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Title: The Romance of Rubber

Author: John Martin (Ed.)

Release Date: December, 2003  [EBook #4759]
[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
[This file was first posted on March 13, 2002]

Edition: 10

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE ROMANCE OF RUBBER ***




Robert Rowe, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.



THE ROMANCE OF RUBBER

EDITED BY JOHN MARTIN

EDITOR OF JOHN MARTIN'S BOOK THE CHILD'S MAGAZINE

PUBLISHED BY UNITED STATES RUBBER COMPANY





AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE

We have undertaken to print this booklet, telling you how rubber 
is grown, gathered, and then made useful, for this reason:

The United States Rubber Company, as the largest rubber 
manufacturer in the world, wants the coming generations of our 
country to have some understanding of the importance of rubber in 
our every day life.

We hope to interest and inform you. We believe the rubber industry 
will be better off if the future citizens of our country know more 
about it.





CHAPTER 1

THE DISCOVERY


If you were asked, "What did Columbus discover in 1492?" you would 
have but one answer. But what he discovered on his second voyage 
is not quite so easy to say. He was looking for gold when he 
landed on the island of Hayti on that second trip. So his eyes 
were blind to the importance of a simple game which he saw being 
played with a ball that bounced by some half-naked Indian boys on 
the sand between the palm trees and the sea. Instead of the 
coveted gold, he took back to Europe, just as curiosities, some of 
the strange black balls given him by these Indian boys. He learned 
that the balls were made from the hardened juice of a tree.

The little boys and girls of Spain were used to playing with balls 
made of rags or wool, so you may imagine how these bouncing balls 
of the Indians must have pleased them. But the men who sent out 
this second expedition gave the balls little thought and certainly 
no value. Since Columbus brought back no gold, he was thrown into 
prison for debt, and he never imagined that, four hundred years 
later, men would turn that strange, gummy tree juice into more 
gold than King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella and all the princes of 
Europe ever dreamed of.

In the next century after Columbus's travels the Portuguese 
founded the colony of Brazil on the continent of South America. 
Their settlements were near the coast and they did not begin to 
explore the great Amazon region for a hundred years or so. The 
journey down this great river--which Theodore Roosevelt took so 
many years later--was first made by a Portuguese missionary, who 
found the same kind of gummy tree juice as that of the West 
Indies. But the natives along the Amazon had discovered that 
besides being elastic it was waterproof, and they were making 
shoes that would keep out water. You can picture a native boy 
spilling some of this liquid on his foot, then covering it, as he 
might with a mud pie, and when it dried wiggling his toes to find 
that, he had the first and perhaps the best fitting gum shoe that 
ever was made.

Little by little samples of this new substance found their way to 
Europe. It was another hundred years before thoughtful men 
believed it worth while to investigate this gum. In 1731 the Paris 
Academy of Science sent some explorers to learn about it. One of 
these Frenchmen, La Condamine, wrote of a tree called "Hevea" 
[Footnote: Hevea is pronounced Hee'-vee-uh. Caoutchouc is 
pronounced koo'-chook.] "There flows from this tree a liquor which 
hardens gradually and blackens in the air." He found the people of 
Quito waterproofing cloth with it, and the Amazon Indians were 
making boots which, when blackened in smoke, looked like leather. 
Most interesting of all, they coated bottle-shaped moulds, and 
when the gum had hardened they would break the mould, shaking the 
pieces out of the neck, leaving an unbreakable bottle that would 
hold liquids.

It was not long afterwards that Lisbon began to import some of 
these crudely fashioned articles, and it is said that in 1755 the 
King of Portugal sent to Brazil several pairs of his boots to be 
waterproofed. A few years later the Government of Para, Brazil, 
sent him a full suit of rubber clothes. For all that, this elastic 
gum was for the most part only a curiosity, and few people knew 
there was such a thing.

About the year 1770, a black, bouncing ball of caoutchouc, as the 
Indians called the gum, after many travels found its way to 
England, and Priestley, the man who gave us oxygen, learned that 
it would rub out pencil marks. Then and there he named it what you 
have probably guessed long before this: "rub-ber." Nearly every 
language except English uses in place of the word rubber some form 
of the native Word "caoutchouc," which means "weeping tree." After 
Priestley's discovery, a one-inch "rubber" sold for three 
shillings, or about seventy-five cents, but artists were glad to 
pay even that price, because their work was made so much easier.





