 1854.
DEVINE’S STEAM BOILER WORKS,
Marine, Locomotive, Tubular, House, and
GREENHOUSE BOILERS.
WROUGHT IRON HOT WATER BOILERS A SPECIALTY.
Manufactory, 381 to 393 S. Canal Street, Chicago.

The above cut is of Greenhouse Boiler, meeting with universal success wherever placed. Estimates gladly furnished for any capacity.

Most Simple and Reliable Air Valve Made. Nothing to Get Out of Order. Has No Movable Piece. No Loose Thimbles to Fly Off. Every Valve is Thoroughly Tested, and Warranted to Give Satisfaction.

MACHINES OF 10,000, 25,000, 50,000 BRICKS PER DAY CAPACITY.
ERECTED SUBJECT TO TRIAL AND APPROVAL.
CHAMBERS, BROTHER & CO.,

Section of Copper‐Wire‐Sewed Light Double Belting, specially adapted to use on cone pulleys and other hard places. Manufactured by the PAGE BELTING CO., Concord, N. H. Also manufacturers of Staple and Special Grades of Leather Belting and the “HERCULES” Lacing.
☞ Send for Catalogue No. 23.☜

WOODWORKING MACHINERY,
PLANERS AND MATCHERS,
PONY PLANERS,
Hand Matchers, Solid Plate and SEGMENT RE‐SAWS.

Of every description. Hollow Brick made of Clay for Flat Arches, Partitions, Furring, etc. Porous Terra Cotta, Fire Bricks, etc., etc.

WOODWORKING
MACHINERY
FOR
Chair, Furniture and Cabinet Mills, Pattern Makers’ use, etc.

Lightning and Green River Screw Plates. Bolt Cutters, hand and power. Drilling Machines, Punching Presses, Tire Benders, Tire Upsetters and other Labor Saving Tools. Send for Price List C.

Steel Alphabets and Tool Stamps. Stencil Cutting, Dies, Burning Brands, Door Plates, Soap Moulds, Seals, &c.

Price for Tool Stamps, 15 cents per letter up to ⅛ in. Postage, 10 cents additional per stamp.

Received Gold Medal Franklin Institute. A legitimate artists’ and draughtsmen’s tool. Applies color by a jet of air. Greatly economizes time in mechanical, engineering and architectural draughting. Send for description.

Send for Illustrated Catalogue to
Frank B. Mallory,
FLEMINGTON, NEW JERSEY, or
60 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK.

The Western Sand Blast Co.,
Ornamenters of Glass for
VESTIBULE DOORS,
TRANSOMS,
BANK & OFFICE COUNTERS,
——AND——
Manufacturers of Advertising Glass Signs.

Clark’s New Drying Exhaust and Ventilating Fans,
PATENT ADJUSTABLE WINGS.

The Horseshoe Spring‐Lock Shingle (Patten’s Patent) just out. This Shingle can be put on in one‐half the time it requires with any other shingle now in the market. Is cheap, durable, secure, thoroughly water‐tight and makes a good appearance as a roof covering. Two (2) sizes.

THORN’S PATENT ROOFING and WALL TILES, the most perfect and Unique Roof, Gable, Tower, and Wall covering, yet produced in metal. On the roof in appearance they are like terra cotta earthen tiles, and are better, and half the cost. Four (4) designs or sizes are made.

All the above goods are packed a square to the box and delivered f.o.b. cars in Philadelphia.

THORN SHINGLE & ORNAMENT CO. 12th & Callowhill Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

A MORE PERFECT and ECONOMICAL
Balance than Weights and Cords.
Works smoother and easier
than any other device.

Made entirely of steel. The best coil spring is used, it being encased in a drawn steel drum, and a metallic tape fastened on outside of drum to operate sash.

This Balance entirely overcomes the difficulty of friction occasioned by counter weights.

It relieves the entire heft of sash. A 75 to 100 lb. sash works as easily as a very light one. Applied to old windows as readily as to new, without altering frame or sash. Will last a lifetime.

The Pullman Balance is being introduced to all the leading Architects and Builders in the country, and they pronounce them far superior to the old method.

Various Sizes and Patterns Dovetailed ready for use, with Tait’s Patent Dovetail.

Send 4c. Stamp for our 32‐page Catalogue, containing 200 Illustrations of Balusters, Pedestal Newels, Brackets, Drops, etc.

Special Machinery for Car Work and the latest improved Woodworking Machinery of all kinds.

FOR SINKING panels with pattern guided by pin that automatically takes its position when you start the Machine, and drops out of the way when you stop it. The Cutter in the overhanging arm of the Machine has a perpendicular adjustment of one inch, and is operated by the handle shown in the cut attached to an eccentric lever that is automatically locked to the one position when at work.

TO CHANGE from Surface Moulder to Variety Moulder, disconnect the rod that runs the incline on the T lever and pin it up. Run the housing up by means of the hand wheel until it stands above the belt line, remove the one spindle, substitute the other and set screw it to the housing. Turn the small table back under the arm. Raise the arm, disconnect the shaft that runs the upper pulley, and the Machine becomes an Edge Moulder without having any of its parts unbolted and laid away.

You never tire of the make up of this Machine, which is as simple and effective as it is durable.

Reversible Cutters for any shape of mould made to order, and warranted to cut free and easy.

Lathes,	Rip Saws,
Tenoners,	Cross Cut Saws,
Mortisers,	Combined Saws,
Scroll Saws,	Jig Saws,
Groovers,	Edge Moulders,
Formers.	Dado Heads.

ROOFING ✠ SLATE.
The AMERICAN BANGOR SLATE CO.,
Miners and Manufacturers of best Pennsylvania Black Roofing Slate,
BANGOR, PENN.
Address correspondence to J. EDGAR MITCHELL, Sec’y and Treas., Allentown, Pa.

The only Wood Flooring made on the correct principle, being laid with perforated metal tongues so that Floors of any thickness from ¼ inch up can be laid and blind‐nailed.

Butcher’s Boston Polish is the best finish for Hardwood Floors. For sale by agents in all large cities. Full information on application to

“BUILDING”
——AN——
Architectural Weekly.
PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY.

Devoted to Architecture, Engineering, Furniture, Decoration, and Ornament.
Subscription,	$6 a year.
Sample subscription of three months,	$1.50
Single Copies,	15 cents.

A special feature of these numbers will be Small Country and City Houses, with plans and details.

Subscription,	$1.75 a year.
Sample subscription of three months,	50 cents.
Single Copies,	15 cents.

By Arnold W. Brunner and Thomas Tryon, Architects. One Quarto Vol., Cloth, Price, $3.00.
Containing, besides introductory remarks, chapters on The Hall, The Staircase, The Library, The Parlor, The Dining‐room, The Study, The Bedrooms.

This book is fully illustrated with 75 drawings of interiors, details, furniture, etc. It contains suggestions for the treatment of both city and country houses, and indicates methods for altering and improving old work. It is written with a view of interesting non‐professional readers and all who care to beautify their homes, as well as architects and decorators.

Improved Plumbing Appliances. By J. Pickering Putnam, Architect. This work was printed last year in serial form in “Building,” and has since then been carefully revised and brought out in book form, as being worthy of more permanent form. With 91 illustrations. One octavo volume, cloth, price, $1.50.

$500 to $2,500 Houses, giving perspectives, elevations and plans, with specifications, bills of materials and estimates of cost. One Paper Portfolio, 12 plates, Price, $1.00.

PLATE.	PLATE.
I.—$500 House.	VII.—$1,000 House.
II.—$700 „	VIII.—$1,000 „
III.—$800 „	IX.—$1,200 „
IV.—$800 „	X.—$1,500 „
V.— $900 „	XI.—$2,000 „
VI.—$1,000 „	XII.—$2,500 „

PART 7.
INTERIOR WOODWORK
——FOR——
HOUSES OF MODERATE COST.
One paper portfolio, $1.00.

Plates XIII and XIV.—Two China Closets, with details. XV.—Parlor Mantel, with details. XVI.—Book Shelves, with details. XVII.—Staircase Screen, with details. XVIII.—Two Bedroom Mantels, with details. XIX and XX. Entrance Hall and Staircase, with details. XXI.—Bathroom, with details. XXII.—Hall Fireplace, with details. XXIII.—Library Bookcase, with details. XXIV.—Dining‐room Mantel, with details.

LIST OF PLATES.—Plate 25, Counter and Showcase, with Details; 26, Detached Case, with Details; 27, Wall‐shelving, with Details; 28, Telephone Case, with Details; 29, Counter for Druggist, with Details; 30, Wall Cases, with Details; 31, Two Counters, with Details; 32, Two Detached Cases, with Details; 33, Prescription Counter, with Details; 34, Perfumery Case, with Details; 35, Wall Shelving, with Details; 36, Cashier’s Desk, with Details. One Paper Portfolio, Twelve Plates.

This number contains twenty‐four 12 × 15 plates, and full specifications illustrated by woodcuts and diagrams. One Large Quarto, 12 × 15, Boards.

One Large Quarto Vol., Cloth, Price $5. Containing 60 large Lithographic Plates, treating on the following Subjects.

PART I.—LOW COST HOUSES, including prize designs, with elevations, plans, details, specifications, bills of materials, and estimates of cost. 12 large (11 × 14) plates of practical designs, costing from $500 to $3,000.

PART II.—STORE FRONTS AND INTERIOR DETAILS. 12 plates and descriptive letterpress.

PART III.—STABLES. Containing 12 plates of Stables, suitable for village lots, ranging in cost from $300 upward.

PART IV.—SEASIDE AND SOUTHERN HOUSES. 12 plates of designs for Cheap Houses, with ample verandas, suited to a summer climate. Average cost, $1,500.

PART V.—OUT‐BUILDINGS. Containing 12 plates of designs of Small Stables, Summer Houses, Pavilions, Privies, Fences, Gates, etc.

Each of these parts may be obtained separately when desired. Paper portfolio, 12 plates and descriptive letterpress, $1 each.

102 Washington Street,—CHICAGO.
SEND FOR CATALOGUE.
Factory, 204 to 212 South Clinton Street.

Cast Iron Flange Heating and Steam Pipes, Fire Hydrants and Stop Valves for Water or Gas, all Sizes.

GLOUCESTER IRON WORKS,
GLOUCESTER CITY, N. J.
SAMUEL R. SHIPLEY, Prest.		JAMES P. MICHELLON, Secy.
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas.	OFFICE,	WILLIAM SEXTON, Supt.
6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.

Adapted for Dwellings, Stores, Hospitals, School Rooms, Offices, Public Institutions, &c., allowing ventilation without draught. Simple and readily adjustable. Manufactured and sold, Wholesale and Retail, also Patent Right for sale for States, United States or Canada, address

This tool, with its sliding blade and stock having right angle and mitre faces, level and scriber, is more than a substitute for a whole set of the common kind. It can be used in many places and for purposes that a stationary blade cannot.

For sale everywhere, 14 inch, $1.50; 30 inch, $2.87. Circular Gratis.
FRANK W. DAVENPORT, Patentee and Manufacturer, Providence, R. I., U. S. A.

New York City. Room 217 Stewart Building.
C. POWELL KARR, C.E.
CONSULTING ARCHITECT.

Plans and Specifications prepared for Heating, Lighting, Ventilation and Sanitation of Buildings.

SPECIAL ATTENTION DEVOTED TO THE INSPECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF THEATERS, MUSIC HALLS, AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

Successors to CLEM & MORSE,
BUILDERS OF ALL KINDS OF
Passenger and Freight ELEVATORS

Send for Circulars.
OFFICE: 411 CHERRY STREET.
Works: Frankford Avenue, Wildey and Shackamaxon Streets
PHILADELPHIA.
NEW YORK OFFICE: 108 Liberty Street.

