The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Latino sine Flexione; Principio de
Permanentia, by Giuseppe Peano

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: De Latino sine Flexione; Principio de Permanentia

Author: Giuseppe Peano

Release Date: April 9, 2011 [EBook #35803]

Language: Latin

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE LATINO SINE FLEXIONE ***




Produced by David Starner, Jana Srna and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
book was produced from scanned images of public domain
material from the Google Print project.)






DE LATINO SINE FLEXIONE
LINGUA AUXILIARE INTERNATIONALE

Lingua latina fuit internationalis in omni scientia, ab imperio Romano, usque ad finem saeculi XVIII. Hodie multi reputant illam nimis difficilem esse, iam in scientia, magis in commercio.

Sed non tota lingua latina est necessaria; parva pars sufficit ad exprimendam quamlibet ideam.

§ 1.—Casus.

«Nominum casus semper eliminari possunt substitutis in eorum locum particulis quibusdam».

LEIBNIZ. Ed. Couturat a. 1901, p. 67.

Lingua latina exprimit nominum casus cum praepositionibus «de, ad, ab, ex, …» et cum postpositionibus vel desinentiis. Prima methodus sufficit; ipsa sola invenitur in latino populare, a quo derivant linguae neolatinae, ut italica, franca, hispanica, etc.

Sumimus nomen inflexibile sub forma simpliciore, quae est ablativus, vel nominativus, vel alia.

Indicamus genitivo cum de, dativo cum ad, ablativo cum ab, ex, … Accusativo indicatur cum constructione, ut in linguis neolatinis, scilicet cum serie: nominativo—verbo—accusativo, vel cum serie: qui-accusativo—nominativo—verbo.

Vocabulario latino commune continet nominativo et genitivo de nomen. Regula commoda haec est:

«Sumimus nomen inflexibile

a) aut identico ad nominativo,
b) aut nominativo, mutata desinentia -us, -um, -u, -es
in -o, -o, -o, -e,
c) aut genitivo, mutata desinentia -i in -o, -is in -e.
d) ad nominativo ego, tu, aliquis,  
responde (ablativo) me, te, aliquo. »

Regula a) producit nulla ambiguitate, quae iam non sit in latino.

Regulae b) c) d) brevi exprimunt formatione de ablativo, cum reductione de 4-a declinatione ad 2-a, et cum reductione ad forma unica de 3-a declinatione.

§ 2.—Genere masculino, feminino et neutro.

«Discrimen generis nihil pertinet ad grammaticam rationalem».

LEIBNIZ.

Nomen isolato non habet genere. Quum volumus indicare ille, scribemus explicite “mas, femina”.

Ita “mater est bona” fit “mater est femina bono”; sed idea de femina iam continetur in mater; igitur post simplificatione(1): “mater est bono”.

Indicatione de genere evanescit saepe in lingua scientifica.

In lingua familiare sufficit conservare genere in uno pronomen “is, ea, id”, vel in antiquo “hi, hae, ho”.

§ 3.—Numero singulare et plurale.

«Videtur pluralis inutilis in lingua rationali».

LEIBNIZ.

Nomen isolato non habet numero. Ad indicando ille scribemus explicite “uno, plure”.

Ex. “unum os habemus et duas aures”
fit “habemus uno uno ore, et duo plure aure”,

et post simplificatione logico “uno uno” = “uno”, et “duo plure” = “duo”, nam “duo” continet idea de “plure”, propositio

fit: “habemus uno ore et duo aure”.

Ex. “Omne homo est mortale, aliquo homo est nigro, multo homo est pauper, pauco homo est divite, plure homo est sapiens”.

Propositione: “Romani eligebant duo consules”
fit “Populo Romano eligebat duo consule”.

§ 4.—Conjugatione de verbo.

«Personae verborum possunt esse invariabiles, sufficit variari ego, tu, ille, etc.».

LEIBNIZ.

Lingua latino habet discurso directo, ut:

“Amicitia inter malos esse non potest”

et discurso indirecto:

“(Verum est) amicitiam inter malos esse non posse”.

Si nos utimur semper de discurso indirecto, in verbo evanescit desinentia de persona, de modo, et saepe de tempore.

