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Title: Peeps At Many Lands: Australia

Author: Frank Fox

Illustrator: Percy F. S. Spence (etc.)

Release Date: July 6, 2008 [EBook #25976]

Language: English

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PEEPS AT MANY LANDS

AUSTRALIA


[Illustration: THE NOMAD OF THE AUSTRALIAN INTERIOR]


[Illustration: KANGAROO HUNTING. PAGE 47.]




    PEEPS AT MANY LANDS
    AUSTRALIA

    BY

    FRANK FOX

    WITH TWELVE FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS
    IN COLOUR

    BY

    PERCY F. S. SPENCE, ETC.

    LONDON
    ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK
    1911




    CONTENTS

    CHAPTER I                     PAGE
    AUSTRALIA, ITS BEGINNING        1

    CHAPTER II
    AUSTRALIA OF TO-DAY            15

    CHAPTER III
    THE NATIVES                    33

    CHAPTER IV
    THE ANIMALS AND BIRDS          46

    CHAPTER V
    THE AUSTRALIAN BUSH            63

    CHAPTER VI
    THE AUSTRALIAN CHILD           73




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

    KANGAROO-HUNTING                                     _Frontispiece_

                                                            FACING PAGE
    SNOWY MOUNTAINS NEAR THE SITE OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL           viii

    THE BARRIER OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS                                 9

    THE GARDEN STREETS OF ADELAIDE                                   16

    COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE                                        25

    THE TOWN HALL, SYDNEY                                            32

    AUSTRALIAN NATIVES IN CAPTAIN COOK'S TIME                        41

    THE AUSTRALIAN FOREST AT NIGHT--"MOONING" OPOSSUMS               48

    A SHEEP DROVER                                                   57

    A HUT IN THE BUSH                                                64

    SURF-BATHING--SHOOTING THE BREAKERS                              73

    AUSTRALIAN CHILDREN RIDING TO SCHOOL                             80

    THE NOMAD OF THE AUSTRALIAN INTERIOR                 _On the cover_

             _Sketch-Map of Australia on pages vi and vii._




[Illustration: Map of Australia]


[Illustration: KOOKABURRAS. _Page_ 59.]


[Illustration: SNOWY MOUNTAINS NEAR THE SITE OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL.
PAGE 25.]




AUSTRALIA

CHAPTER I

ITS BEGINNING

    A "Sleeping Beauty" land--The coming of the English--Early
    explorations--The resourceful Australian.


The fairy-story of the Sleeping Beauty might have been thought out by
someone having Australia in his mind. She was the Sleeping Beauty among
the lands of the earth--a great continent, delicately beautiful in her
natural features, wonderfully rich in wealth of soil and of mine, left
for many, many centuries hidden away from the life of civilization,
finally to be wakened to happiness by the courage and daring of English
sailors, who, though not Princes nor even knights in title, were as
noble and as bold as any hero of a fairy-tale.

How Australia came to be in her curious isolated position in the very
beginning is not quite clear. The story of some of the continents is
told in their rocks almost as clearly as though written in books. But
Australia is very, very old as a continent--much older than Europe or
America or Asia--and its story is a little blurred and uncertain partly
for that reason.

Look at the map and see its shape--something like that of a pancake with
a big bite out of the north-eastern corner. In the very old days
Australia was joined to those islands on the north--the East Indies--and
through them to Asia; but it was countless ages ago, for the animals and
the plants of Australia have not the least resemblance to those of Asia.
They represent a class quite distinct in themselves. That proves that
for a very long time there has been no land connection between Australia
and Asia; if there had been, the types of flower and of beasts would be
more nearly kindred. There would be tigers and elephants in Australia
and emus in Asia, and the kangaroo and other marsupials would probably
have disappeared. The marsupial, it may be explained, is one of the
mammalian order, which carries its young about in a pouch for a long
time after they are born. With such parental devotion, the marsupials
would have little chance of surviving in any country where there were
carnivorous animals to hunt them down; but Australia, with the exception
of a very few dingoes, had no such animals, so the marsupials survived
there whilst vanishing from all other parts of the earth.

When Australia was sundered from Asia, probably by some great volcanic
outburst (the East Indies are to this day much subject to terrible
earthquakes and volcanic outbreaks, and not so many years ago a whole
island was destroyed in the Straits of Sunda), the new continent
probably was in the shape somewhat of a ring, with very high mountains
facing the sea, and, where now is the great central plain, a lake or
inland sea. As time wore on, the great mountains were ground down by the
action of the snow and the rain and the wind. The soil which was thus
made was in part carried towards the centre of the ring, and in time the
sea or lake vanished, and Australia took its present form of a great
flat plain, through which flow sluggish rivers--a plain surrounded by a
tableland and a chain of coastal mountains. The natives and the animals
and plants of Australia, when it first became a continent, were very
much the same, in all likelihood, as now.

Thus separated in some sudden and dramatic way, Australia was quite
forgotten by the rest of the world. In Asia, near by, the Chinese built
up a curious civilization, and discovered, among other things, the use
of the mariner's compass, but they do not seem to have ever attempted to
sail south to what is now known as Australasia. The Japanese, borrowing
culture from the Chinese, framed their beautiful and romantic social
system, and, having a brave and enterprising spirit, became seafarers,
and are known to have reached as far as the Hawaiian Islands, more than
halfway across the Pacific Ocean to America; but they did not come to
Australia. The Indian Empire rose to magnificent greatness; the Empires
of Babylon, of Nineveh, of Persia, came and went. The Greeks, and the
Romans later, penetrated to Hindustan. The Christian era came, and later
the opening up of trade with the East Indies and with China.

But still Australia slept, in her out-of-the-way corner, apart from the
great streams of human traffic, a rich and beautiful land waiting for
her Fairy Prince to waken her to greatness. There had been, though, some
vague rumours of a great island in the Southern Seas. A writer of Chios
(Greece) 300 years before the Christian era mentions that there existed
an island of immense extent beyond the seas washing Europe, Asia, and
Africa. It is thought that Greek soldiers who had accompanied Alexander
the Great to India had brought rumours from the Indians of this new
land. But if the Indians knew of Australia, there is no trace of their
having visited the continent.

Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller, who explored the East Indies, speaks
of a Java Major as well as a Java Minor, and in that he may refer to
Australia; but he made no attempt to reach the land. Some old maps fill
up the ocean from the East Indies to the South Pole with a vague
continent called Terra Australis; but plainly they were only guessing,
and did not have any real knowledge.

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Spanish and Portuguese sailors
pushed on bravely with the work of exploring the East Indies, and some
of their maps of the period give indications of a knowledge of the
existence of the Australian Continent. But the definite discovery did
not come until 1605, when De Quiros and De Torres, Spanish Admirals,
sailed to the East Indies and heard of the southern continent. They
sailed in search of it, but only succeeded in touching at some of the
outlying islands. One of the New Hebrides De Quiros called "Terra
Australis del Espiritu Santo" (the Southern Land of the Holy Ghost),
fancying the island to be Australia. That gave the name "Australia,"
which is all that survives to remind us of Spanish exploration.

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Dutch sailors set to work to
search for the new southern land, and in 1605, 1616, and 1617
undoubtedly touched on points of Australia. In 1642 Tasman--from whom
Tasmania, a southern island of Australia, gets its name--made important
discoveries as to the southern coast. He called the island first Van
Diemen's Land, after Maria Van Diemen, the girl whom he loved; but this
name was afterwards changed. Maria Island, off the coast of Tasmania,
still, however, keeps fresh the memory of the Dutch sailor's sweetheart.

But none of these nations was destined to be the Fairy Prince to waken
Australia out of her long sleep. That privilege was kept for the British
race; we cannot but think happily, for no Spanish or Dutch colony has
ever reached to the greatness and the happiness of an Australia, a
Canada, or a South Africa. It is in the British blood, it seems, to
colonize happily. The gardeners of the British race know how to "plant
out" successfully. They shelter and protect the young trees in their
far-away countries through the perils of infancy, and then let them grow
up in healthy and vigorous independence. This wise method is borrowed
from family life. If a child is either too much coddled, or too much
kept under in its young days, it will rarely grow to the best and most
vigorous manhood or womanhood. British colonies grow into healthy
nations just as British schoolboys grow into healthy men, because they
are, at an early stage, taught to be self-reliant.