CHAPTER 2

CHARLES GOODYEAR


In 1800 Brazil was the only country manufacturing rubber articles, 
and her best market soon proved to be North America. Probably the 
first rubber this country saw was brought to New England in 
clipper ships as ballast in the form of crude lumps and balls. 
Rubber shoes, water-bottles, powder-flasks, and tobacco-pouches 
found buyers in the American ports, but rubber shoes were most in 
demand.

Soon some Americans began to import raw rubber and to manufacture 
rubber goods of their own, and in the old world a Scotchman named 
Macintosh found a way of waterproofing cloth by spreading on it a 
thin coating of rubber dissolved in coal naphtha. Many people 
still refer to raincoats as mackintoshes. Rubber clothing shared 
favor with rubber shoes, but its popularity was short-lived for it 
did not wear well and was almost as sensitive to temperature as 
molasses and butter. The rubber shoes and coats get hard and stiff 
in winter and soft and sticky in summer. A man wearing a pair of 
rubber overalls who sat down too near a warm stove soon found that 
his overalls, his chair and himself were stuck fast together. The 
first rubber coats became so stiff in cold weather that when you 
took one off you could stand it up in the middle of the floor and 
leave it, for it would stand like a tent until the rubber thawed 
out, and when thawed it was almost as uncomfortable as is fly-
paper to the fly.

One day Charles Goodyear, a Connecticut hardware merchant of an 
inventive turn of mind, went to a store to buy a life preserver. 
He could find only imperfect ones, but they drew his attention to 
the study of rubber, and presently he was thinking of it by day 
and dreaming of it by night. Rubber became a passion with him. He 
felt sure some way could be found to make it firm yet flexible 
regardless of temperature, and for ten years he experimented with 
different mixtures and processes, hoping to find the right one. So 
intent was he on his search that he found time for nothing else. 
Due to neglect his business went to pieces and he became very 
poor.

Finally, in 1839, when he was on the point of giving up in 
despair, he accidentally came upon the solution. He was 
experimenting in his kitchen, a place which, through lack of 
funds, he was often forced to use as a laboratory. Part of a 
mixture of rubber, sulphur and other chemicals, with which he was 
working, happened to drop on the top of the stove. It lay there 
sizzling and charring until the odor of the burning rubber called 
his attention to it. As he stooped to scrape it off the stove he 
gave a start of wonder as he noted that a change had come over the 
rubber during its brief contact with the stove.

To his surprise the mixture had not melted, but had flattened out 
in the shape of a silver dollar. When it had cooled enough to be 
handled, he found that it bent and stretched easily, without 
cracking or breaking, and that it always snapped back to its 
original shape. Strangest of all, it was no longer sticky. 
Apparently half the problem was solved. Whether his new mixture 
would stand the cold he had yet to find out, so he nailed it on 
the outside of the door and went to bed. Probably he slept but 
little and was up early. At any rate he found the rubber 
unaffected by the cold.

Then he knew that he had made a real discovery and he named the 
process "vulcanizing" after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. 
"Vulcanizing" means mixing pure rubber with certain chemicals and 
then applying heat. On this process, which is by no means simple, 
the great rubber business of the world has been established. 
Practically everything made of rubber, or of which rubber is a 
part, has to go through the vulcanizing process, whether it is a 
pair of Keds, a tire, a fruit jar ring, or a doormat.

So many people had been deceived by previous rubber ventures that 
Goodyear had great trouble in finding anyone with enough faith to 
invest money in his discovery. It was some time before he was able 
to take out the first of the more than sixty patents which he was 
granted during his lifetime for applying his process to various 
uses. Under these patents he licensed several factories to use the 
process in the manufacture of rubber goods, but required them to 
stamp all goods with the words "Goodyear patent." Scores of 
companies have since used the name Goodyear, but the only 
factories that he licensed which are now in existence are parts of 
the United States Rubber Company.