Sumimus ergo nomen inflexibile, per persona modo et tempore, sub forma magis simplice, qui es imperativo, activo et passivo. Regula es:

«a) Ad forma inflexibile “es, pote, vol, fi”  
responde infinito “esse, posse, velle, fieri”.  
b) Ad forma inflexibile de alio verbo adde -re, et te habe infinito, ut es in vocabulario latino.
c) Ad verbo activo adde -re, et te habe passivo.
d) Nos transforma verbo deponente in activo».

(Verbo “vol, dice, duce, face”, et regula d) non es exacto latino classico).

Nos indica persona cum “me, te, nos …”, modo cum “si, ut, quod, …”, tempore cum “heri, jam, in passato, nunc, cras, in futuro, vol, debe, …”.

Ex. “Me scribe.—Vos lege.—Cras me i ad Roma.—Cras me, postquam veni ad Roma, scribe ad te.—Heri me lege dum te scribe et antequam Petro veni.—Si te narra, nos audi.—Ut te vale.”

§ 5.—Altero reductione de desinentia de verbo.

Exsta aequalitate logico:

lauda-nte = qui lauda
lauda-ndo = dum lauda
lauda-to = qui aliquo lauda

(hoc es: “quem aliquis laudat”, juxta regula de § 1)

lauda-turo = qui lauda in futuro
Petro lauda-re ab Paulo = Paulo lauda Petro.

Si in loco de primo membro de uno ex hic aequalitate nos scribe secundo, omne desinentia evanesce.

Sed aliquo desinentia, et non necessario, pote es utile, ut “-nte, -to”, desinentia “-vi, -bi” de passato et de futuro, et forma neolatino: “habe ama-to, es ama-to, …”.

§ 6.—Vocabulario.

Vocabulario latino commune suffice ut nos traduce hic lingua. Sed si plure auctore adopta “latino sine flexione”, tunc es utile publicatione de proprio vocabulario, qui:

1) Contine nomen et verbo, solo sub forma inflexibile.

2) Contine vocabulo internationale, ut “metro, dyne, …”.

3) Elige suo voce ex toto latinitate, etiam ex latino populare. Igitur nos posse sume regula:

«Omne voce qui pertine ad duo lingua neolatino, p. ex. italo et franco, es latino».

4) Simplifica derivatione et compositione de vocabulo.

De ultimo subiecto me hic breviter dice.

a) Substantivo diminutivo: “hortulo = parvo horto”, etc.

b) Substantivo abstracto ex adiectivo vale adiectivo. Ex. “bonitas = bono”, “altitudo = alto”.

c) Adiectivo qui deriva ab sustantivo vale genitivo: “aureo = de auro”, “vitulino = de vitulo”, “Romano = de Roma”, “chartaceo = ex charta”, “animoso = cum animo”.

d) Substantivo abstracto ex verbo vale verbo.

“Laudatio” = italico “il lodare” = anglo “to laud”, vel simpliciter “laud”.

“Vita est cogitatio” fi “vivere est cogitare”, in discurso indirecto (§ 4) “vivere esse cogitare”, post reductione ad radice: “vive es cogita”.

Ita “amor = ama”, “gaudio = gaude”, …

e) “Lauda-tore = qui lauda”, vel “qui sole lauda”.

f) Adiectivo verbale: “erra-bundo = qui saepe erra”, “tim-ido = qui sole time”, “mord-ace = qui sole morde”, “ama-bile = qui aliquo pote ama”.

g) Adverbio extracto ex adiectivo vale adiectivo. Ita in latino classico “brevi, raro, …” es adiectivo et adverbio.

h) In modo simile ad “ne-sci, ne-fasto, n-ullo” nos forma: “ne-facile = difficile” “ne-digno = indigno” “ne-normale = abnormale” “ne-es = de-es” “ne-multo = pauco”, etc.

i) Alio praefixo, p. ex. “ab”, indica oppositione.

j) In modo simile ad “agricola = agro-colente” “homicidio = homo-caede”, lice scribe: “auro-corona = corona de auro”, “me-patre = meo patre”, etc.

Lingua sinense habe omne hic simplificatione, et alio.

§ 7.—Pronuntia de latino.