It was not until 1688 that Australia was in any way explored by the
English Captain, William Dampier. His reports on the new land were not
very flattering. He spoke of its dry, sandy soil, and its want of water.
This Sleeping Beauty had a way of pretending to be ugly to the
new-comer.

From 1769 to 1777 Captain Cook carried on the first thorough British
exploration of Australia, and took possession of it and New Zealand for
the British Crown. In 1788, just a century after its first exploration
by a British seaman, Australia was actually occupied by Great Britain,
"the First Fleet" founding a settlement on the shores of Port Jackson,
by the side of a little creek called the Tank Stream. That was the
beginning of Sydney, at present one of the greatest cities of the
British Empire.

A great continent had been thus entered. The Sleeping Beauty was aroused
from the slumber of centuries. But very much had yet to be done before
she could "marry the Prince and then live happily ever afterwards." The
story of how that was done, and how Australia was explored and settled,
is one of the most heroic of our British annals. True, no wild animals
or warlike tribes had to be faced; but vast distances of land which of
itself produced little or no food for man, the long waterless stretches,
the savage ruggedness of the mountains, set up obstacles far more
awesome because more strange. Man had to contend, not with wild animals,
whose teeth and claws he might evade, nor with wild men whose weapons he
could overmatch with his own, but with Nature in what seemed always a
hostile and unrelenting mood. It almost seemed that Nature, unwilling to
give up to civilization the last of the lonely lands of the earth, made
a conscious effort to beat back the advance of exploration and
civilization.

On the little coastal settlement famine was soon felt. The colonists did
not understand how to get crops from the soil. They attempted to follow
the times and the manners of England; but here they were in the
Antipodes, where everything was exactly opposite to English conditions.
There were no natural grain-crops; there were practically no
food-animals good to eat. The kangaroo and wallaby provide nowadays a
delicious soup (made from the tails of the animals), but the flesh of
their bodies is tough and dark and rank. Even so it was in very limited
supply. The early settlers ate kangaroo flesh gladly, but they were not
able to get enough of it to keep them in meat.

Communication with England, whence all food had to come, was in those
days of sailing-ships slow and uncertain. At different times the first
settlement was in actual danger of perishing from starvation and of
being abandoned in despair at ever making anything useful of a land
which seemed unable to produce even food for white inhabitants.

Fortunately, those thoughts of despair were not allowed to rule. The
dogged British spirit saved the position. The conquest of Nature in
Australia was perseveringly carried through, and Great Britain has the
reward to-day in the existence of an all-British continent having nearly
5,000,000 of population, who are the richest producers in the world from
the soil.

[Illustration: THE BARRIER OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS. PAGES 8 & 29.]

After the early settlers had learned with much painful effort that the
coast around Sydney would produce some little grain and fruit and
grass for cattle, there was still another halt in the progress of the
continent. West of Sydney, about forty miles from the coast, stretched
the Blue Mountains, and these it was found impossible to cross. No
passes existed. Though not very lofty, the mountains were savagely
wild. The explorer, following a ridge or a line of valley with
patience for many miles, would come suddenly on a vast chasm; a
cliff-face falling absolutely perpendicularly 1,000 feet or so would
declare "No road here." Nowadays, when the Blue Mountains have been
conquered, and they are traversed by roads and railways, tourists
from all parts of the world find great joy in looking upon these
wonderful gorges; but in the days of the explorers they were the cause
of many disappointments--indeed, of many tragedies. Men escaping from
the prisons (Australia was first used as a reformatory by Great
Britain) would attempt to cross the Blue Mountains on their way, as
they thought, to China and freedom, always to perish miserably in the
wild gorges.

Finally, the Blue Mountains were conquered by the explorers Blaxland,
Lawson, and Wentworth. Two roads were cut across them, one from Sydney,
one from Windsor, about thirty miles north from Sydney. The passing of
the Blue Mountains opened up to Australia the great tableland, on which
the chief mineral discoveries were to be made, and the vast interior
plains, which were to produce merino wool of such quality as no other
land can equal.

From that onwards exploration was steadily pushed on. Sometimes the
explorers went out into the wilderness with horses, sometimes with
camels; other tracts of land were explored by boat expeditions,
following the track of one of the slow rivers. The perils always were of
thirst and hunger. Very rarely did the blacks give any serious trouble.
But many explorers perished from privation, such as Burke and Wills (who
led out a great expedition from Melbourne, which was designed to cross
the continent from north to south) and Dr. Leichhardt. Even now there
is some danger in penetrating to some of the wilder parts of the
interior of Australia without a skilful guide, who knows where water can
be found, and deaths from thirst in the Bush are not infrequent.

One device has saved many lives. The wildest and loneliest part of the
continent is traversed by a telegraph line, which brings the European
cable-messages from Port Darwin, on the north coast, to Adelaide, in the
south. Men lost in the Bush near to that line make for its route and cut
the wire. That causes an interruption on the line; a line-repairer is
sent out from the nearest repairing-station, and finds the lost man
camped near the break. Sometimes he is too late, and finds him dead.

In the west, around the great goldfields, where water is very scarce,
white explorers have sometimes adopted a way to get help which is far
more objectionable. The natives in those regions are very reluctant to
show the locality of the waterholes. The supply is scanty, and they have
learned to regard the white man as wasteful and inconsiderate in regard
to water. But a white explorer or traveller has been known to catch a
native, and, filling his mouth with salt, to expose him to the heat of
the sun until the tortures of thirst forced him to lead the white party
to a native well. But these are rare dark spots on the picture. The
records of Australian exploration, as a whole, are bright with heroism.

The early pioneer in Australia--called a "squatter" because he squatted
on the land where he chose--enjoyed a picturesque life. Taking all his
household goods with him, driving his flocks and herds before him, he
moved out into the wilderness looking for a place to settle or "squat."
It was the experience of the "Swiss Family Robinson" made real. The
little community, with its waggons and tents, its horses, oxen, sheep,
dogs, perhaps also with a few poultry in one of the waggons, would have
to live for many months an absolutely self-contained life. The family
and its servants would provide wheelwrights, blacksmiths, carpenters,
veterinary surgeons, cattle-herds, milkers, shearers, cooks,
bridge-builders, and the like. The children brought up under those
conditions won not only fine healthy frames, but an alertness of mind, a
wideness of resource which made them, and their children after them,
fine nation-builders.

I am tempted, in illustration of this, to quote from a larger work of
mine, "Australia," an instance of my own observation of the "resourceful
Australian":

"Without touch of cap, or sign of servility, the swagman came up.

"'Gotter a job, boss?'

"'No chance; but you can go round and get rations.'

"'I wanter job pretty bad. Times have been hard. Perhaps you recollect
me--Jim Stone. You had me once working on the Paroo.'

"It was a blazing hot day in Central Queensland on one of the big cattle
stations out from the railway line, a station which had not yet reached
the dignity of fencing. The boss remembered that Jim Stone "was a good
sort," and that it was forty miles to the next chance of a job. And
there was always something to be done on a station.

"'All right, Stone. I think I can put you on to something for a month or
two.'

"'Thanks. Start now?'

"'Look. I have got a few men on digging tanks, about thirty miles out.
It's north-north-east. You can pick up their camp?'

"'Yes.'

"'Well, I want you to take a bullock-dray out, with stores, and bring
back anything they want sent back.'

"'Yes. Where are the bullocks?'

"'I haven't got a team broken in. But there's old Scarlet-Eye and two
others broken in. You'll pick them up along that little creek there, six
miles out'; he pointed indefinitely into the heat haze on the plain,
where there seemed to be some trees on the horizon. 'Collar them, and
then you'll find the milkers' herd right back of the homestead, only a
few miles. Punch out seven of the biggest and make up your team.'

"'Yes. Where's ther dray?'

"'Behind the blacksmith's shed there. By the way, there are no yokes,
but you'll find some bar-iron and some timber at the blacksmith's shed.
Knock out some yokes. I think there's one chain. You can make up another
with some fencing wire.'

"'Right-oh.'

"And this Australian casual worker (at 30s. a week and rations) went his
way cheerfully. He had to find some odd bullocks six miles out, in the
flat, grey, illimitable plain; then find the herd of milkers somewhere
else in that vague vastness, and break seven of them to harness; fix up
a dray and make cattle yokes; and then go out into the depths to find a
camp thirty miles out, without a fence or a track, and hardly a tree, to
guide him.