Goodyear often had to defend his patents in court. In the most 
famous of these suits, he was defended by Daniel Webster and 
opposed by Rufus Choate, so that we see interwoven in the story of 
rubber the names of two of the greatest statesmen this country has 
produced.





CHAPTER 3

THE HEVEA TREE


For the very first of the rubber story we may thank a little wood-
boring beetle, and the way nature has of helping her children to 
protect themselves.

The thistle of the meadow is as safe from hungry cattle as though 
fenced in by barbed wire. A cow must be starving that would care 
to flavor her luncheon with the needles that the thistle bears. 
The common skunk cabbage would make a tempting meal for her after 
a winter of dry feeding, had not Nature given it an odor that 
disgusts even a spring-time appetite. The milkweed welcomes the 
bees and flies that help to distribute her pollen where she wants 
it spread, but she has her own way of punishing the useless 
thieves that trespass up her stalk. Wherever the hooks of an 
insect's feet pierce her tender skin, she pours out a milky juice 
to entangle its feet and body, and it is a lucky bug that succeeds 
in escaping before this juice hardens, and holds him a prisoner 
condemned to die.

All over the world there are plants with the same ability that the 
milkweed has, but it is especially true of certain trees and vines 
of the tropics. As soon as the little beetle begins to bore into 
the bark of one of these trees, there pours out a sticky, milky 
fluid that kills the insect at once. If this were all, the wound 
would remain open, ready for the next robber who came along. In 
order that the break may be healed, a cement is necessary, but not 
a hard, unyielding one, for that would crumble away with the 
motion of the tree in the wind.

So with Mother Nature's perfection in doing things, the very plant 
juice that has done duty as a poison is hardened into an elastic 
stopper. with the result that, no matter how far the tree may sway 
and tug at the wound, the filling gives and stretches, true to the 
task it has to perform.

This was the juice the crafty savage induced the tree to give up. 
Wherever the bark was cut, the fluid poured forth to heal the 
break and hardened like blood on a cut finger. The native caught 
it while it was still soft and applied it to his simple needs.

This juice is not the sap of the rubber tree. Sap, which is the 
life-blood of the tree, flows through the wood, but the juice we 
are describing is contained in the inner bark, a thin layer 
directly below the outer bark.

Scientific men call this juice latex. It is like milk in three 
ways: it is white, it contains tiny particles that rise to the top 
like cream, and it spoils quickly.

The particles in cow's milk are full of fats which make it good 
for us to drink. But a rubber tree's milk has tiny atoms of rubber 
and resin and other things, and it took time to discover which of 
the vines and trees was the prize milker of the tropics and gave 
the largest amount of pure rubber. Finally, the Hevea, the very 
tree the Frenchman wrote about, proved to be the best, and, 
although by no means the only rubber tree of commercial value, it 
is acknowledged the greatest of rubber trees.

The Hevea tree grows sixty feet tall, and when full grown is eight 
or ten feet around. It rises as straight as an elm, with high 
branching limbs and long, smooth oval leaves. Sprays of pale 
flowers blossom upon it in August, followed in a few months by 
pods containing three speckled seeds which look like smooth, 
slightly flattened nutmegs. When the seeds are ready to drop the 
outer covering of the pod bursts with a loud report, the seeds 
shooting in all directions.

This is Nature's clever scheme to spread the Hevea family. The 
tree grows wild in the hot, damp forests of the Amazon valley and 
in other parts of South America that have a similar climate. The 
ideal climate for the rubber tree is one which is uniform all the 
year round, from eighty-nine to ninety-four degrees at noon, and 
riot lower than seventy degrees at night. The Amazon country has a 
rainy season which lasts half the year, though the other season is 
by no means a dry one, and so for half the time the jungles are 
flooded.

These rubber storehouses had been growing for thousands of years 
in the Amazon jungle with their wealth securely sealed up in their 
bark, the peck of a bird, the boring of a beetle, or the scratch 
of a climbing animal being the only draft upon their treasure. The 
trees around the mouth of the river supplied whatever was needed 
for the little manufacturing that was at first done. But the 
discovery that made a universal use for rubber changed all this. 
Brazil was surprised to find what great treasure her forests 
contained. Large rubber areas were found a thousand miles up the 
river and she began in a serious way to develop a large crude 
rubber business.