Pronuntia de latino non es uniforme in diverso populo. Forma meliore es antiquo:

ce, ci ut italo che, chi, franco que, qui, germano ke, ki.  
ge, gi » ghe, ghi, » gue, gui, » ge, gi.  
ti » ti, non zi.
y ut franco u, germano ü.
ae ut e aperto, franco è, germano ä.
oe ut franco eu, germano ö (hoc es conventione).
th ut anglo th, graeco moderno θ.
ph, sono producto quando nos suffla flamma. (Deriva ex graeco antiquo φ; graeco moderno pronuntia f).
ch, ut germano ch, etrusco c.
h, aspirato, ut germano.
rh, ut franco r.
qu sona ut cu in neolatino; hic duo syllaba es differente et in positione, et in pronuntiatione antiquo(2).

Omne alio litera ut in italo.

HISTORIA

Quum plure populo es in reciproco contacto, per ratione de politica, scientia et commercio, semper se manifesta necessitate de inter-lingua.

Diverso populo, sub imperio Romano, adopta latino populare, qui es latino cum simplificatione de caso (§ 1).

Populo Saxone, in contacto cum Anglo, forma lingua anglo moderno, qui contine simplificatione de caso (§ 1), de genere (§ 2), et in parte simplificatione de persona et de modo (§ 4). Lingua anglo tende ad perdita de omne flexione et ad monosyllabismo.

Ita, in tempore historico, ori “Lingua franca” in porto de Mediterraneo, “Pidgin” in Sina, “Urdu” in India, etc.

Hodie omne homo de Europa et de America, qui habe plure relatione cum extero, clama lingua internationale. Nam suffice lingua nationale ad qui habe solo relatione nationale. Conoscentia de tres aut quatuor lingua principale suffice ut nos lege, in originale aut in versione omne libro jam celebre. Sed hodie Russo, Polacco, Rumeno, Japonico, … publica in suo lingua libro originale, et non solo libro scholastico.

Adoptio, ut inter-lingua, de lingua vive-nte, non es possibile, per causa de politica.

Plure homo propone latino classico. Vide:

Prof. A. Valdarnini de universitate de Bologna, Necessità d'una lingua internazionale e lo studio del latino, in “Primo congresso internazionale latino”, Roma a. 1903.

Hic congresso exopta:

«ut sermo latinus inter gentes universas communis habeatur, et adhibeatur ad humanitatis commercium fovendum, augendum, tenendum».

Ibi congressista loque neolatino, ut italico, franco, provenzale, rumeno et castellano, raro latino classico.

Et periodico “Phenix” in London, “Praeco latinus” in Philadelphia, “Vox urbis” in Roma sustine idem idea; sed primo mori in anno 1892, et secundo in 1902. Ergo adoptio de latino fi semper minus probabile.

Multo auctore, in vario tempo, propone lingua plus vel minus artificiale.

Vir doctissimo, L. Couturat professore in Universitate de Toulouse, in libro La Logique de Leibniz, Paris a. 1901 p. 608, expone:

Ars magna de R. Lulle a. 1234–1315,

Ars magna sciendi de Kircher a. 1669,

Ars signorum de Dalgarno a. 1661,

Philosophical language de Wilkins a. 1668.

Postea Leibniz diffuse et profunde stude hic subjecto; sed nihil publica. Suo studio mane sepulto in bibliotheca de Hannover, usque ad nostro die; primo Dr Vacca in RdM., postea Couturat in libro citato detege et publica parte de hic manuscripto. Suo importantia magis pate, et denique L. Couturat publica «Opuscules et fragments inédits de Leibniz», Paris a. 1903, p. XVI–682, qui contine studio de Leibniz, summe praetioso per constructione de Vocabulario philosophico.

Libro, nunc edito, L. Couturat et L. Leau Histoire de la langue universelle, Paris a. 1903 p. XXI+571, expone 56 projecto de lingua artificiale.

Me hic breve loque de magis noto.


Schleyer, parrocho, in anno 1881 publica «Volapük», qui es transformatione de lingua anglo, ut ipse dice.

Hic lingua regularisa declinatione de nomen, et conjugatione de verbo; sed introduce nullo simplificatione rationale, qui Leibniz propone. Ille contine immenso numero de conventione. Volapük sume in principio multo diffusione. In anno 1888 habe 283 club, et 25 periodico, in omne parte de terra. Plure conventione produce discordia inter sectatore, et post congresso de Paris, in anno 1889, hic lingua decade et mori.