"He did it all, because to him it was quite ordinary. The
freshly-broken-in cattle had to be kept in the yokes for a week, night
and day, else they would have cleared out. That was the only real
hardship, in his opinion, and the cattle had to suffer that. He was
content to be surveyor, waggon-builder, blacksmith, subduer of beasts,
man of infinite pluck, resource, and energy, for 30s. a week and
rations! And he was a typical sample of the 'back-country Australian.'"

In the Australian Bush most children can milk a cow, ride a horse, or
harness him into a cart, snare or shoot game, kill a snake, find their
way through the trackless forest by the sun or the stars, and cook a
meal. In the cities, too, they are, though less skilled in such things,
used to do far more for themselves than the average European child.

After the squatters in Australia came the gold-diggers. Gold was
discovered in Victoria and in New South Wales. At first, strangely
enough, an effort was made to prevent the fact being known that gold was
to be found in Australia. Some of the rulers of the colony feared that
the gold would ruin and not help the country. And certainly in the very
early days of the gold-digging rushes, much harm was done to the settled
industries of the land through everybody rushing away to the diggings.
Farms were abandoned, workshops deserted, the sailors left their ships,
the shepherds their sheep, the shop-keepers their shops--all with the
gold fever. But that early madness soon passed away, and Australia got
the benefit of the gold discoverers in a great increase of population.
Most of those who came to dig gold remained to dig potatoes and other
more certain wealth out of the land.

Do you remember the tale of the ancient wise man whose two sons were
lazy fellows? He could not get them by any means to work in the
vineyard. As long as his own hands could toil he tended the vineyard,
and maintained his idle sons. But on his death-bed he feared for their
future. So he made them the victims of a pious fraud. "There is a great
sum in gold buried in the vineyard," he told them with his dying breath.
"But I cannot tell you where. You must find that for yourselves."

Tempted by the promise of quick fortune, the idle sons dug everywhere
in the vineyard to find the buried treasure. They never came across any
actual gold, but the good effect of their digging was such that the
vineyard prospered wonderfully and they grew rich from its fine crops.

So it was, in a way, with Australia. The gold discoverers did much good
by attracting people to the country in search of gold who, though they
found no gold, developed the other resources of a great country.

When the yields from the alluvial goldfields decreased there was a
great demand from the out-of-work diggers and others for land for
farming, and the agricultural era began in Australia. Since then the
growth of the country has been sound, and, if a little slow, sure. It
has been slow because the ideal of the people has always been a sound
and a general well-being rather than a too-quick growth. "Slow and
steady" is a good motto for a nation as well as an individual.




CHAPTER II

AUSTRALIA OF TO-DAY

    The diggings--The Government at Melbourne--The sheep-runs--The
    rabbits--The delights of Sydney.


If, by good luck, you were to have a trip to Australia now, you would
find, probably, the sea voyage, which takes up five weeks as a rule, a
little irksome. But fancy that over, and imagine yourself safely into
Australia of to-day. Fremantle will be the first place of call. It is
the port of Perth, which is the capital of West Australia. That great
State occupies nearly a quarter of the continent; but its population is
as yet the least important of the continental States, and not very much
ahead of the little island of Tasmania. Still, West Australia is
advancing very quickly. On the north it has great pearl fisheries;
inland it has goldfields, which take second rank in the world's list,
and it is fast developing its agricultural and pastoral riches.

Very soon it will be possible to leave the steamer at Fremantle and go
by train right across the continent to the Eastern cities. Now you must
travel by steamer to Port Adelaide, for Adelaide, the capital of South
Australia. It is a charming city, surrounded by vineyards, orange
orchards, and almond and olive groves. In the season you may get for a
penny all the grapes that you could possibly eat, and oranges and other
fruit are just as cheap.

Adelaide has the reputation of being a very "good" city. It was founded
largely by high-minded colonists from Britain, whose main idea was to
seek in the new world a place where poverty and its evils would not
exist. To a very large extent they succeeded. There are no slums in
Adelaide and no starving children. Everywhere is an air of quiet
comfort.

[Illustration: THE GARDEN STREETS OF ADELAIDE. PAGE 16.]

From Adelaide you may take the train to complete your trip, the end of
which is, say, Brisbane. Leaving Adelaide, you climb in the train the
pretty Mount Lofty Mountains and then sweep down on to the plains and
cross the Murray River near its mouth. The Murray is the greatest of
Australian rivers. It rises in the Australian Alps, and gathers on its
way to the sea the Murrumbidgee and the Darling tributaries. There is a
curious floating life on these rivers. Nomad men follow along their
banks, making a living by fishing and doing odd jobs on the stations
they pass. They are called "whalers," and follow the life, mainly, I
think, because of a gipsy instinct for roving, since it is not either a
comfortable or profitable existence. On the rivers, too, are all sorts
of curious little colonies, living in barges, and floating down from
town to town. You may find thus floating, little theatres, cinematograph
shows, and even circuses.

The fisheries of these rivers are somewhat important, the chief fish
caught being the Murray cod. It grows sometimes to a vast size, to the
size almost of a shark; but when the cod is so big its flesh is always
rank and uneatable by Europeans.

Fishing for a cod is not an occupation calling for very much industry.
The fisherman baits his line, ties it to a stake fixed on the river
bank, and on the stake hangs a bell. Then the fisherman gets under the
shadow of a gum-tree and enjoys a quiet life, reading or just lazing. If
a cod takes the bait the bell will ring, and he will go and collect his
fish, which obligingly catches itself, and does not need any play to
bring it to land.

A cruel practice is followed to keep these fish fresh until a boat or
train to the city markets is due: a line is passed through the cod's
lip, and it is tethered to a stake in the water near the bank. Thus it
can swim about and keep alive for some time; but the cruelty is great,
and efforts are now being made to stop this tethering of codfish.

These Australian inland rivers are slow and sluggish, and fish, such as
trout, accustomed to clear running waters, will not live in them. But in
the smaller mountain streams, which feed the big inland rivers, trout
thrive, and as they have been introduced from England and America they
provide good sport to anglers.

The plain-country through which the big rivers flow is very flat, and is
therefore liable to great floods. Australia has the reputation of being
a very dry country; as a matter of fact, the rainfall over one-third of
its area is greater than that of England. In most places the rainfall
is, however, badly distributed. After long spells of very dry weather
there will come fierce storms, during which the rain sometimes falls at
the rate of an inch an hour. This fact, and the curious physical
formation of the continent, about which you already know, makes it very
liable to floods.

Great floods of the past have been at Brisbane, the capital of
Queensland, destroying a section of the city; at Bourke (N.S.W.), and at
Gundagai (N.S.W.). In the latter a town was destroyed and many lives
lost. Another flood on the Hunter River (N.S.W.) was marked by the
drowning of the Speaker of the local Parliament. But great loss of human
life is rare; sacrifice of stock is sometimes, however, enormous. Cattle
fare better than sheep, for they will make some wise effort to reach a
point of safety, whilst sheep will, as likely as not, huddle together in
a hollow, not having the sense even to seek the little elevations which
are called "hills," though only raised a few feet above the general
level.

I recall well a flood in the Narrabri (N.S.W.) district some seventeen
years ago, and its moving perils. The hillocks on which cattle, sheep,
and in some cases human beings, had taken refuge were crowded, too, with
kangaroos, emus, brolgas (a kind of crane), koalas (known as the native
bear), rabbits, and snakes. Mutual hostilities were for a time suspended
by the common danger, though the snakes and the rabbits were rarely
given the advantages of the truce if there were human beings present. An
incident of that flood was that the little township of Terry-hie-hie
(these aboriginal names are strange!) was almost wiped out by
starvation. Beleaguered by the waters, it was cut off from all
communication with the railway and with food-supplies. When the waters
fell, the mud left on these black-soil plains was just as formidable a
barrier. Attempt after attempt to send flour through by horse and
bullock teams failed. It was impossible for thirty horses to get through
with one ton of flour! The siege was only raised when the population of
the little town was on the very verge of starvation.