Less than twenty years ago Brazil produced practically all the 
rubber used in the world. But to-day she furnishes less than one-
tenth of the world's supply. How Brazil, possessing in her vast 
forests millions of rubber trees of the finest quality, has been 
forced by unfavorable conditions to permit the Far East to sweep 
from her in this short time the crude rubber supremacy of the 
world is one of the most unusual chapters in modern industrial 
history.





CHAPTER 4

WICKHAM'S IDEA


The story of the success of the East Indies in wresting the crude 
rubber supremacy from Brazil, begins with an Englishman named 
Wickham, who might be called the father of plantation rubber.

Wickham, who had spent some years in South America, understood the 
difficulties of gathering rubber in the jungles. He believed that 
if rubber could be cultivated it might prove a good crop on the 
coffee plantations in India which a blight had recently rendered 
valueless for coffee. What a strange fact it is that this blight 
gave Brazil a chance to go into coffee growing, and that while 
Brazil was losing the rubber supremacy to the Far East, the Far 
East at about the same time was surrendering the leadership in 
coffee to Brazil. The latter now holds first place in coffee 
growing as firmly as does the Far East in rubber growing.

Wickham saw that there were difficulties that would prevent the 
gathering of wild rubber from keeping pace with the growing 
demand. Although millions of rubber trees still stood untouched in 
the Brazilian forests, only those trees near the river banks could 
be tapped because of the impossibility of getting the rubber out 
of the dense vegetation. Life in the jungle was dangerous and 
lonely, and therefore rubber gatherers were not easy to find. They 
were compelled to work far from their families and friends, and in 
constant danger from wild beasts, reptiles and death-bearing 
fevers. It is no wonder that rubber obtained in this way came to 
be known as "wild rubber." Moreover, transporting the crude 
product through the jungles was hard and expensive and the rubber 
obtained under these conditions was not always so clean or high in 
quality as might be wished.

"If rubber trees grow from the seeds which nature scatters in the 
jungle," said Wickham to himself, "why should they not grow from 
seeds put into the ground by hand?"

"If rubber trees could be raised from seed, they could be planted 
in the open in rows where they could easily be tended and tapped, 
and the rubber gathered quickly and safely. Instead of having to 
brave the dangerous jungles, men could plant and cultivate rubber 
in spots of their own choosing so long as they chose places where 
the climate was right."

For many years people only laughed at Wickham's great idea, but 
like Goodyear he had faith enough to persevere. While in Brazil he 
planted some rubber seeds to see what would happen. The seeds DID 
grow, and the book which Wickham wrote about his idea and his 
experiments finally came into the hands of Sir Joseph Hooker, the 
Director of the Botanical Gardens in Kew, near London. So 
interested did he become that he called Wickham's plan to the 
attention of the Government of India, and finally Wickham was 
commissioned to take a cargo of rubber seeds to England, so that 
his idea might be tried out.

This commission was more difficult than one might think, and all 
of Wickham's faith and perseverance were needed to carry it out. 
Indeed for a time it seemed hopeless, principally because the 
seeds so quickly dry up and lose their vitality that they must be 
planted very soon after being gathered.

But Wickham watched his opportunity, and finally he was able to 
charter a ship in the name of the Indian Government. About a third 
of the way up the Amazon River he placed in her hold several 
thousand carefully packed seeds of the Hevea Braziliensis, or 
rubber tree. Let Wickham, himself, tell how he surmounted the next 
difficulty:

"We were bound to call in at the city of Para as the port of 
entry, in order to obtain clearance papers for the ship before we 
could go to sea. Any delay would have rendered my precious freight 
quite valueless and useless. But again fortune favored. I had a 
'friend at court' in the person of Consul Green, who went himself 
with me to call on the proper official, and supported me as I 
presented to His Excellency 'my difficulty and anxiety, being in 
charge of, and having on board a ship anchored out in the stream, 
exceedingly delicate botanical specimens, especially designated 
for delivery to Her Britannic Majesty's own Royal Garden of Kew. 
Even while doing myself the honor of thus calling on His 
Excellency, I had given orders to the captain of the ship to keep 
up steam, having ventured to trust His Excellency would see his 
way clear to furnishing me with immediate dispatch. An interview 
most polite, full of mutual compliments in the best Portuguese 
manner, enabled us to get under way as soon as the captain had got 
the dinghy hauled aboard."