PASSENGER ELEVATORS,
MANUFACTURED BY
HOWARD IRON WORKS,
BUFFALO, N. Y.

The Elevators in the State Capitol, Albany, New York, were built by us, and many others in some of the finest buildings in the country.

GRAVES’
ELEVATORS,
PASSENGER and FREIGHT,
MANUFACTURED BY
L. S., GRAVES & SON, Rochester, N. Y.
BRANCH OFFICE: 46 Cortlandt Street, New York.

UNEQUALLED for CEMENTING
wood, glass, china, paper, leather, &c. Always ready for use. Pronounced strongest glue known.

THE foremost floorer in the market. There are perhaps without a single exception more “Keystone” Flooring Machines in use than any other make in the market. Valuable references and testimonials and full information cheerfully given.

HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Names and Address must accompany all letters, or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our information, and not for publication.

References to former articles or answers should give date of paper and page or number of question.

Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should be repeated; correspondents will bear in mind that some answers require not a little research, and, though we endeavor to reply to all, either by letter or in this department, each must take his turn.

Special Written Information on matters of personal rather than general interest cannot be expected without remuneration.

Scientific American Supplements referred to may be had at the office. Price 10 cents each.

Building Plans and Specifications.

In connection with the publication of the Building Edition of the Scientific American, Messrs. Munn & Co. furnish Plans and Specifications for Buildings of every kind, including Public Buildings, Churches, Schools, Stores, Dwellings, Carriage Houses, Barns, etc. In this work they are assisted by able and experienced architects.

Those who contemplate building, or who wish to alter, improve, extend, or add to existing buildings, whether wings, porches, bay windows, or attic rooms, are invited to communicate with the under‐signed. Our work extends to all parts of the country. Estimates, plans, and drawings promptly prepared. Terms moderate. Address

Business and Personal.

Any person having a new invention may, without charge, consult MUNN & CO., Scientific American Office, 361 Broadway, New York, for advice how to obtain a Patent or Caveat. Our Hand Book of Instructions relating to Patents sent free.

Practical Working Drawings of machinery made by A. K. Mansfield & Co., 280 Broadway, N. Y. Life‐long mechanics. One formerly R. R. supt. M. P. Important references. Work guaranteed. Correspondence invited.

For Sale—22 unbound volumes Scientific American, of old dates. Also a lot of odd numbers, in good order. For a descriptive list address I. R. Hudson, 212 East 14th St., New York.

All kinds wood engraving. Perfect; lowest rate; sell engr. tools, mate’l, machs. N. H. Taylor, Wyandotte, Kan.

For Sale—The following braiding machines: 2 nine carriers, 1 twelve carriers, 2 thirteen carriers, 1 sixteen carriers, 1 twenty carriers, 1 twenty‐one carriers. Also three looms, 24 and 30 shuttles. All the above will be sold cheap. Raymold & Whitlock, 99 Fourth Ave., N. Y.

Wanted—New invention or novelty for the English market by a first‐class London house, having a large connection among shippers, warehousemen, drapers, etc. Address “Everclean,” 100 Wood St., London, England.

Lacquers.—Zapon, Brilliantine, Brassoline, Opaline, and other lacquers and special varnishes. Brilliant, hard, durable. Send for catalogue. The Fred’k Crane Chemical Co., Short Hills, N. J. N. Y. agent, Horace Van Sands, 733 Broadway.

For the best and cheapest 4 Horse Engine, address Peter Walrath, Chittenango, N. Y.

Perforated metals of all kinds for all purposes. The Robert Aitchison Perforated Metal Co., Chicago, Ill.

For the latest improved diamond prospecting drills, address the M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co., 138 Jackson St., Chicago, Ill.

The Railroad Gazette, handsomely illustrated, published weekly, at 73 Broadway, New York. Specimen copies free. Send for catalogue of railroad books.

The Knowles Steam Pump Works, 113 Federal St., Boston, and 93 Liberty St., New York, have just issued a new catalogue, in which are many new and improved forms of Pumping Machinery of the single and duplex, steam and power type. This catalogue will be mailed free of charge on application.

Nickel Plating.—Sole manufacturers cast nickel anodes, pure nickel salts, polishing compositions, etc. $100 “Little Wonder.” A perfect Electro Plating Machine. Sole manufacturers of the new Dip Lacquer Kristaline. Complete outfit for plating, etc. Hanson, Van Winkle & Co., Newark, N. J., and 92 and 94 Liberty St., New York.

Iron Planer, Lathe, Drill, and other machine tools of modern design. New Haven Mfg. Co., New Haven, Conn.

Supplement Catalogue.—Persons in pursuit of information of any special engineering, mechanical, or scientific subject, can have catalogue of contents of the Scientific American Supplement sent to them free. The Supplement contains lengthy articles embracing the whole range of engineering, mechanics, and physical science. Address Munn & Co., Publishers, New York.

The Holly Manufacturing Co., of Lockport, N. Y., will send their pamphlet, describing water works machinery, and containing reports of tests, on application.

Planing and Matching Machines. All kinds Wood Working Machinery. C. B. Rogers & Co., Norwich, Conn.

For best leather belting and lace leather, including Hercules, see Page Belting Co.’s adv., p. 318.

Iron, Steel, and Copper Drop Forgings of every description. Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, Conn.

Pat. Geared Scroll Chucks, with 3 pinions, sold at same prices as common chucks by Cushman Chuck Co., Hartford, Conn.

Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube Expanders. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York.

60,000 Emerson’s 1887 ☞ Book of superior saws, with Supplement, sent free to all Sawyers and Lumbermen. Address Emerson, Smith & Co., Limited, Beaver Falls, Pa., U. S. A.

Safety Elevators, steam and belt power; quick and smooth. D. Frisbie & Co., 112 Liberty St., New York.

“How to Keep Boilers Clean.” Send your address for free 88 page book. Jas. C. Hotchkiss, 120 Liberty St., N. Y.

Pays well on Small Investment.—Stereopticons, Magic Lanterns, and Views illustrating every subject for public exhibitions. Lanterns for colleges, Sunday schools, and home amusements. 152 page illustrated catalogue free. McAllister, Manufacturing Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.

Ax handle and spoke lathes. Railway cutting off saw machines. Rollstone Machine Co., Fitchburg, Mass.

This widely circulated and splendidly illustrated paper is published weekly. Every number contains sixteen pages of useful information and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and discoveries, representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures, Chemistry, Electricity, Telegraphy, Photography, Architecture, Agriculture, Horticulture, Natural History, etc.

All Classes of Readers find in the Scientific American a popular resume of the best scientific information of the day; and it is the aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form, avoiding as much as possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind, this journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading. It is promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it circulates.

Terms of Subscription.—One copy of the Scientific American will be sent for one year—52 numbers—postage prepaid, to any subscriber in the United States or Canada, on receipt, of three dollars by the publishers; six months, $1.50; three months, $1.00.

Clubs.—One extra copy of the Scientific American will be supplied gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.00 each; additional copies at same proportionate rate.

The safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft, or Express Money Order. Money carefully placed inside of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly addressed, seldom goes astray, but is at the sender’s risk. Address all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable to

THE
Scientific American Supplement.

This is a separate and distinct publication from The Scientific American, but is uniform therewith in size, every number containing sixteen large pages. The Scientific American Supplement is published weekly, and includes a very wide range of contents. It presents the most recent papers by eminent writers in all the principal departments of Science and the Useful Arts, embracing Biology, Geology, Mineralogy, Natural History, Geography, Archæology, Astronomy, Chemistry, Electricity, Light, Heat, Mechanical Engineering, Steam and Railway Engineering, Mining, Ship Building, Marine Engineering, Photography, Technology, Manufacturing Industries, Sanitary Engineering, Agriculture, Horticulture, Domestic Economy, Biography, Medicine, etc. A vast amount of fresh and valuable information pertaining to these and allied subjects is given, the whole profusely illustrated with engravings.

The most important Engineering Works, Mechanisms, and Manufactures at home and abroad are represented and described in the Supplement.

Price for the Supplement for the United States and Canada, $5.00 a year, or one copy of the Scientific American and one copy of the Supplement, both mailed for one year for $7.00. Address and remit by postal order, express money order, or check,

To Foreign Subscribers.—Under the facilities of the Postal Union, the Scientific American is now sent by post direct from New York, with regularity, to subscribers in Great Britain, India, Australia, and all other British colonies; to France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Russia, and all other European States; Japan, Brazil, and all States of Central and South America. Terms, when sent to foreign countries, Canada and Mexico, excepted. $4, gold, for Scientific American, one year; $9, gold for both Scientific American and Supplement for one year. This includes postage, which we pay. Remit by postal or express money order, or draft to order of
MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, New York.

Louis C. Tiffany, Pres.	Pringle Mitchell, M’ger.
John Du Fais, Sec.	John C. Platt, Treas.

F. C. YARNALL, President,	I. S. MOYER, Sec. & Treas.,
Philadelphia.	Bethlehem, Pa.

This Company is the original operator in the Bangor Valley, and continues to manufacture the Blue Roofing Slates which have become so celebrated for fineness of texture and uniformity of color.

We also beg to call the special attention of Architects and Builders to the fact that we have perfected a system by which we can furnish Slates with Sawed Edges of suitable size and curve for Towers or Domes of any size or shape.

Working Drawings should be furnished, in which case we can guarantee a perfect job.

INVALUABLE BOOKS
FOR THE
MECHANIC, ENGINEER,
AND CHEMIST.
REVISED TO DATE.

Nineteenth Edition, Revised and Greatly Enlarged with Original Matter. By Wm. Dennis Marks, Ph.B., C.E. (Yale S.S.S.) Illustrated. 16mo. $3.50.

“A library in itself, giving a little of everything that the engineer and mechanic will need to know to aid them in every‐day practice.”—Industrial World, Chicago.

Third Edition, Revised. Enlarged, and Interleaved. The Relative Proportions of the Steam Engine. By Wm. D. Marks. With numerous Illustrations. 12mo. Extra Cloth. $3.00.

“A work of inestimable value to every mechanic, containing as it does, rules, tables, and directions in regard to the steam engine which come into use in every‐day practical life of the engineer.”—San Francisco Wood and Iron.

New Edition, Thoroughly Revised. Translated by W. H. Greene. 12mo. Cloth. $2.50. Sheep. $3.00.

“A valuable work as a class‐book, and a most interesting and instructive volume for the general reader.”—New York School Journal.

If not obtainable at your Booksellers’, send direct to the Publishers, who will forward the books, FREE OF POSTAGE, promptly on receipt of the price.

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
PUBLISHERS,
715 and 717 Market St., Philadelphia.

Red‐Letter Days Abroad. By John L. Stoddard, author of “The Stoddard Lectures,” etc. 8vo. With illustrations. In box, $5; in morocco, $10. New Library edition, $3.50, in half calf, $7.

Hawthorne and His Wife. New editions. Each in two volumes. With illustrations. Per set, $3.00; in half calf, $6.00.

Chosön: The Land of the Morning Calm (Korea). By Percival Lowell. New editions. Each in one volume. 12mo. Illustrated. Per volume, $3.00; in half calf, $6.00.

The Lady of the Lake.
The Lay of the Last Minstrel.
Marmion.
The Princess.
Childe Harold.
Lucile.

Six volumes, elegantly and uniformly bound, with all the original illustrations, beveled boards, and full gilt. In cloth. Each, $3.50. In tree calf or antique morocco, $7.50.