Zamenof, doctore in medicina, in anno 1887, publica «Esperanto», qui contine simplificatione de genere (§ 2), de persona (§ 4). Sed non contine simplificatione de caso (§ 1), de numero (§ 3) et de modo (§ 5). Esperanto reduce toto grammatica ad 16 regula, de qui nullo es necessario.

Et Esperanto contine magno numero de conventione, etsi minus quam Volapük, et in grammatica, et in vocabulario.

Esperanto habe hodie 9 periodico; jam plure sectatore propone simplificatione; ille seque via de Volapük.


Et notato-digno es «Langue bleue» de L. Bollack. Ibi, ex numero de littera, nos vide si voce es vacuo, vel pleno, ut in sinense.


Nunc me loque de projecto cum pauco novo conventione.


«Lingua» de Henderson, a. 1888, es vocabulario latino, cum grammatica de typo Anglo.


Dr Daniel Rosa simplifica idea de Henderson, et publica «Le nov-latin»(3). Ille dice:

«Le nov-latin non requirer pro le sui adoption aliq congress. Omnes poter, cum les praecedént regulas, scriber statim ist lingua. … Sic faciént ils vol valide cooperar ad le universal adoption de ist international lingua et simul ils vol poter star legé ab un mult major numer de doctes quam si ils haber scribé in quilibet alter vivént lingua».

Ex hoc resulta quod Novlatin conserva pauco flexione (plurale in -s, 2 participio, …), et es quam proximo ad “lingua rationale” de Leibniz et ad “latino sine flexione”.

Domino George J. Henderson, in periodico, «The lingua franca of the future», qui ille dirige, a. 1901, perfectiona suo projecto, et dice:

«Quare debe-nos non facere ex i Latine Lingue i Internationale Lingue?

«I Latine Lingue esse nimis difficile. Post decem annes de studere, pauce discipules pote, legere facile, vel scribere accurate, vel loquere aliquantulum i Latine Lingue.»

(I articulo, plurale in -s, desinentia -e, …)


Societate, qui habe nomen “Akademi internasional de lingu universal” adopta vocabulo magis internationale, et post multo studio et discussione, in a. 1902, publica “Idiom neutral”.

«Idiom neutral es usabl no sole pro scribasion, ma et pro parlation.»

Ergo, principio de maximo internationalitate duce ad vocabulo latino.


“The American Philosophical Society” in an. 1887, pro formatione de inter-lingua, propone abolitione de articulo (ut in latino et in russo), de flexione de adjectivo, de caso de nomen, de persona et modo de verbo, et, in modo dubitativo, abolitione de plurale de nomen, et tempo de verbo.


Quaestio de inter-lingua nihil habe hodie commune cum ideographia, qui nos adopta in «Formulario mathematico».

Ideographia es synthese; cum auxilio de pauco idea primitivo, circa decem, ille compone idea complexo; ita hodie cum ideographia nos pote scribe toto mathematica, sed mathematica solo.

Lingua artificiale es analyse. Ille decompone idea de lingua commune in alio idea plus simplice.

Si in futuro analyse et synthese invicem conveni, ut duo exercito de minatore, qui labora tunnel ex duo extremitate, tunc «Lingua rationale» et «Characteristica universale» de Leibniz fore idem.


Vide quoque:

H. Diels, Ueber Leibniz und das Problem der Universalsprache, Berlin Sitzungsberichte d. Akademie, a. 1899 p. 579.

Prof. G. Bellavitis, Pensieri sopra una lingua universale e su alcuni argomenti analoghi, Mem. dell'Ist. Veneto; vol. XI a. 1862, pag. 33–74.


Délégation pour l'adoption d'une langue auxiliaire internationale, qui porta firma de numeroso scientiato de plure universitate, academia, repraesentante de societate philosophico, de commercio et de sport. Ipse delegatione declara:

«Lingua auxiliaria internationale

«1. posse servi ad relatione de vita sociale, de commercio, et de scientia et philosophia.

«2. Omne homo, qui habe instructione elementare medio, facile disce hic lingua.

«3. Hic lingua es proprio ad nullo natione.»

Prof. L. Couturat explica hic idea in opusculo: «Pour la langue internationale» a. 1901. Periodico Revue des questions scientifiques, Bruxelles a. 1902, t. 1, p. 547–586 reproduce scripto de Couturat, cum observatione de P. P. Peeters. Couturat responde in t. 2, pag. 213–230. Nullo objectione de Peeters vale per “Latino sine flexione”.