Can you imagine Wickham's sigh of relief as his vessel, with its 
freight of perishable treasure, steamed out of port, and began the 
long journey to England?





CHAPTER 5

PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT


The transporting of the rubber seeds from the Brazilian forests to 
England was only the first step in Wickham's project. The real 
test was still to come. The seeds were planted in the famous 
Botanical Gardens of Kew, and on August 12, 1876, the several 
thousand seedlings which had been raised from them were packed in 
special cases and shipped to Ceylon on the other side of the globe 
for the final and most important stage of the experiment.

How long the next five years must have seemed to the anxious 
Wickham, for it was that long before the first rubber tree 
flowered in the gardens at Heneratgoda, sixteen miles from 
Colombo, where the trees had finally been planted. In this year, 
1881, experiments in tapping began, and it was plain that 
Wickham's dream was to be realized.

From these few trees, so carefully tended in their youth, has 
sprung the whole rubber industry of Ceylon and the Far East. 
Wickham must indeed have been proud to see the plantations 
spreading from Ceylon to Malaya, where rubber was eagerly taken up 
by planters who were despairing of ever making a living out of 
coffee, and later to Sumatra and Java and Borneo. To-day rubber 
plantations cover an area of over 3,000,000 acres, with a yearly 
output of almost 360,000 tons, or about ten times the average 
yearly output of "wild rubber."

There is a curious coincidence in the fact that Wickham got his 
idea about planting rubber trees in India at about the same time 
that men in America began to experiment with the horseless 
carriage. You may never have stopped to think of it, but 
mechanical experts say that without rubber pneumatic tires, 
automobiles could never have become the fine, swift vehicles they 
are. It was a wonderful thing that when in the early part of this 
century the automobile industry suddenly burst forth with a demand 
for rubber so great that Brazil could never have hoped to supply 
it, there was found ready in the Far East, as a result of the 
planting that had been done there, a supply that took care of the 
sudden emergency.

A little more than ten years ago American business men began to 
take an interest in the rubber plantations. They have shown 
characteristic energy in the field, and the greatest single rubber 
plantation in the world is owned by an American company, the 
United States Rubber Company. This plantation is on the island of 
Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies, one of the best governed 
colonies in the East. On this island is an orchard of rubber 
trees, as beautifully laid out and as well cared for as any 
orchard of fruit trees in our own country. For seventy square 
miles, an area as large as the District of Columbia, the orderly 
ranks of trees fill the gently rolling landscape, every inch of 
which is weeded as carefully as a garden. It takes twenty thousand 
employees to care for the trees, which number more than 5,000,000.

On this plantation the science of growing rubber trees has been 
brought to a perfection known nowhere else in the world. Groups of 
botanists, chemists and arboriculturists study constantly tree 
diseases, methods of increasing the yield, and the other problems 
of growing fine trees that will produce high grade rubber. Here, 
by experiment and inspection, the secrets of the rubber tree are 
being brought to light, so much so that growers look to this 
plantation for leadership in methods of rubber culture. This great 
project so far from American soil and in a field so new gives a 
thrill of pride to the Americans visiting Sumatra on their way 
around the world.





CHAPTER 6

PLANTATION LIFE


The moist but very hot climate which rubber trees require is found 
only in a zone around the world between the parallels of latitude 
thirty degrees north to thirty degrees south of the equator. 
Within this zone there have been found more than 350 rubber 
bearing trees, shrubs and vines. For this reason this zone is 
called the Rubber Belt. As most of the rubber used commercially is 
gathered from trees growing within a zone extending from ten 
degrees north to ten degrees south of the equator, this latter 
zone is sometimes called the Inner Rubber Belt.