These are the most famous and popular editions in existence of great poems. In their original shape they have had enormous sales, and in their cheaper form, with all their original illustrations, complete and unworn, they will have renewed popularity.

Also uniform with the above in style and price, cheaper editions of the beautifully illustrated

⁂ For sale by all booksellers. Sent, post‐paid, on receipt of the price by the publishers,

Consisting of Violin Box, Bow, and Teacher, sent to any part of the United States on 1 to 3 days’ trial before buying.

Violin Outfits at $4, $8, $15 and $25 each. Send Stamp for
Beautiful Illustrated 96‐page Catalogue of Violins, Guitars, Banjos, Cornets, Flutes, Strings, etc. Lowest prices. Mail orders a specialty. C. W. STORY, 26 Central Street, Boston, Mass.

WE SELL DIRECT TO FAMILIES— (avoid Agents and Dealers whose profits and expenses double the cost on every Piano they sell) and send this First‐Class UPRIGHT Cabinet GEM 7½ Octave Rosewood Piano, Warranted 6 years, for $193! We send it—with Beautiful Cover and Stool—for Trial in your own Home before you buy. Send for circulars to

Over 15,000,000 square feet, or 350 acres, of this roofing have been laid within the past ten years. Superior to all other for flat roofs.

Much more durable than coal tar materials, because it remains practically unchanged when exposed to the weather.

References to many of the best buildings throughout the country given on application.

A two‐ply composed of one layer of saturated felt and one of Manila rope paper. Combines durability and strength with lightness and pliability.

Warren Chemical and Manufacturing Co.,
114 JOHN ST., N. Y.101 MILK ST., BOSTON.

BEATTY ORGANS
For $37.50 worth $75
$400.00 Organs only $80.00
$1200.00 Pianos for $250.00
Other BARGAINS, write for catalogue. Address,
DANIEL F. BEATTY, Washington, New Jersey

	SHELLAC,
ORANGE	SHELLAC,	WHITE
GUM		GUM
SHELLAC	VARNISH.	SHELLAC
	VARNISH.

We desire to call attention of consumers to the fact that we guarantee our ready mixed paints to be made only of pure linseed oil and the most permanent pigments. They are not “Chemical,” “Rubber,” “Patent,” or “Fireproof.” We use no secret or patent method in manufacturing them by which benzine and water are made to serve the purpose of pure linseed oil. Sample cards, containing 50 desirable shades, sent on application.

Cor. Fulton and	Coffin, Devoe & Co.,
William Sts.,	176 Randolph St.,
NEW YORK.	CHICAGO.

——THE——
“Timby Burglar Proof Sash‐Lock & Ventilator.”
PATENTED MARCH 29th, 1887.
MEETS A LONG FELT WANT.

Is very simple in construction, strong and durable, absolutely Burglar Proof, and a perfect ventilator; Automatic in action, easily applied to any window, as it adjusts itself to varying thicknesses of Sash, or inside stops.

As it controls both Sash perfectly, bolting either or both securely in any position desired, thereby affording means for perfect ventilation, and at the same time absolute security against Burglars and Sneak Thieves.

It is easily operated, ornamental in appearance, and does not interfere with applying weather strips or inside blinds, and is the only Side Sash Mortise Lock that can be used in connection with inside screens, it having been constructed with special reference to the same. As a rule, Burglars and Sneak Thieves have little difficulty in entering dwellings through windows because of their insecure fastenings. Hence it is just as important that each and every window should be provided with a good substantial lock as that the front door should be.

Buy the Timby Burglar Proof, and take no other.
The Convenience and Absolute Security afforded will be ample reward.

Full Directions and Pattern for setting accompany each Lock Sold.
For further information apply to I. G. JENKINS, Oswego, N. Y.

QUARRY,		OFFICE,
BANGOR, PA.		18 BURLINGTON SLIP, N. Y.

It does away with the warping and shrinking of doors and casings, it not being necessary, as with common plaster, to saturate the building with water.

It costs but little more than lime plaster, and its superior qualities make it immeasurably cheaper.

It saves waiting several weeks or months for the building to dry out. A room finished one day can be occupied the next.

It is the only material with which repairing can be done neatly and “to stay.”

☞ For Prices and Estimates, or Further Information, Apply to or Address the Company.

IMPORTANT
To Architects, Builders, House‐Painters, Decorators, Boat‐Builders and Yachtsmen desiring an extremely durable Finish for Wood.

Are superior to any Varnishes or Wood‐Finishes in the market, for the following reasons, viz.:

They possess more body, higher luster, greater resisting properties to atmospheric influences, action of water and alkali, are more elastic, will not scratch or mar white, and are more durable.

WORKS:		Manufactured by
734–740 East 14th Street,	⎫ ⎬ ⎭	STANDARD VARNISH WORKS,
733–739 East 13th Street,
199–207 Avenue D.
D. ROSENBERG & SONS,
Office, 207 Avenue D,		NEW YORK.
Send for Samples and Full Particulars.

Each wheel on the “Barry Hanger” is on an independent axle. All other hangers have the two wheels on one axle. Consequently, when one track settles more than the other (as they frequently do), the axle “tips,” and carries the door side‐wise toward the lowest track, causing an unpleasant rubbing against the track or casings below. The “Barry Hanger” overcomes this trouble, and a door will run as easy and true in the center, when there is a variation of one half inch or more in the height of the tracks, as it would when they are perfectly level.

Sawed stone of all kinds. Sawed and split flagging, curbing and gutter stone and bridge stone.

DRAW KNIFE CHAMFERER,
with adjusting screw to set it to the width of Chamfer wanted.

Sent to any address on receipt of 60c.
J. H. HOAGUE, TOOL MFR., CHICOPEE, MASS.

Automatic Boiler Feed. Automatic Pop Safety Valve, Steel Boiler. Cost of running guaranteed not to exceed three cents per hour. Nothing equal to it ever before offered for the price. Larger sizes equally low. Send for free descriptive circular.

—FOR—
Steam, Gas and Water Pipes, Drums, Heaters, etc.
The Best Non‐Conductor of Heat & Cold in the World.

143 Worth Street,		78 and 80 Lake St.,
NEW YORK.		CHICAGO.

MANUFACTURERS OF
Screw Cutting Machinery and Tools for Machinists’, Carriage Makers’, and Blacksmiths’ Use.

National Patronage, Best Facilities, Best course of Business Training, Shortest Time, Lowest Rates, No Vacation. Address, H. COLEMAN, Pres.

Waterproof and Inodorous Papers, Plain and Corrugated Carpet Linings,
Deadening Felts, Roofing Materials, Tarred Board, &c., &c.

Send for Samples and Delivered Price List “B.”
H. F. WATSON, Manufactu’r, ERIE, PA.
Daily Capacity of Mills, 60 Tons.

BARNES’ FOOT POWER MACHINERY
AND DEALERS IN
Machinists’ Supplies of Every Kind

Metal Building Trimmings, Ventilating Skylights, Metallic Roofing Tiles, Building Specialties, Builders’ Light Iron Work.

Special attention to Ornamental Work.
Vault, Area, and Skylight (Cement and Iron).
Designs, Estimates, and Catalogues on application.

Strictly Pure Lead, Zinc and Colors, Dry, in Oil, Japan,
and Ready Mixed for Use.

Manufacturing Co.,
AURORA, ILL.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Machinery for Working Wood.

CHILTON PAINTS.	⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩	The Chilton Manuf’g Co. would call the attention of Architects and persons desiring a good article to their Pure Linseed Oil Paints. The most durable and therefore the most economical in use. Sample cards of colors sent on application.	⎫ ⎪ ⎬ ⎪ ⎭	147 Fulton St., New York.
CHILTON PAINTS.	⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩		⎫ ⎪ ⎬ ⎪ ⎭	141 Milk Street, Boston.

Unequaled for Heating Power, Durability, and Freedom from Gas.

Send for Circular and References.

Four Sizes.

Portable and Brick Set.

Shaking and Dumping Grate.

No Charge for Estimating.

MANUFACTURED AND SET BY
HULL, GRIPPEN & CO.
310 & 312 THIRD AVENUE, NEW YORK.

The best and most complete House Heater in the world. Self‐feeding, automatic, portable and saves all expense of brick‐work. Most economical. Carries steam from 10 to 12 hours without attention. Compact. 14 sizes, from 4 to 6 feet high. Anti‐clinker grate, easily shaken, no dust. Sales larger than the combined sales of all reputable Steam Heaters.

3500 in ACTUAL USE,
all giving the best satisfaction. Estimates furnished on application. Send for Illustrated Catalogue. Address
PIERCE, BUTLER & PIERCE MFG. CO.,
Sole Manufacturers, SYRACUSE, N. Y.

GENERAL	⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩	GEO. B COBB, 97 William St., New York, N. Y. CRANE BROS. MFG. CO., Chicago, Ill. JAS. B. ROBERTSON & CO., Baltimore, Md. N. O. NELSON MFG. CO., St. Louis, Mo. B. TABER & SON, Chicago, Ill. JAMES P. WOOD & CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
AGENCIES	⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩

Patent Self‐Cleaning Ash Pit Obviates labor, dirt, and annoyance. Sure preventive from fire caused by hot ashes.

Common Sense Clinker‐Crushing Grate. Great saving of labor and fuel.
Perfect Dump.

Patented and Manufactured by
The Schoen Heater and Stove Co.
Office and Salesroom
13 North Eleventh St.
Philadelphia.

For fifty years has proven the Veteran’s Power, Durability, Efficiency, and Reliability.

The Veteran is made of Heavy Boiler Plate Iron. A Shaking and Dumping Grate is attached, which will give you great satisfaction in its control and management. Pure warm air in great abundance. Every furnace is warranted to give perfect satisfaction.

ESTABLISHED 1847.
Job Bartlett’s Sons, 10th & Filbert Sts., Phila.
ESTIMATES AND ADVICE FREE.

Has been thoroughly tried in many private and public buildings and always found to be the best. Very economical, and easily managed. Large surface exposed directly to the fire. Ask for all particulars before you place your order for any other.

THE GLOBE SAFETY DAMPER REGULATOR SHOULD BE USED ON EVERY STEAM HEATER IN USE.

A magnificently illustrated magazine devoted to the one subject of home adornment, both in furnishing and decorating. It is an artistic and practical answer to every inquiry and want in beautifying the home.

The Decorator and Furnisher contains original designs and articles on decoration by the best writers and most prominent artists.

The most successful magazine of its kind in this country, and it deserves all the prosperity it enjoys.—Buffalo News.

THE ECONOMY WARM AIR FURNACES
Have a reputation that is neither excelled nor equalled for
DURABILITY, POWER, AND ECONOMY,
and are guaranteed in every respect.

Send for New 72 Page Catalogue,
giving full particulars, descriptions, and illustrations of 7 different styles of the

Eastern Agents.—Earl B. Chace & Co., 206 Water St., New York; John Demarest, General New England Agent, 112 Portland St., Boston; W. H. Fenner & Co., Providence.

Western Agents.—Adkins & Hoffman, 177 East Randolph St., Chicago, Ill.; Goss Heating & Plumbing Co., 703 Main St., Kansas City, Mo.; Arthur A. Pond, 35 Washington Ave. South, Minneapolis, Minn.; Gage & Horton Mfg. Co., 1231 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo.

The M. H. JACOBS’ FURNACE CO.,
Manufacturers of the celebrated wrought iron spiral radiator and steel dome portable

The Spiral Radiator is exciting universal attention and careful examination by the public, as evidenced by the drift of popular favor. A cursory examination alone is sufficient to show its merits and superiority. It combines all the requisites of a successful furnace, viz.: Future Maintenance, Efficiency, and Power to Economize and Radiate the Heat Desired. No less attention has been given to the qualities upon which depend the health and vitality of our families.