After crossing the Murray the train passes through what is known as "the
desert"--a stretch of country covered with mallee scrub (the mallee is a
kind of small gum-tree); but nowadays they are finding out that this
mallee scrub is not hopeless country at all. The scrub is beaten down by
having great rollers drawn over it by horses; that in time kills it.
Then the roots are dug up for firewood, and the land is sown with wheat.
Quite good crops are now being got from the mallee when the rains are
favourable, but in dry seasons the wheat scorches off, and the farmer's
labour is wasted. It is proposed now to carry irrigation channels
through this and similar country. When that is done there will be no
more talk of desert in most parts of Australia. It will be conquered for
the use of man just as the American alkali desert is being conquered.

Leaving the mallee, the train comes in time to Ballarat, which used to
be the great centre of the gold-mining industry. Round here gold was
discovered in great lumps lying on the ground or just below the roots of
the grass. People rushed from all parts of the world to pick up fortunes
when this was heard of. The road from Melbourne was covered with
waggons, with horsemen, with diggers on foot. Most of them knew nothing
at all about digging, and also lacked the knowledge of how to get along
comfortably under "camping-out" conditions, when every man has to be his
own cook, his own washer-up, his own laundryman, as well as his own
mining labourer. But the best of the men learned quickly how to look
after themselves, to pitch a tent, to cook a meal, to drive a shaft, and
to do without food for long spells when on the search for new
goldfields. Thus they became resourceful and adventurous, and were of
great value afterwards in the community. There is nowadays rather a
tendency in civilized countries to bring children up too softly, to
guard them too much against the little roughnesses of life. Such
experiences as those of the Australian goldfields show how good it is
for men to be taught how to look after themselves under primitive
conditions.

Life on the Australian goldfields, though wild, was not unruly. There
was never any lynch law, never any "free shooting," as on the American
goldfields. Public order was generally respected, though there were at
first no police. The miners, however, kept up Vigilance Committees, the
main purpose of which was to check thefts. Anyone proved guilty of
theft, or even seriously suspected of pilfering, was simply ordered out
of the camp.

The Chinese were very early in getting to know of the goldfields in
Australia, and rushed there in great numbers. They were not welcomed,
and there was an exception to the general rule of good order in the
Anti-Chinese riots on the goldfields. The result of these was that
Chinese were prevented by the Government from coming into the country,
except in very small numbers, and on payment of a heavy poll-tax. When
this was done the excitement calmed down, and the Chinese already in the
country were treated fairly enough. They mostly settled down to growing
vegetables or doing laundry-work, though a few still work as miners.

The objection that the Australians have to the Chinamen and to other
coloured races is that they do not wish to have in the country any
people with whom the white race cannot intermarry, and they wish all
people in Australia to be equal in the eyes of the law and in social
consideration. As you travel through Australia, you will probably learn
to recognize the wisdom of this, and you will get to like the Australian
social idea, which is to carry right through all relations of life the
same discipline as governs a good school, giving respect to those who
are most worthy of it, by conduct and by capacity, and not by riches or
birth.

We have stayed long enough at Ballarat. Let us move on to
Melbourne--"marvellous Melbourne," as its citizens like to hear it
called. Melbourne is built on the shores of the Yarra, where it empties
into Hudson Bay, and its sea suburbs stretch along the beautiful sandy
shores of that bay. Few European or American children can enjoy such
sea beaches as are scattered all over the Australian coast. They are
beautiful white or creamy stretches of firm sand, curving round bays,
sometimes just a mile in length, sometimes of huge extent, as the Ninety
Miles Beach in Victoria. The water on the Australian coast is usually of
a brilliant blue, and it breaks into white foam as it rolls on to the
shelving sand. Around Carram, Aspendale, Mentone and Brighton, near
Melbourne; at Narrabeen, Manly, Cronulla, Coogee, near Sydney; and at a
hundred other places on the Australian coast, are beautiful beaches. You
may see on holidays hundreds of thousands of people--men, women, and
children--surf-bathing or paddling on the sands. It is quite safe fun,
too, if you take care not to go out too far and so get caught in the
undertow. Sharks are common on the Australian coast, but they will not
venture into the broken water of surf beaches. But you must not bathe,
except in enclosed baths in the harbours, or you run a serious risk of
providing a meal for a voracious shark.

Sharks are quite the most dangerous foes of man in Australia. There have
been some heroic incidents arising from attacks by sharks on human
beings. An instance: On a New South Wales beach two brothers were
bathing, and they had gone outside of the broken surf water. One was
attacked by a shark. The other went to his rescue, and actually beat the
great fish off, though he lost his arm in doing so. As a rule, however,
the shark kills with one bite, attacking the trunk of its victim, which
it can sever in two with one great snap of its jaws.

Children on the Australian coast are very fond of the water. They learn
to swim almost as soon as they can walk. Through exposure to the sun
whilst bathing their skin gets a coppery colour, and except for their
Anglo-Saxon eyes you would imagine many Australian youngsters to be
Arabs.

The beaches of Melbourne are not its only attractions. The city itself
is a very handsome one, and its great parks are planted with fine
English trees. You will see as good oaks and elms and beeches in Fitzroy
Gardens, Melbourne, as in any of the parks of old England. Melbourne,
too, at present, is the political capital of Australia, and here meet
the Australian Parliament.

Every young citizen of the Empire should know something of the
Commonwealth of Australia and its political institutions, because, as
the idea of Empire grows, it is recognized that all people of British
race, whether Australians, Canadians, New Zealanders, or South Africans,
or residents of the Mother Country, should know the whole Empire.

[Illustration: COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE. PAGE 22.]

After Australia began to prosper it was found that the continent was too
big to be governed by one Parliament in Sydney, so it split up into
States, each with a constitution and government of its own. These States
were New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, West
Australia, and Tasmania. It was soon seen that a mistake had been made
in splitting up altogether. The States were like children of one family,
all engaged as partners in one business, who, growing up, decided to set
up housekeeping each for himself, but neglected to arrange for some
means by which they could meet together now and again and decide on
matters which were of common interest to all of them. The separated
States of Australia were, all alike, interested in making Australia
great and prosperous, and keeping her safe; but in their hurry to set up
independent housekeeping they forgot to provide for the safeguarding of
that common interest.

So soon as this was recognized, patriotic men set themselves to put
things right, and the result was a Federation of the States, which is
called the Commonwealth of Australia. The different States are left to
manage for themselves their local affairs, but the big Australian
affairs are managed by the Commonwealth Parliament, which at present
meets in Melbourne, but one day will meet in a new Federal capital to be
built somewhere out in the Bush--that is to say, the wild, empty
country. Some people sneer at the idea of a "Bush capital," but I think,
and perhaps you will think with me, that there is something very
pleasant and very promising of profit in the idea of the country's
rulers meeting somewhere in the pure air of a quiet little city
surrounded by the great Australian forest. And as things are now, the
population of Australia is too much centralized in the big cities, and
it will be a good thing to have another centre of population.

In this railway trip across the continent you are being introduced to
all the main features of Australian life, so that you will have some
solid knowledge of the conditions of the country, and can, later on, in
chapters which will follow, learn of the Bush, the natives, the birds
and beasts and flowers, the games of Australia.

Leaving Melbourne, a fast and luxurious train takes you through the
farming districts of Victoria, past many smiling towns, growing rich
from the industry of men who graze cattle, grow wheat and oats and
barley, make butter, or pasture sheep. At Albany the train crosses to
Murray again, this time near to its source, and New South Wales is
entered.

For many, many miles now the train will run through flat, grassed
country, on which great flocks of sheep graze. This is the Riverina
district, the most notable sheep land in the world. From here, and from
similar plains running all along the western and northern borders of New
South Wales, comes the fine merino wool, which is necessary for
first-class cloth-making. The story of merino wool is one of the
romances of modern industry. Before the days of Australia, Spain was
looked upon as the only country in the world which could produce fine
wool. Spain was not willing that British looms should have any advantage
of her production, and the British woollen manufacturing industry,
confined to the use of coarser staples, languished. Now Australia, and
Australia practically alone, produces the fine wool of the world.
Australia merino wool is finer, more elastic, longer in staple, than any
wool ever dreamed of a century ago, and its use alone makes possible
some of the very fine cloths of to-day.