If you will trace this belt on a map of the world you will see 
that it includes the Amazon region which produces more than three-
quarters of the wild rubber used in manufacturing. Most of South 
America's wild rubber is obtained from Brazil, the remainder from 
Bolivia, Peru and Venezuela. Now continue the belt across the 
Atlantic Ocean to Africa, where you will strike the Belgian Congo 
which produces a small quantity of wild rubber. Partly owing to 
the careless manner of gathering and partly to the fact that it is 
not originally of as good quality as Brazilian rubber, Congo 
rubber is not as valuable for manufacturing as Brazilian. Then 
complete the circle by following the belt across the Indian Ocean 
to Ceylon and the East Indies which contain the great rubber 
plantations where most of the rubber used to-day comes from.

To establish a rubber plantation requires very careful planning. 
The choice of a site is of first importance, for the planter must 
find a locality having a moist climate with an evenly distributed 
rain-fall where the temperature throughout the year does not fall 
below seventy degrees Fahrenheit, and where there is protection 
from the wind. There must also be, of course, access to a steady 
labor supply and a convenient shipping port. As the proper climate 
is a tropical one, there is usually dense jungle to be cleared 
away. Immense trees and thick bushes, rank straggling weeds and 
vines form an almost impenetrable jungle. To turn such a place 
into a garden spot means a genuine battle against jungle 
conditions. But gradually trees, shrubs and undergrowth are torn 
out and burned, laying bare the rich soil ready for the plow of 
the planter.

Meantime the rubber seedlings have been sprouted in nurseries. 
When the ground is ready they are carefully taken up and 
transplanted to the holes which have been made for them in the 
field where they are to be permanently planted.

Though the growth of the trees is very rapid, sometimes as much as 
twenty feet in the first year, there are five years of anxious 
waiting and guarding against winds and disease before they are 
ready to be tapped and so begin to reward the planters. At first 
the yield of a tree is only about one-half pound of rubber a year, 
and this increases so slowly that it is many years before it 
amounts to as much as ten pounds a year. The highest yield ever 
recorded was given by one of the original trees set out in the 
gardens at Heneratgoda, which gave ninety-six and one-half pounds 
in one year.

How different is life on the rubber plantations of to-day from the 
life of the gatherer of wild rubber in the jungle. In Brazil, the 
solitary workers have to plunge at dawn into the perilous forest, 
with its lurking wildcats and jaguars, its coiled and creeping 
serpents. The dwellings are flimsy huts, food is scarce and 
expensive, and disease and fever cause many deaths.

On the other hand, workers on a well-managed plantation live in 
comfortable houses in healthy surroundings and are supplied with 
plenty of good food. In fact the conditions are so much better 
than generally prevail among natives in the Orient that work on a 
plantation is considered more desirable than most other forms of 
labor. The unmarried men live in barracks, but the men with 
families have individual houses with garden plots adjoining. Big 
kitchens prepare and cook the food in the best native style. 
Schools for the children, recreation centers for old and young, 
and hospitals to care for the sick, are all parts of the 
plantation organization.

In erecting hospitals and caring for the health of its plantation 
workers, as in other branches of the rubber industry, America has 
taken the lead. So well is this recognized, that the Dutch 
Government has awarded a medal to the United States Rubber Company 
for the efficiency and completeness of its plantation hospital, 
which happens to be the largest private hospital in the East 
Indies, having accommodations for nearly a thousand patients.





CHAPTER 7

HARVESTING THE RUBBER


It is a cheerful sight to see the workers, men and women, dressed 
in all the colors of the rainbow, trooping out from their quarters 
to begin the day's work. The tapping must be done early in the 
day, for the latex or rubber juice stops flowing a few hours after 
sunrise.

When the trees reach eighteen inches in girth at a point eighteen 
inches from the ground, they are ready for tapping. This growth is 
usually attained when the trees are about five years old.

In tapping, a narrow strip of bark is cut away with a knife, the 
cut extending diagonally one-quarter of the way around the tree. 
At each succeeding day's tapping the tapper widens the cut by 
stripping off a sliver of bark one-twentieth of an inch in width. 
[Footnote: This method of tapping is shown on the front cover] He 
must be careful not to cut into the wood of the tree, as such cuts 
not only injure the tree but permit the sap to run into the latex 
and spoil the rubber. When the tapper has made the proper gash in 
the bark he inserts a little spout to carry the dripping latex to 
a glass cup beneath.