Requires attention but once in from twelve to twenty‐four hours. Fuel magazine surrounded by water. Self‐locking shaking grate. Waste of coal impossible. No dust. No gas.

Saves its cost in a year, supplanting all other shaking grates. No waste of coal. No burnt or broken grates. Self‐locking, and as nearly automatic as a grate can be made.

Notes and Queries.
(Continued from page vi.)

so as to form a mixture having the consistency of cream, and apply it immediately with a brush. If this composition be allowed to remain for a day or two, and be then washed off with soap and water, the marble will appear as though it were new.

Full plans and specifications for any of the various buildings illustrated in this work may be obtained, on very moderate terms, at this office. These include churches, schools, dwellings, enlargements, extensions, wings, etc. The two volumes for the past year, which may be purchased for $3, contain nearly 200 elevations and many plans. Address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, Architects and Builders Edition Scientific American.

Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication of the Scientific American, continue to examine improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for Inventors.

In this line of business they have had forty‐one years’ experience, and now have unequaled facilities for the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications, and the prosecution of Applications for Patents in the United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Copyrights for Books, Labels, Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness, on very reasonable terms.

We also send, free of charge, a Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries of the world.

MUNN & CO., Solicitors of Patents,
361 Broadway, New York.
BRANCH OFFICES.—No. 622 and 624 F Street, Pacific Building, near 7th Street, Washington, D. C.

Duplex Steam‐Heater Co.
Manufacturers under FISKE’S PATENTS,
10 Barclay Street, New York.

Can be put on any stove pipe, either in the room with the stove, to increase the heat, or it will heat room adjoining or room above.

1st.—Over Hot Air Furnaces.—No Dust! No Burnt Air! No Gas! and ability to send the heat where it is wanted, without regard to direction of wind or height of cellar, and using less fuel for amount of space heated.

2d.—Over Steam, High or Low Pressure.—From the fact the temperature of water in radiators can be between 70° and 212° or higher, thus adapting it to all degrees of outside temperature, thereby, taking the season through, it makes a great saving in fuel in this point alone, besides the comfort of having a building evenly heated.

3d.—Over Other Hot Water Systems.—In all others, the water goes to Radiators from one common reservoir. Therefore, being next to impossible to have all rooms heated alike. Different rooms will receive current of water at different rates of speed. With this system all rooms can be heated alike, when desired, from the fact that each current is provided with an independent boiler, and the hot water must go where the pipe leads, and you have perfect control over every room, and can be put in at less cost than any other system of hot water heating to do the same work.

For Illustrated Circular, References, and Full Particulars, address
E. N. GATES, Box 1504, FITCHBURGH, MASS.

NEW YORK SAFETY DUMB WAITER FIXTURES
Patented United States, April 19th, 1887; in Canada, May 18th, 1887.

The MOST COMPLETE, SIMPLE and ABSOLUTELY SAFE WAITER made. Provided with SAFETY ROPE, AVOIDING ACCIDENT. ENTIRELY NOISELESS, and moves with perfect ease.

FIXTURES ONE SIZE ONLY, adapted to any size waiter. Can be adjusted by any CARPENTER or MECHANIC. DIAGRAM and FULL DIRECTIONS ACCOMPANY EACH SET.

The most practical work published. Contains 76 full page Illustrations of Queen Anne and Colonial Villas and Cottages, costing from $1500 upward. Price $4.50. Parties contemplating building cheap or expensive residences will find it to their advantage to correspond with us.

2d.—All benefit derived from a Steam Heater is radiated in the Combination, while no sacrifice is made in wasting what you are compelled to burn before reaching Steam Radiation (212 degrees).

3d.—With steam, when fire is banked for the night, radiation ceases—in the Combination, never!

4th.—With steam, the consumption of fuel is the same at 60° as it is at zero. In the Combination, you burn only what the outside temperature demands.

5th.—The drafts are automatically arranged, requiring no further attention.

6th.—In zero weather all Hot Air Heaters are weak—in the Combination, steam supplies the power whenever wanted.

With these positive advantages, it is no difficult matter to decide which to purchase.

A home well heated is a necessity. This comfort can be secured by a little outlay.

Steam and Warm Air Heating Apparatus
IS MANUFACTURED BY THE
WEIR & NIXON STEAM and WARM AIR HEATING CO.
1410 & 1412 North Sixth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
CATALOGUES SENT TO PARTIES WISHING HEATING APPARATUS.

20 page illustrated catalogue, containing full information and prices, sent to any address.

A Double Heater and Perfect Ventilator. A Revolution in Fireplace Heating. Gives the combined heat of both a Furnace and Fireplace, with Perfect Ventilation. Equalizes the heat in every part of the room. Burns equally well Hard or Soft Coal, Wood or Coke. Address

This thermometer gives a permanent and continuous record in ink of the temperature. The chart indicating hours of the day and days of the week gives the degrees of temperature from 20° below zero to 110° above. All instruments are accurately adjusted and warranted. The record is easily read and absolutely correct. Sold by the leading instrument dealers and opticians throughout the United States and Canada, and by

Boils the feedwater. Keeps the boiler clean. Saves boiler repairs. Saves from 15 to 40 per cent. of fuel. Large heating surface. No radiating surface. No back pressure. Thoroughly utilizes the exhaust. Strong and durable. Over 5,000 in use. Send for circular.

JAS. B. CROUTHERS, M. E., General Eastern Manager, 112 Liberty Street, New York.

A fully illustrated and priced catalogue of 200 pages of all instruments and materials used by draughtsmen sent upon mention of this paper.

For Steam and Hot Air Furnaces. The most reliable and Perfect Shaking Grate in the world. Send for catalogue. “Mershon” Patent Shaking Grate, Heater and Range Works,

HOW TO MAKE AN INCUBATOR.—
Full directions, illustrated with 7 figures. Also directions for operating the apparatus. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 612. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from all news‐dealers.

INDESTRUCTIBLE. FIRE‐PROOF. SOUND‐PROOF.
FROST‐PROOF. VERMIN‐PROOF. ODORLESS.

For Deadening, Fire‐Proofing, Insulation of Heat and Cold in Buildings, Prevention of Frost in Water or Gas Pipes.

Also Fire‐Proof Sectional Coverings for Steam Pipes and Boilers. Best non‐conductor for all surfaces, Steam or Fire Heat. Will not Char, Crack, or Burn. Easily applied and removed by any one, and is indorsed by Insurance Companies. For full information and sample free, address

EDWARD FORD, Prest.		E. L. FORD, Secy.
A. PITCAIRN, Vice‐prest.		JOHN F. SCOTT, Treas.

The Largest Plates of Glass in the cities of Chicago, Cleveland,
Detroit, St. Paul, Syracuse, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia,
Baltimore, and in many New York buildings, were
manufactured at our works.

The combined production of our two factories is 260,000 square feet per month. The largest production of any factory in the world, which enables us to fill our orders promptly.

The high reputation and unprecedented large sale of glass made by this company since its organization is due entirely to its superior quality, NATURAL GAS alone being used throughout both works as fuel.

Works No. 1,		Works No. 2,
CREIGHTON, PA.		TARENTUM, PA.

Estimates furnished (under new construction) for
Hotels, Stores and Butchers’ Use
ALSO A LINE

FOR RESIDENCES,
BY
FRANK W. LOCKWOOD,
240 South Second St., Philadelphia.

Locks of one piece. No cleats or springs. Simple and perfect. Made in four sizes, of Copper, Tin, Steel, or Galvanized Tin.

Wells, Oil and Gas Wells, drilled by contract to any depth, from 50 to 3000 feet. We also manufacture and furnish everything required to drill and complete same. Portable Horse Power and Mounted Steam Drilling Machines for 100 to 600 ft. Send 6 cents for illustrated catalogue.

Manufacturers, Agriculturists, Chemists, Engineers, Mechanics, Builders, men of leisure, and professional men, of all classes, need good books in the line of their respective callings. Our post office department permits the transmission of books through the mails at very small cost. A comprehensive catalogue of useful books by different authors, on more than fifty different subjects, has just been published for free circulation at the office of this paper. Subjects classified, with names of author. Persons desiring a copy have only to ask for it, and it will be mailed to them.

RUBBER BELTING, PACKING, HOSE,
AND ALL OTHER KINDS OF
RUBBER GOODS,
——FOR——
MECHANICAL and MANUFACTURING PURPOSES.

Iron frame 36 inches high. Top 80 × 40 inches, centre part of iron with planed grooves on each side of saw for cutting off gauges to slide in. Ripping gauge slides in iron groove. Steel shafts. Gears are all machine cut from solid iron. Boring table and side treadle. Two 6‐inch saws and two cranks with each machine. Weight 350 pounds.

Full plans, specifications, and sheets of details, complete, ready for the builder, may be obtained at this office, for any of the structures illustrated in this publication. We also prepare plans for buildings of every description, including churches, colleges, schools, stores, dwellings, carriage houses, barns, etc.

We are assisted in this work by able architects, and we try to make our estimates reliable, so that the work can be done by any reliable builder at the prices named. Terms moderate.

Promptly sent, on receipt of the price, by MUNN & Co. No. 361 Broadway, New York City.

AMERICAN COTTAGES.
Consisting of 44 large quarto plates. Containing Original Designs of Medium and Low‐cost Cottages, Seaside and Country Houses; also a Club House, School House, Pavilion, and a small Seaside Chapel, together with a Form of Specification for Cottages. One large quarto volume. $5.00

ARCHITECTS’ AND BUILDERS’ POCKET‐BOOK.
Containing Original Tables and Valuable Information for Architects, Builders, Engineers, and Contractors. By E. F. Kidder. Fully illustrated with plates. Put up in pocket‐book form, morocco flaps $3.50

ARCHITECT’S HAND‐BOOK.
A Hand‐Book of Formulæ, Tables, and Memoranda, for Architectural Surveyors and others engaged in Building. By J. T. Hurst, C.E. Thirteenth edition. Royal 32mo, roan $2.00

ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS.
Containing 387 designs and 967 illustrations of the various Parts needed in the Construction of Buildings, Public and Private, both for the City and Country; also, Plans and Elevations of Houses, Stores, Cottages, and other Buildings. By M. F. Cummings, M.A., Architect, Associate Author of “Architecture, by Cummings & Miller.” One large 4to volume, 56 plates. Reduced from $10.00 to $6.00

ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES.
PART I.—12 Designs for Low‐cost Houses. This set includes the Prize Designs for $2,500 Houses of “Building Competition No. 1.” These will show Elevations, Plans, and Details, together with Specifications, Bills of Materials, and Estimates of Cost. In addition to the above, there are given a number of other Designs, ranging in cost from $500 to $4,000 $1.00
PART II.—Store Fronts and Interior Details. Containing 12 plates of Designs and Details for the following classes of Stores: Drug Store, Restaurant, Village Shop, Retail 25‐ft. Store, Bank and Office Finish, Cigar Store, Corner Dry Goods Store, Store Front, Basement, and First Story, and others $1.00
PART III.—Stables. Containing 12 plates of Stables suitable for Village Lots, ranging in cost from $300 upward. This set of plates will contain a fine selection of Designs giving Exteriors, Plans, and some Details. Paper portfolio $1.00
PART IV.—Seaside and Southern Houses. 12 plates of Designs for Cheap Houses, with ample Verandas, suited to a summer climate. Average cost, $1,500 $1.00
PART V.—Outbuildings. Containing 12 plates of Designs of small Stables, Summer Houses, Pavilions, Privies, Fences, Gates, etc. $1.00
PART VI.—Perspectives, Elevations, and Plans, with Specifications, Bills of Materials, etc., of Houses costing from $500 to $2,500 $1.00
PART VII.—Designs for Door and Window Finish, Wainscoting, Mantels, Closets, etc. $1.00

