The Project Gutenberg EBook of U.S. Patent 4,293,314: Gelled Fuel-Air
Explosive, by Bertram O. Stull
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Title: U.S. Patent 4,293,314: Gelled Fuel-Air Explosive
October 6, 1981.
Author: Bertram O. Stull
Release Date: July 22, 2008 [EBook #26106]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE ***
Produced by Gerard Arthus, David Gutierrez and the Online
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United States Patent [19]
Stull
[11] 4,293,314
[45] Oct. 6, 1981
[54] GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE METHOD
[75] Inventor: Bertram O. Stull, Ridgecrest, Calif.
[73] Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D.C.
[21] Appl. No.: 111,453
[22] Filed: Jan. 11, 1980
44/7 D; 102/90; 102/363
[56] References Cited
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
Primary Examiner—Edward A. Miller
Attorney, Agent, or Firm—R. S. Sciascia; W. Thom Skeer; Lloyd E. K. Pohl
[57] ABSTRACT
1,2-Butylene oxide as a fuel for a fuel air explosive weapon. The oxide may be used either as a pure liquid or gelled with a gelling agent such as silicon dioxide, particulate carbon or aluminum octoate.
3 Claims, No Drawings
1. Field of the Invention 5
This invention relates to fuels for fuel air explosive weapons. More particularly, this invention relates to a method for causing an explosion comprising the steps of dispersing a cloud of liquid fuel in the air and detonating the cloud wherein the cloud is composed of particles of 10 gelled or ungelled 1,2-butylene oxide.
1. Description of the Prior Art
Fuel air explosive weapons are now well known. A typical example of one is depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 3,955,509 which was issued to Gary A. Carlson on May 15 11, 1976.
Fuel air explosive weapons may be described as devices which, upon activation, cause liquid fuel particles to be dispersed in the form of a detonable cloud in the air and then detonate the cloud. 20
A number of fuels have been used in fuel air explosive weapons. Among these are ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Because of the ease with which is cloud of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide can be detonated, these two materials are the most commonly used. However, 25 these fuels have certain drawbacks.
One drawback, common to both ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, is toxicity. Both materials are highly toxic. A concentration of 50 parts per million of ethylene 30 oxide in the air may have harmful effects on one breathing the air for about 8 hours. Propylene oxide is less toxic than ethylene oxide but is still highly toxic. A concentration of 100 parts per million of propylene oxide breathed for about 8 hours may have undesirable 35 effects. Naturally, when fuel air explosive devices are stored in a confined area such as aboard a ship, exposure for 8 hours is not unusual.
Another drawback common to ethylene oxide and propylene oxide is the fact that both have relatively low 40 boiling points, 10.4° C. and 34.2° C. respectively. This makes the two difficult to handle in loading operations. High vapor pressures also contribute to difficulty in handling.
A drawback particularly associated with ethylene 45 oxide is its tendency to polymerize during storage. Left alone in a fuel air explosive weapon or other container, ethylene oxide tends to self polymerize. The polymerized material is unsuitable for use as a fuel for a fuel air explosive device. Unpolymerized ethylene oxide, on the 50 other hand is highly desirable as a fuel insofar as detonability is concerned. Clouds containing from as little as 3 up to as much as 100 percent by volume of ethylene oxide are detonable. The detonation limits of propylene oxide, on the other hand, range from about 3.1 to about 55 27.5 percent by volume.
It has now been found that 1,2-butylene oxide, when used as a fuel for fuel air explosive devices, exhibits marked superiority over either ethylene oxide or propylene 60 oxide. The marked superiority stems from the fact that 1,2-butylene oxide is about 3 times safer than propylene oxide when long exposure to it is required and about 3.5 times safer than ethylene oxide. Insofar as ease of detonation is concerned, 1,2-butylene oxide has about 65 the same explosive limits as propylene oxide. However, 1,2-butylene oxide is significantly easier to handle because its boiling point is nearly twice that of propylene oxide—63° C. as opposed to 34.2° C.—and over 6 times that of ethylene oxide. According to this invention 1,2-butylene oxide may be used in either its natural 5 liquid state or gelled with a hereinafter named gelling agent.
10 In one embodiment of this invention, neat 1,2-butylene oxide liquid is used as the fuel in a fuel air explosive weapon in lieu of the previously most commonly used fuels, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. It has been found that butylene oxide is significantly less toxic than 15 either of the two commonly used oxides. Air containing 400 parts per million of 1,2-butylene oxide may be breathed safely for up to 8 hours with no undesirable results as compared to 100 parts per million for propylene oxide and only 50 parts per million for ethylene 20 oxide.
1,2-butylene oxide offers a second distinct advantage over ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Its boiling point is 63° C. as opposed to 10.4° C. and 34.2° C. respectively 25 for the other two oxides. Thus, loading operations are much easier to carry out. No special equipment is needed for its handling.
Tests have shown that, insofar as ease of detonation is concerned, 1,2-butylene oxide is similar to propylene 30 oxide. Its explosive limits range from about 3.1 to 25.1 percent by volume as opposed to 3.1 to 27.5 percent by volume for propylene oxide. Thus, its significantly lower toxicity can be taken advantage of with very little loss in explosive efficiency. 35
Another factor contributing to the ease of handling of 1,2-butylene oxide is its vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of 1,2-butylene oxide is only 207.0 mm Hg at 25° C. as opposed to 1,292.0 for ethylene oxide and 569.0 for propylene oxide. 40
In a second embodiment of this invention, 1,2-butylene oxide may be used in a gelled state. It has been found that, if 1,2-butylene oxide is gelled by adding about 3 to about 10 weight percent of a gelling agent such as SiO2 (Cab-O-Sil), particulate carbon or aluminum 45 octoate, it will still be dispersed into a detonable cloud by a typical fuel air explosive weapon. This is perhaps the best mode of practicing this invention for several reasons. First, the gel is more easily handled than the neat liquid. Second, if spilled the gel will not 50 disperse as a liquid will.
In storage, no self-polymerization of 1,2-butylene oxide has been detected. Thus, a warhead loaded with the material has an indefinite shelf-life.
I claim: 55
1. In a method for producing an explosion comprising the steps of dispersing a cloud of liquid particles in the air and detonating the cloud, the improvement residing in utilizing 1,2-butylene oxide in gel form as said liquid.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said gel 60 consists essentially of 1,2-butylene oxide and a gelling agent selected from the group consisting of SiO2, particulate carbon and aluminum octoate.
3. A method according to claim 2 wherein said gelling 65 agent is present in an amount in the range of from about 3 to about 10 weight percent.
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Explosive, by Bertram O. Stull
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