Later in the morning the workers make the rounds of the trees with 
large milk cans, gathering the latex from the cups. When the cans 
are full they are carried to a collecting station, called a 
Coagulation Shed. It is as clean and well kept as a dairy. Here 
the latex is weighed, and when each collector has been credited 
with the amount he has brought, it is dumped into huge vats.

The next step is to extract the particles of rubber from the latex 
and to harden them. The jungle method of hardening rubber is to 
dip a wooden paddle in the latex and smoke it over a fire of wood 
and palm nuts.[Footnote: See picture, page 12.] It is a back-
breaking process to cover the paddle with layer after layer, until 
a good-sized lump, usually called a "biscuit," is formed. The 
plantation method is a quicker and cleaner one. Into the vats is 
poured a small quantity of acid, which causes the rubber "cream" 
to coagulate and come to the surface. The "coagulum," as it is 
called, is like snow-white dough. It is removed from the vats and 
run in sheets through machines which squeeze out the moisture and 
imprint on them a criss-cross pattern to expose as large a surface 
as possible to the air.

These sheets of rubber are then hung in smoke houses and smoked 
from eight to fourteen days in much the same way that we smoke 
hams and bacon. After being dried in this way they are pressed 
into bales or packed in boxes ready for shipment.





CHAPTER 8

A LAST WORD


It would be an adventure to follow a bale of plantation rubber as, 
carefully boxed or wrapped in burlap, it starts on its long and 
picturesque journey. Bullock carts, railroads, boats and steamers 
bring it at last to one of the world markets, Singapore, Colombo, 
London, Amsterdam or New York, where it is bought by dealers, and 
then sold to factories which make rubber goods.

An equally fascinating story might be told of its progress through 
the factory, how it is kneaded and rolled, mixed with chemicals, 
rubbed into fabrics, baked in ovens, and finally emerges as any 
one of the tens of thousands of articles that are made wholly or 
partly from rubber.

Rubber manufacturing is peculiarly an American industry. South 
America gave us the original rubber trees, and the one man who, 
more than any other, was responsible for making rubber useful was 
the American, Charles Goodyear. To-day, two-thirds of the entire 
output of rubber is sold to the United States, whose manufactured 
rubber goods set the standard for the whole world.

In spite of the wonders which rubber has already accomplished, and 
the adventures, which have colored its history, only the beginning 
of the romance of rubber has been told. The plantation industry is 
still in its infancy, and experiments are constantly being made to 
determine the best methods of planting, the most fruitful number 
of trees to the acre, the most advantageous way of tapping. In the 
laboratories of the great rubber manufacturers, scientists are at 
work improving old methods of using rubber and devising new ones.

Rubber is a substance of so many important characteristics that 
its uses are countless. It is used for certain purposes because it 
stretches, for others because it is airtight and watertight, for 
others because it is a non-conductor of electricity, for others 
because it is shock-absorbing, and for others because it is 
adhesive.

It is on rubber that infants cut their teeth; after all the teeth 
are gone old age makes use of rubber in plates for false teeth. 
Ten million motorists and other millions of cyclists in the United 
States ride on rubber tires that are durable, noiseless and 
airtight. Balloons of rubber float aloft, and huge submarines plow 
their routes beneath the ocean's surface propelled by electricity 
stored in great rubber cells. Sheathed in rubber, the lightning 
makes a peaceful way through our homes, offices and factories, 
furnishing light and telephone service. Divers sink out of sight 
beneath the waves in rubber suits. Rubber air-brake hose on 
railroad trains makes safe the travel of a nation, air-drill hose 
rivets our ships, fire hose protects the properly in city and town 
and garden hose brings nourishment to our growing plants. Rubber 
clothing protects against storm and rubber footwear guards us 
against cold and wet. Tennis balls and golf balls and rubber-cored 
baseballs give healthful sport to the millions. In hospitals and 
medical work the uses of rubber are without number.