ARCHITECTURE.
Encyclopedia of Gwilt’s, Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. New edition, revised, with Alterations and considerable Additions. By Wyatt Papworth, F.R.I.B.A. Nearly 1,600 wood engravings (about 500 being new to the work). Thick 8vo, cloth $20.00

BRICKS, TILES, AND TERRA COTTA.
A Treatise on the Manufacture and Materials, Tools, Machines, and Kilns used. By Charles T. Davis. 800 pages, 228 engravings, and 6 plates $5.00

BUILDING SUPERINTENDENCE.
By Professor Theodore M. Clark. One vol. Profusely illustrated with Plans, Diagrams, etc. $3.00

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
A Complete Manual of the Details of Construction, illustrated with a large number of engravings.
PART I. Contents: Walling and Arches; Brickwork; Masonry; Carpentry; Floors; Partitions; Timber Roofs; Iron Roofs; Slating; Plumbers’ Work; Cast Iron Girders, etc.; Joinery.
PART II. Contents: Brickwork and Masonry; Timber Roofs; Roof Coverings; Built‐up Beams; Curved Ribs; Timber and Iron Girders; Centers; Joinery; Stairs; Riveting; Fire‐Proof Floors; Iron Roofs; Plasterers’ Work; Painting, Paper‐Hanging and Glazing. Price of each $3.50
PART III. Materials: 1. Stone; 2. Bricks, Tiles, Terra Cotta, etc.; 3. Limes, Cements, Mortar, Concrete, Plaster, and Asphalts; 4. Metals; 5. Timber; 6. Paints and Varnishes; 7. Glass; 8. Paper‐Hanging; 9. Miscellaneous. Post‐paid $6.00

CARPENTRY MADE EASY;
Or, The Science and Art of Framing on a New and Improved System. With Specific Instructions for Building Balloon Frames, Barn Frames, Mill Frames, Warehouses, Church Spires, etc. Comprising also a System of Bridge Building, with Bills, Estimates of Cost, and valuable Tables. Illustrated by 44 plates, comprising nearly 200 figures. By William L. Bell, Architect and Practical Builder. 8vo $5.00

CHURCH ARCHITECTURE, WITHERS’.
One large volume of fifty‐one 9 × 14 plates, substantially bound in extra cloth, sent by mail or express to any part of the United States upon receipt of price, reduced from $15.00 to $10.00

CONCRETE.
A Practical Treatise on Natural and Artificial Concrete, its Varieties and Constructive Adaptations. By Henry Reid, C.E., author of “The Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement.” Third edition, 8vo, cloth $6.00

COTTAGES;
Or, Hints on Economical Building. Containing 24 plates of Medium and Low‐cost Houses, contributed by different New York Architects; together with descriptive letterpress, giving Practical Suggestions for Cottage Building. Compiled and edited by A. W. Brunner, Architect. And a chapter on the Water Supply, Drainage, Sewerage, Heating, and Ventilation, and other Sanitary Questions relating to Country Houses. By Wm. Paul Gerhard. One 8vo volume, cloth $1.00

COTTAGE, THE SUBURBAN.
Its Design and Construction. Containing over 100 illustrations and full descriptive letterpress. This book gives Practical Instruction on every question arising in House Building, and should be in the hands of every one intending to build. One 8vo vol., cloth $1.50

DECORATION, INTERIOR.
By A. W. Brunner and Thomas Tryon, Architects, with 65 illustrations, giving suggestions about Hall, Staircase, Library, Parlor, Dining‐Room, etc. Study, Bed‐Rooms. Fifteen plates. Just published $3.00

MANTELS, ALBUM OF.
One large quarto volume, bound in cloth $4.00
Unbound in portfolio 4.00

MASONRY AND STONECUTTING,
In which the Principles of Masonic Projection and their Application to the Construction of Curved Wing‐Walls, Domes, Oblique Bridges, and Roman and Gothic Vaulting, are explained. By Edward Dobson, M.R.I.B.A., etc. $1.50

HOUSE PAINTER.
Modern House Painting, containing 20 colored lithographic plates, exhibiting the Use of Color in Exterior and Interior House Painting, and embracing examples of simple and elaborate in Plain, Graded, and Parti‐colors; also the Treatment of old style of Houses, together with full descriptive letter‐press, covering the Preparation, Use, and Application of Colors, with Special Directions applicable to each example; the whole Work offering Valuable Hints and Suggestions on Harmonious Color Treatment, suitable to every variety of Building. By E. K. Rossiter and F. A. Wright. Oblong, 4to, cloth $5.00

LEFFEL’S HOUSE PLANS.
Containing Elevations, Plans, and Descriptions of Houses costing from $500 to $3,000, and adapted to families having good taste and moderate means. Including the six prize plans in the Mechanical News competition. One oblong quarto $2.00

After more than ten years’ experience in the manufacture of Band Saws, we have discovered a new process of Tempering and Straightening all at one operation. This process insures absolute perfection.
We specially request all users of Band Saws to send us their address in full, and also a description of the sizes of saws used, and we will, by return mail, quote them special prices, and also send them our pamphlet on the Band Saw, which contains much valuable information for all users of Band Saws.

The Superior Quality of our Band Saws, All Tempered, Straightened, and Trued at one operation, which we have patented, makes them so perfect that our SALES HAVE MORE THAN TREBLED IN THE PAST YEAR. Our largest and best customers prefer them to the best imported saws.

Is perfectly free from all impurities, and steel heated by its use does not scale. It contains no sulphur or other base substances. We are the first to adopt its use in heating saws for tempering, which explains the cause of our saws being tougher than any others now made.

Of all sizes from 6 inches in diameter to 6 feet, both Solid and Inserted Teeth, also our

Double Toothed Cross Cuts
(two saws in one), for all uses HAVE NO EQUAL.

Our SAWYER’S HANDBOOK will be sent FREE to any part of the world on receipt of full name and address.

Classified Index of Advertisements Published in the Present Number of the Scientific American, Architects and Builders Edition.