CONCLUSIONE

Articulo, qui praecede, proba quod flexione de nomen et de verbo non es necessario.

«Se, invece di dizionario latino, noi cercare ogni parola in dizionario italiano, noi scrivere in italiano senza flessione.»

Articulo, qui seque, contine versione litterale de plure propositione Germano et Anglo. Ille proba, quod suppressio de omne flexio non redde discurso magis longo.

G. Peano.

PRINCIPIO DE PERMANENTIA
Exercitio de Latino recto

[Omne vocabulo es inflexibile.

Vocabulario latino commune, qui contine nominativo et genitivo de nomen, infinito de verbo, contine omne vocabulo de hic Nota, aut identico, aut cum abbreviatione:

a) Si termina in -a, muta -a in -are, vel in -ari, et es infinito de verbo.
b) Si termina in -e, muta -e in -ere, vel -i, et es infinito de verbo;
  vel muta -e in -is et es genitivo de nomen,
  » »   » -es et es nominativo de nomen.
  In loco de me, te, aliquo, quaere ego, tu, aliquis.
c) Si termina in -i, muta -i in -ire, vel -iri, et es infinito de verbo.
d) Si termina in -o, muta -o in -us -um -u, et est nominativo de nomen,
  vel muta -o in -i et es genitivo de nomen.
e) es quaere sum, esse.]

Aliquo auctore introduce numero negativo, fracto et imaginario, ut applicatione de regula, qui ille dice “principio de permanentia”. Hic principio varia aliquanto prope diverso auctore.

Prof. Schubert, in Encyclopädie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, t. 1, p. 11, expone hic principio sub forma claro sed erroneo. Ille dice:

«Princip der Permanenz in viererlei besteht:

«erstens darin, jeder Zeichen-Verknüpfung, die keine der bis dahin definierten Zahlen darstellt, einen solchen Sinn zu erteilen, dass die Verknüpfung nach denselben Regeln behandelt werden darf, als stellte sie eine der bis dahin definierten Zahlen dar;

«zweitens darin, eine solche Verknüpfung als Zahl im erweiterten Sinne des Wortes zu definieren und dadurch den Begriff der Zahl zu erweitern;

«drittens darin, zu beweisen, dass für die Zahlen im erweiterten Sinne dieselben Sätze gelten, wie für die Zahlen im noch nicht erweiterten Sinne;

«viertens darin, zu definieren, was im erweiterten Zahlengebiet gleich, grösser und kleiner heisst».

Versione:

«Principio de permanentia ex quatuor articulo consta:

«1. ad omne signo-reunione(4) qui non repraesenta numero qui nos ante defini, nos tribue tale senso, ut nos posse tracta reunione juxta idem regula, velut si hic reunione repraesenta numero, qui nos ante defini;

«2. nos defini hic reunione ut numero, in lato senso de vocabulo, et ita nos extende idea de numero;

«3. nos demonstra quod per numero in lato senso omne theorema vale, ut per numero in non lato senso;

«4. nos defini, quod in campo de numero lato nos voca aequale, maiore et minore».

Si omne regula et omne theorema super numero in senso non lato subsiste super numero in senso lato, necesse es ut numero in senso lato es identico ad numero in senso non lato. Nam duo ente es inter se aequale, si omne proprietate de uno es quoque proprietate de alio. Hoc es ipse definitione de aequalitate:

«Eadem sunt quorum unum in alterius locum substitui potest, salva veritate» (Leibniz, vide Formulario § 2, P4·3) quod me traduce: «Plure ente es idem, si nos posse substitue uno de ille in loco de altero, et veritate (de propositione) es salvo».

Quum nos trans-i ab uno specie de numero ad specie magis lato, semper debe omitte aliquo proprietate.

Relatione a + b > a es vero per numero absoluto, falso per numero cum signo.

Si nos trans-i ab numero imaginario simplice ad quaternione, nos omitte proprietate commutativo de producto.

Ergo definitione, qui nostro auctore da de 0, de numero negativo, de fracto, etc. basa super principio absurdo. Hic definitione non es legitimo.


Nos repete idem critica ad Elementare Arithmetik und Algebra de ipse Prof. Schubert (Leipzig a. 1899, pag. 33) qui enuntia ipse principio cum primo et secundo articulo.