To select the most important use to which rubber is put would be 
difficult. One student of the subject says:

"Of all the applications of rubber, that of packing for the steam 
engine and connecting machinery appears to have been the most 
important, as it has been an essential condition of the 
development and extended use of steam as a motive power."

Even as you read this, rubber may be in the act of performing some 
new magic, some fresh service to mankind. And who knows which one 
of us will, in the years to come, write a chapter in the story of 
rubber more thrilling than we are able to imagine to-day!





A REVIEW AND QUESTIONS


1. Who was the first white man to see rubber?

2 What use were the natives making of it?

3. Who was the first white man to go up the Amazon?

4. Of what nationality were the explorers who were sent to find 
out about rubber?

5. Who was the first European monarch to use rubber?

6. How did rubber get its name?

7. How did rubber first come to the United States?

8. Why are some raincoats called mackintoshes?

9. Why is Charles Goodyear called "the father of the rubber 
industry"?

10. What is "vulcanizing"?

11. What famous men fought in court over the patents?

12. What has a beetle to do with rubber?

13. Name and describe the liquid in which rubber is found?

14. In what part of the tree is this liquid found?

15. What is the difference between this liquid and the sap of a 
tree.

16. Name and describe the best rubber tree.

17. How are the seeds spread?

18. What climate is needed for rubber trees?

19. Which country formerly supplied all the rubber used in the 
world?

20. Who first thought of growing rubber trees on plantations?

21. Why did he think it was better to grow them on plantations?

22. How were the rubber seeds taken from Brazil?

23. On what tropical island was the first plantation started?

24. Where are rubber plantations found to-day?

25. What is the yearly output of the plantations?

26. What was the curious coincidence in the growth of the 
plantation industry?

27. What is meant by the Rubber Belt around the world?

28. What countries are the principal producers of rubber?

29. Why is the worker on a plantation better off than one who 
lives in the jungle?

30. When are trees ready to be tapped?

31. How are trees tapped?

32. How is rubber "cured" in the jungle?

33. How is it "cured" on the plantation?

34. Why is rubber manufacturing peculiarly an American industry?





RUBBER PRODUCTS


There are so many different articles made in whole or part of 
rubber that it would not be possible to list them all on this 
page. The following list of just a few of the thousands of rubber 
products made by the United States Rubber Company, the oldest and 
largest rubber organization in the world, will help you to think 
of many other articles made of rubber.

TIRES

"U.S." Royal Cord Automobile Tires.

"U.S." Mono-Twin Truck Tires.

"U.S." Traxion Tread Motorcycle Tires.

"U.S." Bicycle Tires.

"U.S." Royal Tubes for Automobile Tires.

CLOTHING

Raynster Raincoats.

Naugahyde Belts for Men, Women and Children.

Bathing Caps and Suits.

FOOTWEAR

Keds, the Standard Canvas Rubber-Soled Shoes.

"U.S." Boots.

"U.S." Arctics and Gaiters.

"U.S." Rubbers.

HARD RUBBER GOODS

Battery Jars.

Radio Parts.

Dye Sticks.

HOUSEHOLD

Hot-water Bags.

Rubber Gloves.

Ice Caps.

Tubing and Sheeting.

Nursing Bottle Nipples.

Toys.

Fruit Jar Rubbers.

MECHANICAL GOODS

"U.S." Rainbow Packing.

"U.S." Rainbow Transmission Belting.

"U.S." Elevator and Conveyor Belts.

"U.S." Hose for all purposes, including Garden, Steam, Suction, 
Water, Fire, Oil, Irrigation, etc.

Paracore Insulated Wire and Cable.

Moulded Goods in thousands of varieties, as, for example, Washers, 
Gaskets, Plumbers' Rubber Goods, Drainboard Mats, Bath Mats, etc.

"U.S." Tile and Sheet Flooring.

SUNDRIES

Naugahyde Traveling Bags.

"U.S." Royal Golf Balls.

Balloons and Balloon Fabrics.





NOTICE TO TEACHERS


These booklets are intended for presentation to your pupils. A 
full supply will be sent to you, free of charge, if you will 
indicate the number of students in your class.

Please address

Educational Department 
United States Rubber Company 
1790 BROADWAY 
New York City 




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