Adjustable Clapboard Marker.		Page
	Stanley Rule & Level Co.	cover ii
Adjustable Planes.
	Stanley Rule & Level Co.	cover ii
Advertising Agent.
	B. G. Underwood	v
Advertising Glass Signs.
	The Western Sand Blast Co.	iii
Air Brush.
	Air Brush Mfg. Co.	iii
Architects’ and Surveyors’ Supplies.
	L. Manasse	ii
Architects.
	Fuller & Wheeler	xi
	C. Powell Karr, C.E.	v
	Munn & Co.	vi
	F. L. Smith	ii
Architectural Iron Work.
	Cheney & Hewlett	viii
	J. S. Thorn	viii
	Manly & Cooper Mfg. Co.	viii
Architectural Wood Turning.
	Anderson & Dickey	iv
	Standard Wood Turning Co.	iv
Artesian Well Machinery.
	Pierce Well Excavator Co.	xiii
Artists’ Materials.
	F. W. Devoe & Co.	vii
Asphalt Paint and Cement.
	M. Ehret, Jr., & Co.	cover iv
	Warren Chemical and Mfg. Co.	vii
Asbestos.
	Asbestos Packing Co.	cover ii
	H. W. Johns Mfg. Co.	ii
Automatic Air Valves.
	Thos. L. McKeen	ii
Balusters, Stair Rails, Etc.
	The Standard Wood Turning Co.	iv
	Anderson & Dickey	iv
Band Instruments.
	Lyon & Healy	ii
Bath Tub, Tile Lined.
	Sharpless & Watts	ii
Black Varnish.
	M. Ehret, Jr., & Co.	cover iv
Boiler Coverings.
	Asbestos Packing Co.	cover ii
	M. Ehret, Jr., & Co.	cover iv
	Shields & Brown	viii
	H. W. Johns Mfg. Co.	ii
	Jas. F. Wood & Co.	i
Booksellers and Publishers.
	Decorator and Furnisher	ix
	Wm. T. Comstock	iv
	J. B. Lippincott & Co.	vi
	Ticknor & Co.	vi
Brass Goods.
	C. H. Besly & Co.	ii
Bric‐a‐Brac.
	Thackara Sons & Co.	ix
Brick.
	Jas. H. Beggs & Co.	ii
	Chicago Anderson Pressed Brick Co.	ii
Brick Machinery.
	Chambers, Bro. & Co.	iii
	Henry Martin	v
Builders’ Hardware.
	Orr & Lockett	cover iii
Building Paper, Felt, Etc.
	Asbestos Packing Co.	cover ii
	M. Ehret, Jr., & Co.	cover iv
	Warren‐Ehret Co.	cover iii
	Warren Chemical and Mfg. Co.	vii
	H. F. Watson	viii
Builders’ Scroll Saw.
	W. F. & J. Barnes Co.	ii
Building Plans and Specifications.
	Munn & Co.	vi
Cabinet Woods and Veneers.
	J. Rayner	vii
Cables.
	Standard Underground Cable Co.	i
Calipers.
	Chandler & Farquhar	viii
Carbolate of Lime.
	M. Ehret, Jr., & Co.	cover v
Carpenters’ Machinery.
	Fred. A. Rich	iv
Carpenters’ Tools.
	Stanley Rule and Level Co.	cover ii
Carpet Lining.
	Warren‐Ehret Co.	cover iii
	H. F. Watson	viii
Cements.
	H. W. Johns Mfg. Co.	ii
	M. Ehret, Jr., & Co.	cover iv
Chandeliers.
	J. P. Frink	ii
	Thackara Sons & Co.	ix
Clapboard Marker.
	Stanley Rule & Level Co.	cover ii
Color Grinders.
	Wm. T. Lindeman & Co.	cover iii
Combination Square.
	L. S. Starrett	v
Contractor and Builder.
	Allen B. Rorke	v
Copying Process.
	Autocopyist Co.	viii
Cordage.
	J. P. Tolman & Co.	cover ii
Covering for Steam, Gas, and Water Pipes.
	M. Ehret, Jr., & Co.	cover iv
	H. W. Johns Mfg. Co.	ii
	Shields & Brown	viii
	Western Mineral Wool Co.	xii
	Jas. F. Wood & Co.	i
Creosote Wood Stains for Shingles, Etc.
	Samuel Cabot	ii
Cutter Heads.
	Sam’l J. Shimer	iv
Desks and Office Furniture.
	T. G. Sellew	cover ii
Door Hangers.
	Syracuse Bolt Co.	viii
Door Plates.
	J. M. Stutzman	iii
Draftsman’ Adjustable Curve Ruler.
	Frank W. Davenport	v
Draw Knife Chamferer.
	J. H. Hoague	viii
Drawing Instruments, Etc.
	G. S. Woolman	xii
	L. Manasse	ii
Drilling Tools and Machinery.
	C. H. Besly & Co.	ii
Dumb Waiter Fixtures.
	The Edward Storm Spring Co.	xi
Edge Tools.
	Fayette R. Plumb	cover iv
Electric Conductors and Cables.
	Standard Underground Cable Co.	i
Electric Lights.
	Brush Electric Co.	cover ii
	The Thomson‐Houston Electric Co.	cover iii
Electrical Supplies.
	Shaw & Geary	cover iv
Elevators.
	L. S. Graves & Co.	v
	Howard Iron Works.	v
	Morse, Williams & Co.	v
End Wood Mosaic.
	Wood‐Mosaic Co.	cover iii
Engines and Boilers.
	C. P. Willard & Co.	viii
Engineers’ Supplies.
	L. Manasse	ii
Feed Water Boiler and Purifier.
	Wm. Baragwanath & Son	xii
Feed Water Heaters.
	Stewart Heater Co.	cover ii
Fire Brick.
	Henry Maurer & Son	iii
Fireproof Building Materials.
	Henry Maurer & Son	iii
Fireproofing Material.
	Asbestos Packing Co.	cover ii
	H. W. Johns Mfg. Co.	ii
Foot and Hand Power Machinery.
	W. F. & J. Barnes Co.	ii
	C. E. Little	ii
	Fred. A. Rich	iv
	Seneca Falls Mfg. Co.	ii
Furnaces.
	Abram Cox Stove Co.	cover iii
	Job Bartlett’s Sons	ix
	Hull, Grippen & Co.	ix
	E. A. Jackson & Bro.	cover ii
	M. H. Jacobs’ Furnace Co.	x
	Klein Furnace Co.	i
	Leibrandt & McDowell Stove Co.	i
	Omega Stove & Grate Co.	xii
	J. F. Pease Furnace Co.	x
	J. Reynolds & Son	v
	Schoen Heater and Stove Co.	ix
	Thomas, Roberts, Stevenson & Co.	cover iii
Gas Engines.
	Economic Motor Co.	cover ii
	Williams & Orton Mfg. Co.	iv
Gas Fires.
	H. P. Dixon & Co.	cover iv
Gas Fixtures.
	Thackara Sons & Co.	ix
Gas and Water Pipes.
	Gloucester Iron Works	v
Glass—Plate.
	Gillinder & Sons	cover iii
	Pittsburg Plate Glass Co.	xii
	P. Semmer & Co.	iii
Glass (Stained and Mosaic).
	Bray & Breck	iii
	Alfred Godwin	cover iv
	Gillinder & Sons	cover iii
	Keystone Stained Glass Works	ix
	Tiffany Glass Co.	vi
Glaziers’ Diamonds, Etc.
	Gillinder & Sons	cover iii
Glue.
	F. W. Thurston & Co.	vii
Greenhouse Boilers.
	Peter Devine	ii
	Hitchings & Co.	vii
Ground & Rough Glass for Floors, Etc.
	Pittsburg Plate Glass Co.	xii
Hack Saws.
	Miller’s Falls Co.	cover ii
Hammers.
	Fayette R. Plumb	cover iv
Hand Sawing Machines.
	W. F. & J. Barnes Co.	ii
Hardwood Floors.
	Wood‐Mosaic Co.	cover iii
Heating Apparatus.
	Abram Cox Stove Co.	cover iii
	Job Bartlett’s Sons	ix
	Wilmot Castle & Co.	xi
	Duplex Steam Heater Co.	xi
	E. N. Gates	xi
	Globe Steam Heater Co.	ix
	Hitchings & Co.	vii
	Hull, Grippen & Co.	ix
	E. A. Jackson & Bro.	cover ii
	M. H. Jacobs’ Furnace Co.	x
	Klein Furnace Co.	i
	Leibrandt & McDowell Stove Co.	i
	D. Mershon’s Sons	xii
	Omega Stove & Grate Co.	xii
	J. F. Pease Furnace Co.	x
	Pierce, Butler & Pierce	ix
	J. Reynolds & Son	v
	Schoen Heater and Stove Co.	ix
	Thomas, Roberts, Stevenson & Co.	cover iii
	Weir & Nixon	xii
	Woodcock & Co.	x
Iron Work for Building Purposes.
	Cheney & Hewlett	viii
	Manly & Cooper Mfg. Co.	viii
	J. S. Thorn	viii
Leather Belting.
	Page Belting Co.	iii
Leveling Instruments.
	John W. Harmon	ii
Liquid Glue.
	Russia Cement Co.	v
Lithographers.
	Schumacher & Ettlinger	cover ii
Lumber.
	I. G. Jenkins	vii
Lumber Drying.
	Hayden Bros.	iii
Machinists’ Supplies.
	Chandler & Farquhar	viii
Mahogany and Veneers.
	Hayden Bros.	iii
	J. Rayner	vii
Mail Chutes.
	The Cutler Mfg. Co.	cover ii
Mantels, Grates, Fire Places, Etc.
	E. J. Johnson	vii
Masons’ and Builders’ Supplies.
	S. Bowen’s Sons	viii
	S. H. French & Co.	viii
Mathematical Instruments.
	F. W. Devoe & Co.	vii
Metallic Roofing Tiles and Shingles.
	Gummey, Spering, Ingram & Co.	cover iv
	National Sheet Metal Roofing Co.	xiii
	Thorn Shingle and Ornament Co.	iii
Mineral Wool.
	Western Mineral Wool Co.	xii
Mortar Colors.
	S. Bowen’s Sons	viii
	S. H. French & Co.	viii
“New Flint Glass Ornamental Tile.”
	Gillinder & Sons	cover iii
Office and Bank Fittings.
	A. H. Andrews & Co.	ii
Organs.
	D. F. Beatty	vii
Ornamental Brick.
	Jas. H. Beggs & Co.	ii
	Chicago Anderson Pressed Brick Co.	ii
Ornamental Glass Work.
	C. H. Postel & Co.	cover iv
	The Western Sand Blast Co.	iii
Ornamental Iron Work.
	Manly & Cooper Mfg. Co.	viii
Ornamental Rustic Work.
	John Wheeler	v
Packing Materials.
	Asbestos Packing Co.	cover ii
Paints.
	The Chilton Mfg. Co.	viii
	F. W. Devoe & Co.	vii
	Eureka Color Works	cover iv
	S. H. French & Co.	viii
	H. W. Johns Mfg. Co.	ii
	Wm. T. Lindeman & Co.	cover iii
	W. H. Stewart	ii
	F. W. Thurston & Co.	vii
Parquet Floors.
	The Butcher Flooring Co.	iv
	J. Dunfee & Co.	v
	Wood‐Mosaic Co.	cover iii
Pavement Lights.
	Manly & Cooper Mfg. Co.	viii
Photographic Outfits.
	E. & H. T. Anthony & Co.	ii
Pianos.
	Marchal & Smith	vii
Planing Mill Machinery.
	Hoyt & Bro. Mfg. Co.	viii
Polished Plate Glass.
	Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.	xii
Porous Terra Cotta.
	Henry Maurer & Son	iii
Porous Earthenware.
	Henry Maurer & Son	iii
Poultry Yard Appliances.
	S. S. Bent & Son	viii
Prepared Roofing.
	M. Ehret, Jr., & Co.	cover iv
	H. F. Watson	viii
Pressed Brick.
	Jas. H. Beggs & Co.	ii
	Chicago Anderson Pressed Brick Co.	ii
Pumps.
	Goulds Mfg. Co.	cover iv
Pumping Engines.
	Economic Motor Co.	cover ii
Radiators.
	Wilmot Castle & Co.	xi
Railing Iron.
	Manly & Cooper Mfg. Co.	viii
Railway and Steam Fitters’ Supplies.
	Fayette R. Plumb	cover iv
Recording Thermometer.
	The Draper Mfg. Co.	xii
Reducing Valve.
	Mason Regulator Co.	iv
Reflectors.
	J. P. Frink	ii
Refrigerators.
	F. W. Lockwood	xii
Roof Snow Guards.
	John H. Hiller	cover ii
Roofing.
	Asbestos Packing Co.	cover ii
	M. Ehret. Jr., & Co.	cover iv
	H. W. Johns Mfg. Co.	ii
	W. H. Stewart	ii
	Warren‐Ehret Co.	cover iii
	Warren Chemical & Mfg. Co.	vii
	H. F. Watson	viii
Roofing Slate.
	E. J. Johnson	vii
	The American Bangor Slate Co.	iv
	The Old Bangor Slate Co.	vi
Roofing Tin.
	Gummey, Spering, Ingram & Co.	xi & cover iv
	Merchant & Co.	cover iv
	N. & G. Taylor Co.	cover iv
Roofing and Wall Tiles.
	The National Sheet‐Metal Roofing Co.	xiii
	Thorn Shingle and Ornament Co.	iii
Sandstone.
	Cleveland Stone Co.	viii
Sand Blast and Embossed Railroad Glass.
	The Western Sand Blast Co.	iii
Sash Balance.
	Pullman Sash Balance Co.	iv
Sash Cord.
	J. P. Tolman & Co.	cover ii
Sash Lock and Ventilator.
	I. G. Jenkins	vii
Saws.
	Emerson, Smith & Co.	xiv
	Seneca Falls Mfg. Co.	ii
Scroll Saws and Tools.
	W. F. & J. Barnes Co.	ii
	Fred. A. Rich	iv
	Seneca Falls Mfg. Co.	ii
Shade Roller.
	Cushman Bros. & Co.	ii
Shaking Grate.
	D. Mershon’s Sons	xii
	Woodcock & Co.	xi
Sheathing Lath.
	I. G. Jenkins	vii
Shellac.
	F. W. Thurston & Co.	vii
Shingles (Wood).
	I. G. Jenkins	vii
Shingle Stains.
	Sam’l Cabot	ii
	Dexter Bros.	i
Shutter Worker.
	F. B. Mallory	iii
Skylights.
	G. Hayes	v
	J. S. Thorn	viii
Sliding Blinds.
	Wm. Willer	ii
Stable Fittings and Fixtures.
	S. S. Bent & Son	viii
Stained Glass Substitute.
	W. C. Young	cover iii
Stair Iron.
	Manly & Cooper Mfg. Co.	viii
Steel Alphabets, Stencil Cutting, Etc.
	J. M. Stutzman	iii
Taps and Dies.
	Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co.	iii
Tinting Colors.
	Eureka Color Works	cover iv
Tools and Foot Power Machinery.
	C. E. Little	ii
	Seneca Falls Mfg. Co.	ii
	Fayette R. Plumb	cover iv
Tower Ornaments, Finials, Etc.
	Thos. W. Jones	i
Underground Cable.
	Standard Underground Cable Co.	i
Valves and Hydrants.
	Gloucester Iron Works	v
Varnish.
	F. W. Devoe & Co.	vii
	Wm. T. Lindeman & Co.	cover iii
	Standard Varnish Works	viii
	F. W. Thurston & Co.	vii
Vault Lights.
	Manly & Cooper Mfg. Co.	viii
Ventilating and Exhaust Fans.
	Geo. P. Clark	iii
Ventilators.
	T. T. Cohen	v
	Merchant & Co.	ii
Violin Outfits.
	C. W. Story	vii
Wall Plaster.
	Adamant Mfg. Co.	vii
Water Pressure Regulators.
	H. Mueller & Sons	i
Weather Strips.
	J. Dunfee & Co.	v
	Richmond Weather Strip Co.	iii
Weather Vanes.
	Thos. W. Jones	i
Well Tools.
	American Well Works	viii
Window Sash Cord.
	J. P. Tolman & Co.	cover ii
Window Shadings.
	Oswego Shade Cloth Co.	cover iv
Wood Carpet.
	J. Dunfee & Co.	v
	Wood‐Mosaic Co.	cover iii
Wood Filler.
	Bridgeport Wood Finishing Co.	viii
	F. W. Devoe & Co.	vii
	Wm. T. Lindeman & Co.	cover iii
	D. Rosenberg & Sons	viii
	F. W. Thurston & Co.	vii
Woodworking Machinery.
	Connell & Dengler	iii
	E. & F. Gleason	cover iv
	Goodell & Waters	v
	Hoyt & Bro.	viii
	C. B. Rogers & Co.	iv
	Rollstone Machine Co.	iii
	Samuel J. Shimer	iv
Wrenches.
	Geo. W. Marble	i

COLORED PLATES.