This merino wool is purely a product of Australian cleverness in
sheep-breeding. The sheep imported have been improved upon again and
again, quality and quantity of coat being both considered, until to-day
the Australian sheep is the greatest triumph of modern science as
applied to the culture of animals, more wonderful and more useful than
the thoroughbred race-horse. It is only on the hot plains that the
merino sheep flourishes to perfection. If he is brought to cold
hill-country in Australia his coat at once begins to coarsen, and his
wool is therefore not so good.

As you pass the sheep-runs in the train you will probably notice that
they are divided into paddocks by fine-mesh wire-netting. That is to
keep the rabbits out. The rabbit is accounted rather a desirable little
creature in Great Britain. A rabbit-warren on an estate is a source of
good sport and good food, and the complaint is sometimes of too few
rabbits rather than too many. A boy may keep rabbits as pets with some
enjoyment and some profit.

In Australia rabbits were first introduced by an emigrant from England,
who wished to give to his farm a home-like air. They spread over the
country with such marvellous rapidity as to become soon a serious
nuisance, then a national danger. Millions of pounds have been spent in
different parts of Australia fighting the rabbit plague; millions more
will yet have to be spent, for though the rabbits are now being kept in
check, constant vigilance is needed to see that they do not get the
upper hand again. The rabbit in Australia increases its numbers very
quickly: the doe will have up to eighty or ninety young in a year. There
is no natural check to this; no winter spell of bitter cold to kill off
the young and feeble. The only limit to the rabbit life is the
food-supply, and that does not fail until the pasturage intended for the
sheep is eaten bare. Not only is the grass eaten, but also the roots of
the grass, and the rabbit is a further nuisance because sheep dislike to
eat grass at which bunny has been nibbling.

The campaign against the rabbit in Australia has had all the excitement
and much of the misery of a great war. The march inland of the rabbit
was like that of a devastating army. Smiling prosperity was turned into
black ruin. Where there had been green pastures and bleating sheep there
was a bare and dusty plain and starving stock.

At first wholesale poisoning was tried as a remedy for the rabbit
plague. It inflicted a check, but had the evil of killing off many of
the native birds and animals. There was an idea once of trying to
spread a disease among the rabbits, so as to kill them off quickly, but
that was abandoned. Now the method is to enclose the pasture-lands
within wire-netting, which is rabbit-proof, and within this enclosure to
destroy all logs and the like which provide shelters for the rabbits, to
dig up all their burrows, and to hunt down the rabbit with dogs. The
best of the lands are being thus quite cleared of rabbits. The worst
lands are for the present left to bunny, who has become a source of
income, being trapped and his carcase sent frozen to England, and his
fur utilized for hat-felt. But be sure that if you bring to Australia
your rabbit pets with you from England they will be destroyed before you
land, and you may reckon on having to face serious trouble with the law
for trying to bring them into the country.

Whilst you have been hearing all this about the rabbit the train has
climbed up from the plains to the Blue Mountains and is rushing down the
coast slope towards Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, the chief
commercial city of Australia, and one of the great ports of the Empire.
Sydney is, I do really think, the pleasantest place in the world for a
child to live in, though two hot, muggy months of the year are to be
avoided for health's sake.

On the Blue Mountains, as you crossed in the train, you will have seen
wild "gullies," as they are called in Australia--ravines in the hills
which rise abruptly all around, sometimes in wild cliffs and sometimes
in steep wooded slopes. These gullies interlace with one another, one
leading into another, and stretching out little arms in all directions.
Turn into one and try to follow it up, and you never know where it will
end. Well, once upon a time there was a particularly wild one of these
gully systems on the coast hills where Sydney now is. Something sunk the
level of the land suddenly, and the gullies were depressed below
sea-level. The Pacific Ocean heard of this, broke a way through a great
cliff-gate, and that made Sydney Harbour. Entering Sydney by sea, you
come, as the ocean does, through a narrow gate between two lovely
cliffs. Turn sharply to the left, and you are in a maze of blue waters,
fringed with steep hills. On these hills is built Sydney. You may follow
the harbour in all directions, up Iron Cove a couple of miles to
Leichhardt suburb; along the Parramatta River (which is not a river at
all, but one of the long arms of the ocean-filled gully system) ten
miles to the orange orchard country; along the Lane Cove, through wooded
hills, to another orchard tract; or, going in another direction, you may
travel for scores of miles along what is called Middle Harbour, and then
have North Harbour still to explore. In spite of the nearness of the big
city, and the presence here and there of lovely suburbs on the
waterside, the area of Sydney Harbour is so vast, its windings are so
amazing, that you can get in a boat to the wildest and most lovely
scenery in an hour or two. The rocky shores abound in caves, where you
can camp out in dryness and comfort. The Bush at every season of the
year flaunts wildflowers. There are fish to be had everywhere; in many
places oysters; in some places rabbits, hares, and wallabies to be
hunted. Does it not sound like a children's paradise--all this within
reach of a vast city?

But let us tear ourselves away from Sydney, and go on to Brisbane,
passing on the way through Kurringai Chase, one of the great National
Parks of New South Wales; along the fertile Hawkesbury and Hunter
valleys, which grow Indian corn and lucerne, and oranges and melons, and
men who are mostly over six feet high; up the New England Mountains,
through a country which owes its name to the fact that the high
elevation gives it a climate somewhat like that of England; then into
Queensland along the rich Darling Down studded with wheat-farms,
dairy-farms, and cattle-ranches; and finally to Brisbane, a prospering
semi-tropical town which is the capital of the Northern State of
Queensland. At Brisbane you will be able to buy fine pineapples for a
penny each, and that alone should endear it to your heart.

Thus you will have seen a good deal of the Australia of to-day. You
might have followed other routes. Coming via Canada, you would reach
Brisbane first. Taking a "British India" boat you would have come down
the north coast of Queensland and seen something of its wonderful
tropical vegetation, its sugar-fields, banana and coffee plantations,
and the meat works which ship abroad the products of the great cattle
stations.

[Illustration: THE TOWN HALL SYDNEY. PAGE 29.]

This tropical part of Australia really calls for a long book of its own.
But as it is hardly the Australia of to-day, though it may be the
Australia of the future, we must hurry through its great forests and its
rich plains. There are wild buffalo to be found on these plains, and in
the rivers that flow through them crocodiles lurk. The crocodile is a
very cunning creature. It rests near the surface of the water like a
half-submerged log waiting for a horse or an ox or a man to come into
the water. Then a rush and a meal.

If, instead of coming along the north, you had travelled via South
Africa you might have landed first at Hobart and seen the charms of dear
little Tasmania, a land of apple-orchards and hop-gardens, looking like
the best parts of Kent. But you have been introduced to a good deal of
Australia and heard much of its industries and its history. It is time
now to talk of savages, and birds, and beasts, and games, and the like.




CHAPTER III

THE NATIVES

    A dwindling race; their curious weapons--The Papuan
    tree-dwellers--The cunning witch-doctors.


The natives of Australia were always few in number. The conditions of
the country secured that Australia, kept from civilization for so long,
is yet the one land of the world which, whilst capable of great
production with the aid of man's skill, is in its natural state
hopelessly sterile. Australia produced no grain of any sort naturally;
neither wheat, oats, barley nor maize. It produced practically no edible
fruit, excepting a few berries, and one or two nuts, the outer rind of
which was eatable. There were no useful roots such as the potato, the
turnip, or the yam, or the taro. The native animals were few and just
barely eatable, the kangaroo, the koala (or native bear) being the
principal ones. In birds alone was the country well supplied, and they
were more beautiful of plumage than useful as food. Even the fisheries
were infrequent, for the coast line, as you will see from the map, is
unbroken by any great bays, and there is thus less sea frontage to
Australia than to any other of the continents, and the rivers are few in
number.

Where the land inhabited by savages is poor in food-supply their number
is, as a rule, small and their condition poor. It is not good for a
people to have too easy times; that deprives them of the incentive to
work. But also it is not good for people who are backward in
civilization to be kept to a land which treats them too harshly; for
then they never get a fair chance to progress in the scale of
civilization. The people of the tropics and the people near the poles
lagged behind in the race for exactly opposite but equally powerful
reasons. The one found things too easy, the other found things too hard.
It was in the land between, the Temperate Zone, where, with proper
industry, man could prosper, that great civilizations grew up.