Hankel, Theorie der Complexen Zahlensysteme, Leipzig, a. 1867, quum nancisce «principio de permanentia de lege formale», dice in pagina 5:

«Wenn b > c ist, … die Subtraction ist … unmöglich. Nichts hindert uns jedoch, dass wir in diesem Falle die Differenz (cb) als ein Zeichen ansehen, welches die Aufgabe [(cb) + b = c] löst und mit welchem genau so zu operiren ist, als wenn es eine numerische Zahl aus der Reihe 1, 2, 3 … wäre».

Versione: «Si b > c es, subtractione es ne-possibile. Nihil obsta tamen, quod nos in hic caso considera differentia (cb) ut signo, qui resolve quaestio, et cum qui exacte nos debe opera, ut si ille numero ex serie 1, 2, 3, … es».

Contra hic modo de ratiocinio Gauss antea dice:

«Quodsi quis dicat, triangulum rectilineum aequilaterum rectangulum impossibile esse, nemo erit qui neget. At si tale triangulum impossibile tanquam novum triangulorum genus contemplari, aliasque triangulorum proprietates ad illud applicare voluerit, ecquis risum teneat? Hoc esset verbis ludere seu potius abuti». (Formul. pag. 219). Versione:

«Si aliquo dice quod triangulo rectilineo aequilatero rectangulo impossibile es, nemo tunc es qui nega. Sed si aliquo velle contempla tale triangulo impossibile tanquam novo genere de triangulo, et applica ad illo omne alio proprietate de triangulo, an qui tene riso? Hoc es lude cum verbo, vel potius abute».


Prof. Christal, Algebra, Edinburgh a. 1889, p. 6, re-dice idea de Hankel:

«Assuming that the quantity +ab always exists, we may show that the laws of commutation and association hold».

Versione:

«Si nos assume quod quantitas +ab semper existe, posse monstra quod lege de commutatio et associatio mane».(5)

Hoc es, si nos assume absurdo, non solo nos posse deduce lege de commutatione, sed omne lege qui nos velle, nam ex absurdo omne consequentia deriva.

Non sub forma de principio absoluto, sed sub forma de consilio, lice quod nos dice:

«Quum nos introduce novo calculo, es multo utile quod nos sume nomenclatura et notatione ita ut novo calculo fie quam maxime simile ad calculo antiquo».

Me dice «quam maxime simile»; «identico» es absurdo.

Ita Algebra, qui indica cum idem signo +, ×, = … operatione non solo inter numero integro, sed etiam inter fracto, es magno progresso super longo methodo de antiquo graeco; Algebra reduce toto libro X de Euclide, noto per magnitudine et difficultate, ad uno pagina, qui professore sole doce in uno lectione in Instituto tecnico (Vide Formul. p. 111).

In saeculo ultimo plure auctore indica cum idem signo +, sive summa de algebra, sive resultante de vectore, et ita construe Calculo geometrico, qui in respecto ad Geometria, es idem progresso quam Algebra in respecto de Arithmetica graeco.

Tunc principio de permanentia idem es ac principio generale de oeconomia, qui subsiste in linguistica, didactica et politica, ut demonstra E. Mach, in capitulo de «natura oeconomico de progresso physico» de Populär-wissenschaftliche Vorlesungen, Leipzig a. 1903.

G. Peano.

(1) Juxta Formulaire de Mathématiques a. 1902, p. 7, Prop. 3·1 et 5·3.

(2) Vide A. Meillet, Introduction à l'étude comparative des langues indo-européennes, Paris a. 1903 pag. 56.

(3) Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e Anatomia comparata della Regia Università di Torino, a. 1890.

(4) Vide «Latino sine flexione» § 6 j).

(5) Nota analogia grammaticale de «show» cum «monstra».

Transcriber's Note:

The following is a list of corrections made to the original. The first passage is the original passage, the second the corrected one.






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Latino sine Flexione; Principio de
Permanentia, by Giuseppe Peano

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE LATINO SINE FLEXIONE ***

***** This file should be named 35803-h.htm or 35803-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/8/0/35803/

Produced by David Starner, Jana Srna and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
book was produced from scanned images of public domain
material from the Google Print project.)


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
[email protected].  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     [email protected]


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.