I. A Cottage for $2,500. A residence in Kansas City. With large plate of details drawn to a scale. July.

II. A $4,000 cottage. A $1,400 double house. With plate of details drawn to a scale. August.

III. A Southern residence of moderate cost. A $1,200 cottage. With plate of details drawn to a scale. September.

IV. A residence of moderate cost. A country store and flat. With plate of details drawn to a scale. October.

V. City frame houses of moderate cost. A $2,500 dwelling. With plate of details drawn to a scale. November.

VI. A dwelling of moderate cost. A suburban residence. With large plate of details drawn to a scale. December.

MISCELLANY.

Figures preceded by a star (*) refer to illustrated articles.
A
Adulteration of flour,	44
Africa, industries in,	71
Air filter,	*23
Antiquarian discovery,	24
Arch, construction of,	131
Apartment house, Mortimer,	121
Arch, Roman,	*16
Architects, women as,	6
Architecture, design in,	100
Architecture, mud, in Persia,	41
Architecture, naval,	49
Architecture, school house,	*105
Architectural era, the,	129
Artist’s house,	*18
Ash, white, the,	125
Asphalt, artificial,	47
B
Bamboo tree,	123
Bank building, design,	*69
Basswood,	42
Bathing establishment,	*134
Beams, iron vs. wood,	133
Bearings, to obtain,	70
Bed room decoration,	50
Bell, largest known,	69
Bell, Shaw & Gray,	*78
Bevel, improved,	*49
Birthplace of James Watt,	*121
Blacksmith’s epitaph,	18
Blinds,	91
Blistering,	47
Bloomfield, C. C., residence,	*72
Board, sounding, St. Paul’s,	142
Boiler, Auburn,	*100
Boilers, removing grease from,	61
Bourse, at Havre,	*10
Brick and brickwork, cost,	83
Brick dust cement,	69
Bricks, Gladstone,	78
Brick making, Chinese,	93
Bricks, fire,	126
Bridge, Britannia,	7
Bridges, temporary,	*52
Broiler farm, Howe,	*23
Buffet in walnut,	*96
Builders, items for,	31
Building, a great,	140
Building, Mr. Gunther’s,	45
Building, regulation of,	8
Building, Young Men’s Assoc.,	*24
C
California house, $2,500,	*128
Camera clamp,	*10
Candle grease, to remove,	9
Car load, American,	32
Car wheels, paper,	46
Carpet, wood,	70
Carriages, sound in,	109
Carved work,	*43
Casino in Vittel,	*134
Cathedral of Notre Dame,	*21
Cedar pavements,	127
Cedar shingles,	104
Ceilings and floors,	*36
Cement, action of frost on,	89
Cement apparatus,	116
Cement, brick dust,	69
Cement, effect of freezing,	115
Cement, Portland, making,	126
Cement, Portland, tests of,	87
Cement, testing,	*37
Cement testing machine,	*78
Chateau at Castelnaudary,	*130
Chimes, tube, new,	*132
Chimney, tall, laddering,	*52
Chimney flues, construction of,	124
Chimney tops,	70
Chimneys, lamp, how made,	38
Chimneys of the ancients,	65
Chimneys, removal of,	132
Church, an unsafe,	126
Church at La Capelle,	*94
Church at Stratton,	*95
Church of moderate cost,	40, 109
Chutes, mail,	*87
Circulars, seven foot four,	27
City front, design,	*115
Clamp, camera, new,	*10
Clock, windmill,	21
College, John Crouse,	*139
College of City of New York,	*48
College, Polytechnic, Cogswell,	*32
College, Vassar, sewerage,	99
Combustion, spontaneous,	115
Composition, new,	63
Concrete dockworks, failure,	73
Concrete, effect of sea water,	98
Contract, roofing plate, large,	120
Corner finish,	68
Correction, a,	120
Cottage, a continental,	*35
Cottage, a $1,200,	*54
Cottage, a $3,500,	*58
Cottage, a $4,200,	*140
Cottage, an $1,800,	*62
Cottage, Cambridge,	*70
Cottage, French,	*122
Cottage, London,	*71
Cottage of moderate cost,	*39
Cottages, seaside,	*92
Cottage, sketch for,	*135
Court house, Montpelier,	*30
Covering for pipes,	*118
D
Dam, California, great,	43
Decoration, bed room,	50
Decorative notes,	95
Decorative novelties,	90
Decoration, room,	141
Design in architecture,	100
Dining room, Tatton,	*17
Disinfectant, new,	92
Disinfection for the household,	50
Disinfection of sick rooms,	102
Dockwork, concrete, failure,	76
Donatello,	*9
Drainage and plumbing,	16
Dry rot,	20
Dry rot in large building,	*104
Dumb waiters,	7
Duomo of Florence,	*9
Dwelling, a Brooklyn,	*27
Dwelling, a $1,200,	30, 88
Dwelling, a $2,500,	*102
Dwelling, a $2,800,	*83
Dwelling, a $3,500,	*111
Dwelling, a $3,700,	*110
Dwelling, a $3,800,	*114
Dwelling, a $4,000,	*60
Dwelling, a $4,200,	61, 138
Dwelling, a $4,500,	33, 106, *117
Dwelling, a $5,000,	*57, 140
Dwelling, an artist’s,	*18
Dwelling, an Ohio.,	*68
Dwelling at Cambridge,	*24
Dwelling at E. New York,	*7
Dwelling at Flushing,	*89
Dwelling at Montclair,	*2
Dwelling at Providence,	*5
Dwelling, C. C. Bloomfield’s,	*72
Dwelling, Chicago,	*19
Dwelling, East Orange,	*9
Dwelling, English,	*8
Dwelling, Flatbush,	*13
Dwelling, Flushing,	*28
Dwelling for narrow lot,	*83
Dwelling house, double,	*34
Dwelling, Kansas City,	*3
Dwelling, Minneapolis,	*108
Dwelling, Mr. Gunther’s,	45
Dwelling, New York,	*1
Dwelling of moderate cost,	55, 80, *120
Dwelling, seashore,	*65
Dwelling, small, Paris,	*76
Dwelling, Southern,	*83
Dwelling, the Marquand,	34
Dwelling, Worcester,	*105
Dwelling, $3,500,	*6
Dwelling, suburban,	67
Dwellings at Glenridge,	*126
Dry rot, preventive,	13
E
Earthquake foundations,	*96
Ebonizing,	100
Engine, gas, Charter,	142
Engine room, Paisley,	*44
Entrance, design for,	*113
Epitaph, blacksmith’s,	18
Exhibition at Madrid,	*97
Exhibition, Manchester,	*14
Exhibition of building materials,	65
Explosive, new,	*133
Exposition, Agricultural, Nation’l,	*31
F
Factory operatives’ homes,	*133
Faience, Burmantofts,	*45
Fan, ventilating,	*78
Fanlight grating,	*64
Farm, broiler, Howe,	*23
Feed water heater, new,	*142
Fences, wire,	18
Fever, typhoid, by well water,	126
Filing machine, saw,	*87
Filter, air,	*23
Finger nail paint,	97
Finish, corner,	68
Fire and whitewash,	37
Fire brick,	126
Fire, care in respect to,	96
Fire place, marble,	*38
Fire proof paper,	22
Fireside, cheerful,	*142
Fire proof structures,	*124
Flies, oil of bay for,	89
Floors and ceilings,	*36
Floors, hydrofuge,	*52
Floors, stable,	*75
Flooring, fireproof,	*124
Flour adulteration,	44
Fluatation,	45, 100
Flues, chimney construction of,	124
Food economy,	61
Forestry problem, our,	122
Foundations, earthquake,	*96
Foundations in wet ground,	142
Front, city, design,	*115
Furnace, hot air, Fortune,	*142
Furniture, willow, to clean,	7
G
Galvanizing process,	95
Gangways vs. staircases,	133
Gardens at railway stations,	6
Gas engine, Charter,	*142
Gas fitting, rules for,	92
Gas tar, use of,	56
Gate at Bougival,	*93
Gift, a jubilee,	50
Girders, effect of heat,	22
Glass, frosted,	89, 97
Glass, plate,	58
Glass, stained,	52
Glass window,	42
Gold, silk, and ivory,	97
Granite,	69
Granite, red,	26
Great woodcock,	*100
Grating, fanlight,	*64
Grease in boilers, removal,	61
Ground, frozen, excavating,	69
H
Habitations, healthy,	97
Hall, Ancoats,	*16
Hall, Holbrook,	*104
Hall, Hulme,	*16
Heater, feed water, new,	*142
Heater, Fortune,	*142
Heating by steam,	104
Hemlock,	127
Hemlock laths,	46
Herbinger, Col., tomb of,	*42
Home of Miss Nightingale,	*132
Home of Milton,	*37
Home interiors,	19
Homes of factory operatives,	*133
Hotel Bourgtheroulde,	*20
Hotel de Peintre, Meudon,	*122
Hotel de Ville, Paris,	*43
Hotel, Spokane Falls,	*11
House, apartment, Mortimer,	121
House, a New York,	*1
House, a $1,200,	30, 88
House, a $2,500,	*102
House, a $2,800,	*83
House, a $3,500,	6, 111
House, a $3,700,	*110
House, a $3,800,	*114
House, a $4,000,	*60
House, a $4,200,	61, 138
House, a $4,500,	33, 106, *117
House, a $5,000,	57, 140
House, an artist’s,	*18
House, an English,	*8
House, an Ohio,	*68
House at Brooklyn,	*28
House at Cambridge,	*24
House at East Orange,	*9
House at Flatbush,	*13
House at Flushing,	*89
House at Montclair,	*2
House at Providence,	*5
House, California, $2,500,	*128
House, C. C. Bloomfield’s,	*72
House, Chicago,	*19
House, double, English,	*34
House, Flushing,	*27
House for narrow lot,	83, 116
House, ice, how to build,	130
House, ideal, of the future,	64
House, Kansas City,	*3
House, Minneapolis,	*108
House, Mr. Gunther’s,	45
House of moderate cost,	55, 80, 86, 102
House, railroad men’s,	*108
House, seashore,	*65
House, small, Paris,	*76
House, Southern,	*83
House, the Marquand,	34
House trap, Pietsch,	*69
House, Worcester,	*105
Houses, healthy,	97
Houses, suburban,	67
Houses, tenement,	*66
How we have grown,	135
Hydrofuge floors,	*52
I
Industries in Africa,	71
Ink for marking boxes, etc.,	129
Ink, marking, blue,	129
Interior, a Dutch,	115
Interiors, home,	19
Iron beams vs. wood,	133
Iron, to distinguish from steel,	63
Ivory, silk, and gold,	97
J
Jacotot, Henri,	*22
Joints and pipes,	113
Joints in woodwork,	*10
K
Keystone, ornamental,	*125
Kerosene oil,	45
L
Lamp chimneys, how made,	35
Lane, Market‐sted,	*16
Lath, Hall’s,	*26
Laths, hemlock,	46
Laundry, an English,	40
Leather, top, to clean,	91
Library, a curious,	138
Library, congressional,	140
Library building,	*53
Library, Carnegie,	*31
Lift for Eiffel tower,	52
Lime, testing,	*37
Logs, artificial,	*142
Love‐lies‐bleeding,	*70
M
Mail chutes, Cutler’s,	*87
Manchester Exhibition,	*14
Marble, effect of snow on,	118
Marble, practical use of,	62
Marble statue, how made,	139
Marble, to stain,	27
Marbles, Algerian,	21
Marbles, Vermont,	66
Masonry, measurement of,	76
Memorial, Shakespeare,	*119
Mercury as disinfectant,	92
Milton, home of,	*37
Mirrors, painted,	44
Miters, varying,	*18
Monument, Grant, design,	*77
Monument to M. Thiers,	*112
Mortar, colored,	91
Moulder’s sand,	75
Mud architecture in Persia,	41
N
Nails,	130
Naval architecture,	49
Nightingale, Miss, home of,	132
O
Oil, kerosene,	45
Oil of bay for flies,	89
Open gas fire radiator,	121
Operatives, factory home,	*133
Ornamental keystones,	*125
P
Pa crusta,	19
Painting,	132
Painting brick buildings,	89
Palaces, winter,	73
Panel, ornamental,	*64
Panels, terra cotta,	7
Paper, best effects in,	50
Paper car wheels,	46
Paper, water proof,	22
Passion flower, new,	*22
Pavements, cedar,	127
Pavilion, ornamental,	*107
Pedestal tenoner,	*74
Pile protecting compounds, testi’g,	119
Pine, long leaf,	94
Pine woods,	134
Pipes and joints,	113
Pipes, bursting of,	38
Pipes, drain, look to your,	130
Pipes, water, bursting,	113
Planer, improved,	*142
Planer, surface, new,	*100
Plaster, sand in,	33
Plaster, wall, adamant,	52
Plastering,	107
Plate glass,	58
Plumbing, about,	24
Plumbing and drainage,	16
Plumbing, not defective,	142
Portal of St. Ouen Abbey,	*20
Portland cement, improvem’nts in,	126
Post office, Montpelier,	*30
Post office, San Antonio,	*90
Post office, Springfield,	*7
Prints, transfer to wood,	91
Problem, forestry, our,	122
Pump, force, Alert,	*118
Pyramids,	75
R
Rabbit remedy,	130
Radiator, New Era,	*118
Railroad men’s house,	*108
Rainbows, double and single,	64
Readers and patrons, to our,	120
Relics, ancient, Sidon,	21
Residence, a $1,200,	30, 88
Residence, a $2,500,	*102
Residence, a $2,800,	*83
Residence, a $3,500,	*6
Residence, a $3,700,	*110
Residence, a $3,800,	*114
Residence, a $4,200,	61, 138
Residence, a $4,500,	33, 106, *117
Residence, a $5,000,	57, 140
Residence, Parisian,	*76
Residence at Flushing,	28, 89
Residence at Montclair,	*2
Residence at Providence,	*5
Residence, artist’s,	*18
Residence, Brooklyn,	*27
Residence, Cambridge,	*24
Residence, Chicago,	*19
Residence, East New York,	*7
Residence, East Orange,	*9
Residence, Flatbush,	*13
Residence for $8,000,	*123
Residence, Kansas City,	*3
Residence, Minneapolis,	*108
Residence, Mr. Gunther’s,	45
Residence, New York,	*1
Residence of C. C. Bloomfield,	*72
Residence of moderate cost,	55, 80
Residence, Ohio,	*68
Residence, seashore,	*65
Residence, Southern,	*83
Residence, suburban,	*121
Residences, suburban,	67
Residence, the Marquand,	34
Residence, Worcester,	*105
Residence, $4,000,	*60
Riverside Avenue, Spokane Falls,	*11
Roburite,	*133
Roofing plate contract, large,	120
Roofing plates, Penn,	78
Roofing slate,	32
Room, twelve mat,	*36
Rooms, proportions of,	140
Rose, Gloire De Dijon,	*22
Rouen, gems from,	20
Ruprich‐Robert, Mr.,	19
S
Sand in plaster,	33
Sand, moulders’,	75
Sandstone in building,	25
Saw, band, Marston’s,	*142
Sawdust,	125
Saw filer, Sherman’s,	*87
Scaffolding, portable,	*34
School architecture,	*105
School house and nursery,	*63
Screens,	91
Sewerage, Vassar College,	99
Shakespeare memorial,	*119
Shingle stains,	118
Shingles, cedar,	104
Shrubs, planting,	50
Shutter worker, Malloy’s,	*87
Sideboard in walnut,	*96
Silk, gold, and ivory,	97
Silk room, disinfecting,	102
Silo building,	*74
Slate, roofing,	32
Snow, effect on marble,	118
Snow sheds, mountain,	67
Sounding board, St. Paul’s,	*142
Stable, a $5,500,	*140
Stable floors,	*75
Staircase, Tatton,	*17
Staircases, gangways vs.,	133
Stains, shingle,	118
Statue, marble, how made,	139
Steam heating data,	104
Stone, Caen,	70
Stone, preservation of,	100
Stone steps, to repair,	116
Stone, waterproofing,	45
Store, a country.,	*82
Store at Winona,	*91
Store, country, a $2,000,	*59
Stores, water pipes in,	*104
Suggestions, good,	135
T
Tar, gas, use of,	56
Tatton, Cheshire,	*17
Tea, Japanese,	25
Tenoner, pedestal,	*74
Temple, Egyptian,	124
Terra cotta panels,	7
Theater, a safe,	33
Thuja gigantea,	115
Timber, green or dry,	7
Tomb, M. Thiers’,	*112
Tomb of Col. Herbinger,	*42
Tombs, Etruscan,	35
Tower on Mount of Olives,	119
Trade unions,	104
Trap, house, Pietsch,	*69
Trap, plumbers’,	*49
Tree, bamboo,	123
Trees, planting,	50
Trees, planting, roadside,	124
Tripod head, new,	*10
Tube chimes,	132
Typhoid,	110
Typhoid fever by well water,	126
U
United States, growth of,	135
V
Vase, the largest,	39
Vassar College sewerage,	99
Vegetables in Japan,	26
Villa, a French,	*46
Villa, an Austrian,	*41
Villa at Saint Lo,	*98
W
Wages, how to increase,	34
Wall, Chinese,	44
Wall, dividing, removal,	57
Wall plaster, adamant,	52
Walls, burning buildings, collapse,	127
Walter, Thomas U.,	134
Water, good, value of,	34
Water pipes, bursting of,	113
Waterproof paper,	22
Waterproof stone,	45
Water, the, keep out,	120
Watt, James, birthplace of,	*121
Weather strip, Richmond,	26
Weather Vane, Reynolds’,	*26
Wells, look to your,	130
Wheels, car, paper,	46
White ash, the,	125
Whitewash and fire,	37
Whooping cough,	87
Windmill clock,	21
Window glass,	42
Window shutter device,	*87
Winter palaces,	73
Wire fences,	18
Wood carpet,	70
Wood filler, Wheeler’s,	11
Wood of Thuja gigantea,	115
Wood, preservation of,	65
Woodpecker’s sugar bush,	32
Woodwork, joints in,	*10
Woodwork, preservation,	32
Woods, pine,	134
Woods, staining,	47
Woods, uses of,	24
Women as architects,	6
Writing, minute,	77
Y
Yard, the back,	134