The Australian native had not much to complain of in regard to his
climate. It was neither tropical nor polar. But the unique natural
conditions of his country made it as little fruitful to an uncivilized
inhabitant as was Lapland. When Captain Cook landed at Botany Bay
probably there were not 500,000 natives in all Australia. And if the
white man had not come, there probably would never have been any
progress among the blacks. As they were then they had been for countless
centuries, and in all likelihood would have remained for countless
centuries more. They had never, like the Chinese, the Hindus, the
Peruvians, the Mexicans, evolved a civilization of their own. There was
not the slightest sign that they would be able to do so in the future.
If there was ever a country on earth which the white man had a right to
take on the ground that the black man could never put it to good use, it
was Australia.

Allowing that, it is a pity to have to record that the early treatment
of the poor natives of Australia was bad. The first settlers to
Australia had learned most of the lessons of civilization, but they had
not learned the wisdom and justice of treating the people they were
supplanting fairly. The officials were, as a rule, kind enough; but some
classes of the new population were of a bad type, and these, coming into
contact with the natives, were guilty of cruelties which led to
reprisals and then to further cruelties, and finally to a complete
destruction of the black people in some districts.

In Tasmania, for instance, where the blacks were of a fine robust type,
convicts in the early days, escaping to the Bush, by their cruelties
inflamed the natives to hatred of the white disturbers, and outrages
were frequent. The state of affairs got to be so bad that the Government
formed the idea of capturing all the natives of Tasmania and putting
them on a special reserve on Tasman Peninsula. That was to be the black
man's part of the country, where no white people would be allowed. The
help of the settlers was enlisted, and a great cordon was formed around
the whole island, as if it were to be beaten for game. The cordon
gradually closed in on Tasman Peninsula after some weeks of "beating"
the forests. It was found, then, that one aboriginal woman had been
captured, and that was all. Such a result might have been foreseen.
Tasmania is about as large as Scotland. Its natural features are just as
wild. The cordon did not embrace 2,000 settlers. The idea of their being
able to drive before them a whole native race familiar with the Bush was
absurd.

After that the old conditions ruled in Tasmania. Blacks and whites were
in constant conflict, and the black race quickly perished. To-day there
is not a single member of that race alive, Truganini, its last
representative, having died about a quarter of a century ago.

On the mainland of Australia many blacks still survive; indeed, in a few
districts of the north, they have as yet barely come into contact with
the white race. A happier system in dealing with them prevails. The
Government are resolute that the blacks shall be treated kindly, and
aboriginal reserves have been formed in all the States. One hears still
of acts of cruelty in the back-blocks (as the far interior of Australia
is called), but, so far as the Government can, it punishes the
offenders. In several of the States there is an official known as the
Protector of the Aborigines, and he has very wide powers to shield these
poor blacks from the wickedness of others, and from their own weakness.
In the Northern States now, the chief enemies of the blacks are Asiatics
from the pearl-shelling fleets, who land in secret and supply the blacks
with opium and drink. When the Commonwealth Navy, now being
constructed, is in commission, part of its duty will be to patrol the
northern coast and prevent Asiatics landing there to victimize the
blacks.

The official statistics of the Commonwealth reported, in regard to the
aborigines, in the year 1907:

"In Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia, on the other
hand, there are considerable numbers of natives still in the 'savage'
state, numerical information concerning whom is of a most unreliable
nature, and can be regarded as little more than the result of mere
guessing. Ethnologically interesting as is this remarkable and rapidly
disappearing race, practically all that has been done to increase our
knowledge of them, their laws, habits, customs, and language, has been
the result of more or less spasmodic and intermittent effort on the part
of enthusiasts either in private life or the public service. Strange to
say, an enumeration of them has never been seriously undertaken in
connection with any State census, though a record of the numbers who
were in the employ of whites, or living in contiguity to the settlements
of whites, has usually been made. As stated above, various guesses at
the number of aboriginal natives at present in Australia have been made,
and the general opinion appears to be that 150,000 may be taken as a
rough approximation to the total. It is proposed to make an attempt to
enumerate the aboriginal population of Australia in connection with the
first Commonwealth Census to be taken in 1911."

A very primitive savage was the Australian aboriginal. He had no
architecture, but in cold or wet weather built little break-winds,
called mia-mias. He had no weapons of steel or any other metal. His
spears were tipped with the teeth of fish, the bones of animals, and
with roughly sharpened flints. He had no idea of the use of the bow and
arrow, but had a curious throwing-stick, which, working on the principle
of a sling, would cast a missile a great distance. These were his
weapons--rough spears, throwing-sticks, and clubs called nullahs, or
waddys. (I am not sure that these latter are original native words. The
blacks had a way of picking up white men's slang and adding it to their
very limited vocabulary; thus the evil spirit is known among them as the
"debbil-debbil.") Another weapon the aboriginal had, the boomerang, a
curiously curved missile stick which, if it missed the object at which
it was aimed, would curve back in the air and return to the feet of the
thrower; thus the black did not lose his weapon. The boomerang shows an
extraordinary knowledge of the effects of curves on the flight of an
object; it is peculiar to the Australian natives, and proves that they
had skill and cunning in some respects, though generally low in the
scale of human races.

The Australian aboriginals were divided into tribes, and these tribes,
when food supplies were good, amused themselves with tribal warfare.
From what can be gathered, their battles were not very serious affairs.
There was more yelling and dancing and posing than bloodshed. The braves
of a tribe would get ready for battle by painting themselves with red,
yellow, and white clay in fantastic patterns. They would then hold
war-dances in the presence of the enemy; that, and the exchange of
dreadful threats, would often conclude a campaign. But sometimes the
forces would actually come to blows, spears would be thrown, clubs used.
The wounds made by the spears would be dreadfully jagged, for about half
a yard of the end of the spear was toothed with bones or fishes' teeth.
But the black fellows' flesh healed wonderfully. A wound that would kill
any European the black would plaster over with mud, and in a week or so
be all right.

Duels between individuals were not uncommon among the natives, and even
women sometimes settled their differences in this way. A common method
of duelling was the exchange of blows from a nullah. One party would
stand quietly whilst his antagonist hit him on the head with a club;
then the other, in turn, would have a hit, and this would be continued
until one party dropped. It was a test of endurance rather than of
fighting power.

The women of the aboriginals were known as gins, or lubras, the children
as picaninnies--this last, of course, not an aboriginal name. The women
were not treated very well by their lords: they had to do all the
carrying when on the march. At mealtimes they would sit in a row behind
the men. The game--a kangaroo, for instance--would be roughly roasted at
the camp fire with its fur still on. The men would devour the best
portions and throw the rest over their shoulders to the waiting women.

Fish was a staple article of diet for the Australian natives. Wherever
there were good fishing-places on the coast or good oyster-beds powerful
tribes were camped, and on the inland rivers are still found weirs
constructed by the natives to trap fish. So far as can be ascertained,
the Australian native was rarely if ever a cannibal. His neighbours in
the Pacific Ocean were generally cannibals. Perhaps the scanty
population of the Australian continent was responsible for the absence
of cannibalism; perhaps some ethical sense in the breasts of the
natives, who seem to have always been, on the whole, good-natured and
little prone to cruelty.

[Illustration: THE AUSTRALIAN NATIVES IN CAPTAIN COOK'S TIME. PAGE 34.]

The religious ideas of these natives were very primitive. They believed
strongly in evil spirits, and had various ceremonial dances and
practices of witchcraft to ward off the influence of these. But they had
little or no conception of a Good Spirit. Their idea of future happiness
was, after they had come into contact with the whites: "Fall down black
fellow, jump up white fellow." Such an idea of heaven was, of course, an
acquired one. What was their original notion on the subject is not at
all clear. The Red Indians of America had a very definite idea of a
future happy state. The aboriginals of Australia do not seem to have
been able to brighten their poor lives with such a hope.

Various books have been written about the folklore of the Australian
aboriginals, but most of the stories told as coming from the blacks seem
to me to have a curious resemblance to the stories of white folk. A
legend about the future state, for instance, is just Bunyan's "Pilgrim's
Progress" put crudely to fit in with Australian conditions. I may be
quite wrong in this, but I think that most of the folk-stories coming
from the natives are just their attempts to imitate white-man stories,
and not original ideas of their own. The conditions or life in Australia
for the aboriginal were so harsh, the struggle for existence was so
keen, that he had not much time to cultivate ideas. Life to him was
centred around the camp-fire, the baked 'possum, and a few crude tribal
ceremonies.