Principal Offices: 178 Devonshire St., BOSTON.
Western Offices: Pullman Building, CHICAGO.

Mahogany, Cherry, and Walnut Stains, Philadelphia Flat Brick Red, Outside
Hard Wood Finish, Philadelphia Iron Filler and Steel Color
Paint, Philadelphia Hard Wood Filler.

Boston Wax Floor Polish, Bigelow’s Varnishes, Cabot’s Creosote Stains, D. B. Crockett’s “Preservative” and “Spar Composition.”

END‐WOOD MOSAIC is the most perfect and durable floor covering
ever made of wood.

Office and Works,		Salesroom,
318 SCIO ST., ROCHESTER, N. Y.		321 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK CITY.

The following are some of the fine Public and Office Buildings furnished by us:

First National Bank Building; Montauk Block; Pullman Offices and Flats; C., B. and Q. Office Building; Grand Trunk Depot and Offices; New Board of Trade; Home Insurance Building; Insurance Exchange; Traders; Clark and Counselman Buildings; and New Union League Club Buildings, of this city; the Atchison Topeka and Santa Fé Offices of Topeka, Kansas; the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern R. R. Offices, at Cedar Rapids, Iowa; and the George Spencer Office Buildings, at Duluth, Minn.

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN
FRENCH and AMERICAN
Plate Glass,
Looking Glass Plates, Enameled, Colored, Cathedral,
AND
other Ornamental Glass.
Glaziers’ Diamonds.
Pure Putty, Points, etc.

MANUFACTURERS OF
FRANKLIN
Window Glass,
Equal to Foreign Brands.
Also Manufacturers OF THE

AT SMALL COST. Send for Illustrated Catalogue and Prices. Samples by mail 25 cents.

BUILDING AND SHEATHING PAPERS,
COMPLETE READY ROOFING,
—AND—
CARPET LININGS,

Having repeated inquiries for a Hot Air Furnace combining all the good elements of a first‐class furnace, with the FANCY FRILLS left off, that could be put up at a MODERATE PRICE, induced us to make the “Popular Fortune,” sales of which, and the satisfaction rendered, have proven it to be just the furnace wanted, specially for Suburban Houses.

“Old Style.”	Extra Heavily Coated. The Best Made.
“Westminster.”	Re‐dipped. Made from Heavy Iron.
COOKLEY K	Highest Grade of Heavy Regular Coated.

PHILADELPHIA,		ST. LOUIS,		CHICAGO,
423 Walnut Street.		113 North 8th Street.		50 Dearborn Street.

Work as Reference,
Union News Co., Pennsylvania Railroad,
Pennsylvania University.

MANUFACTURED BY
EDW. E. JILLARD,
EUREKA COLOR WORKS,
1645 NORTH TENTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED BY
GEO. W. SMITH & CO.,
3907 to 3919 Powelton Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

MAIN OFFICE and WORKS:
PENN. R. R., TUCKER AND JAMES STREETS, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Architects, Roofers, Builders. “Alderly” and “Penn” Old Method Roofing Plates

THE TWO BEST BRANDS OF GUARANTEED ROOFING PLATES. THERE ARE NO OTHER BRANDS EQUAL TO THESE PLATES.

ALDERLY	⎧ ⎨ ⎩	Made of Siemens‐Martin Soft Steel, same as Old Style Plates. Next in Quality, of Standard Weight, Perfectly Square, Perfectly Assorted. True to Gauge. We carry in Stock, Stamped and Unstamped.

“PENN” OLD METHOD Treble Coated Roofing Plate.	⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩	GUARANTEED to stand any test demanded. Guaranteed to be heavier coated than any other plate, each box, 14 × 20 contains 20 lbs., and 28 × 20 contains 40 lbs. Guaranteed to have all the Coating that it is possible for any plate to hold. Guaranteed Rolled true to Gauge. Absolutely perfect in every respect. Guaranteed to last longer on Roof without being painted than any other Old Style Plate. Guaranteed sheets perfectly square and flat. Both IC and IX, all strapped with iron.

SOLE MANUFACTURERS of the “PATTEN” METALLIC ROOFING SHINGLES.
GUMMEY, SPERING, INGRAM & CO.,Philadelphia—Liverpool.

The “Gilbertson’s Old Method” is the only brand of Dipped Plates of which the makers have notified consumers—through a letter published by us some time since—that they would send NO WASTERS TO THIS COUNTRY.

SHEETS that are GUARANTEED and STAMPED are the only protection to the Architect, Owner, and Roofer, against dishonest competition and the USE OF INFERIOR MATERIAL.

525 Arch St., PHILADELPHIA.
9 Burling Slip, NEW YORK.
202 Lake St., CHICAGO.
No. 1 Metal Exchange Buildings, LONDON, E. C.

Scientific American Architects and Builders edition. No. 26

Economic ✠ Gas ✠ Engines.