Usually the Australian black is altogether spoilt by civilization. He
learns to wear clothes, but he does not learn that clothes need to be
changed and washed occasionally, and are not intended for use by day and
night. He has an insane veneration for the tall silk hat which is the
badge of modern gentility, and, given an old silk hat, he will never
allow it off his head. He quickly learns to smoke and to drink, and,
when he comes into contact with the Chinese, to eat opium. He cannot be
broken into any steady habits of industry, but where by wise kindness
the black fellow has been kept from the vices of civilization he is a
most engaging savage. Tall, thin, muscular, with fine black beard and
hair and a curiously wide and impressive forehead, he is not at all
unhandsome. He is capable of great devotion to a white master, and is
very plucky by daylight, though his courage usually goes with the fall
of night. He takes to a horse naturally, and some of the finest riders
in Australia are black fellows.

An attempt is now being made to Christianize the Australian blacks. It
seems to prosper if the blacks can be kept away from the debasing
influence of bad whites. They have no serious vices of their own, very
little to unlearn, and are docile enough. In some cases black children
educated at the mission schools are turning out very well. But, on the
other hand, there are many instances of these children conforming to the
habits of civilization for some years and then suddenly feeling "the
call of the wild," and running away into the Bush to join some nomad
tribe.

It is not possible to be optimistic about the future of the Australian
blacks. The race seems doomed to perish. Something can be done to
prolong their life, to make it more pleasant; but they will never be a
people, never take any share in the development of the continent which
was once their own.

A quite different type of native comes under the rule of the Australian
Commonwealth--the Papuan. Though Papua, or New Guinea, as it was once
called, is only a few miles from the north coast of Australia, its race
is distinct, belonging to the Polynesian or Kanaka type, and resembling
the natives of Fiji and Tahiti.

Papua is quite a tropical country, producing bananas, yams, taro, sago,
and cocoa-nuts. The natives, therefore, have always had plenty of food,
and they reached a higher stage of civilization than the Australian
aborigines. But their food came too easily to allow them to go very far
forward. "Civilization is impossible where the banana grows," some
observer has remarked. He meant that since the banana gave food without
any culture or call on human energy, the people in banana-growing
countries would be lazy, and would not have the stimulus to improve
themselves that is necessary for progress. To get a good type of man he
must have the need to work.

The Papuan, having no need of industry, amused himself with head-hunting
as a national sport. Tribes would invade one another's districts and
fight savage battles. The victors would eat the bodies of the
vanquished, and carry home their heads as trophies. A chief measured his
greatness by the number of skulls he had to adorn his house.

Since the British came to Papua head-hunting and cannibalism have been
forbidden. But all efforts to instil into the minds of the Papuan a
liking for work have so far failed. So the condition of the natives is
not very happy. They have lost the only form of exercise they cared for,
and sloth, together with contact with the white man, has brought to them
new and deadly diseases. Several missionary bodies are working to
convert the Papuan to Christianity, and with some success.

The Papuan builds houses and temples. His tree-dwellings are very
curious. They are built on platforms at the top of lofty palm-trees.
Probably the Papuan first designed the tree-dwelling as a refuge from
possible enemies. Having climbed up to his house with the aid of a rope
ladder and drawn the ladder up after him, he was fairly safe from
molestation, for the long, smooth, branchless trunks of the palm-trees
do not make them easy to scale. In time the Papuan learned the
advantages of the tree-dwelling in marshy ground, and you will find
whole villages on the coast built of trees. Herodotus states of the
ancient Egyptians that in some parts they slept on top of high towers to
avoid mosquitoes and the malaria that they brought. The Papuan seems to
have arrived at the same idea.

Sorcery is a great evil among the Papuans. In every village almost, some
crafty man pretends to be a witch and to have the power to destroy those
who are his enemies. This is a constant thorn in the side of the
Government official and the missionary. The poor Papuan goes all his
days beset by the Powers of Darkness. The sorcerer, the "pourri-pourri"
man, can blast him and his pigs, crops, family (that is the Papuan
order of valuation) at will. The sorcerer is generally an old man. He
does not, as a rule, deck himself in any special garb, or go through
public incantations, as do most savage medicine-men. But he hints and
threatens, and lets inference take its course, till eventually he
becomes a recognized power, feared and obeyed by all. Extortion, false
swearing, quarrels and murders, and all manner of iniquity, follow in
his train. No native but fears him, however complete the training and
education of civilization. For the Papuan never thinks of death, plague,
pestilence or famine as arising from natural causes. Every little
misfortune (much more every great one) is credited to a "pourri-pourri"
or magic. The Papuan, when he comes "under the Evil Eye" of the
witch-doctor, will wilt away and die, though, apparently, he has nothing
at all the matter with him; and since Europeans are apt to suffer from
malarial fever in Papua, the witch-doctors are prompt to put this down
to their efforts, and so persuade the natives that they have power even
over Europeans.

A gentleman who was a resident magistrate in Papua tells an amusing tale
of how one witch-doctor was very properly served. "A village constable
of my acquaintance, wearied with the attentions of a magician of great
local repute, who had worked much harm with his friends and relations,
tied him up with rattan ropes, and sank him in 20 feet of water against
the morning. He argued, as he explained at his trial for murder, 'If
this man is the genuine article, well and good, no harm done. If he is
not--well, it's a good riddance!' On repairing to the spot next morning,
and pulling up his night-line, he found that the magician had failed to
'make his magic good,' and was quite dead. The constable's punishment
was twelve months' hard labour. It was a fair thing to let him off
easily, as in killing a witch-doctor he had really done the community a
service."

The future of the Papuan is more hopeful than that of the Australian
aboriginal, and he may be preserved in something near to his natural
state if means can be found to make him work.




CHAPTER IV

THE ANIMALS AND BIRDS

    The kangaroo--The koala--The bulldog ant--Some quaint and
    delightful birds--The kookaburra--Cunning crows and cockatoo.


Australia has most curious animals, birds, and flowers. This is due to
the fact that it is such an old, old place, and has been cut off so long
from the rest of the world. The types of animals that lived in Europe
long before Rome was built, before the days, indeed, of the Egyptian
civilization, animals of which we find traces in the fossils of very
remote periods--those are the types living in Australia to-day. They
belong to the same epoch as the mammoth and the great flying lizards and
other creatures of whom you may learn something in museums. Indeed,
Australia, as regards its fauna, may be considered as a museum, with the
animals of old times alive instead of in skeleton form.

The kangaroo is always taken as a type of Australian animal life. When
an Australian cricket team succeeds in vanquishing in a Test Match an
English one (which happens now and again), the comic papers may be
always expected to print a picture of a lion looking sad and sorry, and
a kangaroo proudly elate. The kangaroo, like practically all Australian
animals, is a marsupial, carrying its young about in a pouch after their
birth until they reach maturity. The kangaroo's forelegs are very small;
its hindlegs and its tail are immensely powerful, and these it uses for
progression, rushing with huge hops over the country. There are very
many animals which may be grouped as kangaroos, from the tiny kangaroo
rat, about the size of an English water-rat, to the huge red kangaroo,
which is over six feet high and about the weight of a sucking calf. The
kangaroo is harmless and inoffensive as a rule, but it can inflict a
dangerous kick with its hindlegs, and when pursued by dogs or men and
cornered, the "old man" kangaroo will sometimes fight for its life. Its
method is to take a stand in a water-hole or with its back to a tree,
standing on its hindlegs and balanced on its tail. When a dog approaches
it is seized in the kangaroo's forearms and held under water or torn to
pieces. Occasionally men's lives have been lost through approaching
incautiously an old man kangaroo.

The kangaroo's method of self-defence has been turned to amusing account
by circus-proprietors. The "boxing kangaroo" was at one time quite a
common feature at circuses and music-halls. A tame kangaroo would have
its forefeet fitted with boxing-gloves. Then when lightly punched by its
trainer, it would, quite naturally, imitate the movements of the boxer,
fending off blows and hitting out with its forelegs. One boxing kangaroo
I had a bout with was quite a clever pugilist. It was very difficult to
hit the animal, and its return blows were hard and well directed.

The different sorts of kangaroo you may like to know. There is the
kangaroo rat, very small; the "flying kangaroo," a rare animal of the
squirrel species, but marsupial, which lives in trees; the wallaby, the
wallaroo, the paddy-melon (medium varieties of kangaroo); the grey and
the red kangaroo, the last the biggest and finest of the species.

The kangaroo, as I have said, is not of much use for meat. Its flesh is
very dark and rank, something like that of a horse. However, chopped up
into a fine sausage-meat, with half its weight of fat bacon, kangaroo
flesh is just eatable. The tail makes a very rich soup. The skin of the
kangaroo provides a soft and pliant leather which is excellent for
shoes. Kangaroo furs are also of value for rugs and overcoats.

[Illustration: THE AUSTRALIAN FOREST AT NIGHT "MOONING" OPOSSUMS.
PAGES 49 & 71.]

Of tree-inhabiting animals the chief in Australia is the 'possum (which
is not really an opossum, but is somewhat like that American rodent, and
so got its name), and the koala, or native bear. Why this little animal
was called a "bear" it is hard to say, for it is not in the least like a
bear. It is about the size of a very large and fat cat, is covered with
a very thick, soft fur, and its face is shaped rather like that of an
owl, with big saucer-eyes.

The koala is the quaintest little creature imaginable. It is quite
harmless, and only asks to be let alone and allowed to browse on
gum-leaves. Its flesh is uneatable except by an aboriginal or a victim
to famine. Its fur is difficult to manipulate, as it will not lie flat,
so the koala should have been left in peace. But its confiding and
somewhat stupid nature, and the senseless desire of small boys and
"children of larger growth" to kill something wild just for the sake of
killing, has led to the koala being almost exterminated in many places.
Now it is protected by the law, and may get back in time to its old
numbers. I hope so. There is no more amusing or pretty sight than that
of a mother koala climbing sedately along a gum-tree limb, its young
ones riding on it pick-a-back, their claws dug firmly into its soft fur.

The 'possum is much hunted for its fur. The small black 'possum found in
Tasmania and in the mountainous districts is the most valuable, its fur
being very close and fine. Dealers in skins will sometimes dye the grey
'possum's skin black and trade it off as Tasmanian 'possum. It is a
trick to beware of when buying furs. Bush lads catch the 'possum with
snares. Finding a tree, the scratched bark of which tells that a 'possum
family lives upstairs in one of its hollows, they fix a noose to the
tree. The 'possum, coming down at night to feed or to drink, is caught
in the noose. Another way of getting 'possum skins is to shoot the
little creatures on moonlight nights. (The 'possum is nocturnal in its
habits, and sleeps during the day.) When there is a good moon the
'possums may be seen as they sit on the boughs of the gum-trees, and
brought down with a shot-gun.

Besides its human enemies, the 'possum has the 'goanna (of which more
later) to contend with. The 'goanna--a most loathsome-looking
lizard--can climb trees, and is very fond of raiding the 'possum's home
when the young are there. Between the men who want its coat and the
'goannas who want its young the 'possum is fast being exterminated.

Two other characteristic Australian animals you should know about. The
wombat is like a very large pig; it lives underground, burrowing vast
distances. The wombat is a great nuisance in districts where there are
irrigation canals; its burrows weaken the banks of the water-channels,
and cause collapses. The dugong is a sea mammal found on the north coast
of Australia. It is said to be responsible for the idea of the mermaid.
Rising out of the water, the dugong's figure has some resemblance to
that of a woman.

Then there is the bunyip--or, rather, there isn't the bunyip, so far as
we know as yet. The bunyip is the legendary animal of Australia. It is
supposed to be of great size--as big as a bullock--and of terrible
ferocity. The bunyip is represented as living in lakes and marshes, but
it has never been seen by any trustworthy observer. The blacks believe
profoundly in the bunyip, and white children, when very young, are
scared with bunyip tales. There may have been once an animal answering
to its description in Australia; if so, it does not seem to have
survived.

In Tasmania, however, are found, though very rarely, two savage and
carnivorous marsupials called the Tasmanian tiger and the Tasmanian
devil. The tiger is almost as large as the female Bengal tiger, and has
a few little stripes near its tail, from which fact it gets its name.
The Tasmanian tiger will create fearful havoc if it gets among sheep,
killing for the sheer lust of killing. At one time a price of £100 was
put on the head of the Tasmanian tiger. As settlement progressed it
became rarer and rarer, and I have not heard of one having been seen for
some years. The Tasmanian devil is a marsupial somewhat akin to the wild
cat, and of about the same size. It is very ferocious, and has been
known to attack man, springing on him from a tree branch. The Tasmanian
devil is likewise becoming very rare.

The existence of these two animals in Tasmania and not in Australia
shows that that island has been a very long time separated from the
mainland.

Australia is very well provided with serpents--rather too well
provided--and the Bush child has to be careful in regard to putting his
hand into rabbit burrows or walking barefoot, as there are several
varieties of venomous snake. But the snakes are not at all the great
danger that some imagine. You might live all your life in Australia and
never see one; but in a few country parts it has been found necessary to
enclose the homesteads on the stations with snake-proof wire-fencing, so
as to make some place of safety in which young children may play. The
most venomous of Australian snakes are the death-adder, fortunately a
very sluggish variety; the tiger-snake, a most fierce serpent, which,
unlike other snakes, will actually turn and pursue a man if it is
wounded or angered; the black snake, a handsome creature with a vivid
scarlet belly; and the whip-snake, a long, thin reptile, which may be
easily mistaken for a bit of stick, and is sometimes picked up by
children. But no Australian snake is as deadly as the Indian jungle
snakes, and it is said that the bite of no Australian snake can cause
death if the bite has been given through any cloth. So the only real
danger is in walking through the Bush barefooted, or putting the hand
into holes where snakes may be lurking.

Some of the non-venomous snakes of Australia are very handsome, the
green tree-snake and the carpet-snake (a species of python) for
examples. The carpet-snake is occasionally kept in the house or in the
barn to destroy mice and other small vermin.

Lizards in great variety are found in Australia, the chief being one
incorrectly called an iguana, which colloquial slang has changed to
'goanna. The 'goanna is an altogether repulsive creature. It feasts on
carrion, on the eggs of birds, on birds themselves, on the young of any
creature. Growing to a great size--I have seen one 9 feet long and as
thick in the body as a small dog--the 'goanna looks very dangerous, and
it will bite a man when cornered. Though not venomous in the strict
sense of the word, the 'goanna's bite generally causes a festering wound
on account of the loathsome habits of the creature. The Jew-lizard and
the devil-lizard are two other horrid-looking denizens of the Australian
forest, but in their cases an evil character does not match an evil
face, for they are quite harmless.

Spiders are common, but there is, so far as I know, only one dangerous
one--a little black spider with a red spot on its back. Large spiders,
called (incorrectly) tarantulas, credited by some with being poisonous,
come into the houses. But they are really not in any way dangerous. I
knew a man who used to keep tarantulas under his mosquito-nets so that
they might devour any stray mosquitoes that got in. The example is
hardly worth following. The Australian tarantula, though innocent of
poison, is a horrible object, and would, I think, give you a bad fright
if it flopped on to your face.

Australia is rich in ants. There is one specially vicious ant called the
bulldog ant, because of its pluck. Try to kill the bulldog ant with a
stick, and it will face you and try to bite back until the very last
gasp, never thinking of running away. The bulldog ant has a liking for
the careless picnicker, whom she--the male ant, like the male bee, is
not a worker--bites with a fierce energy that suggests to the victim
that his flesh is being torn with red-hot pincers. I have heard it said
that but for the fact that Australia is so large an island, a great
proportion of its population would by this time have been lost through
bounding into the surrounding sea when bitten by bulldog ants. It is
wise when out for a picnic in Australia to camp in some spot away from
ant-beds, for the ant, being such an industrious creature, seems to take
a malicious delight in spoiling the day for pleasure-seekers.

In one respect, the ant, unwillingly enough, contributes to the pleasure
and amusement of the Australian people. In the dry country it would not
be possible to keep grass lawns for tennis. But an excellent substitute
has been found in the earth taken from ant-beds. This earth, which has
been ground fine by the industrious little insects, makes a beautifully
firm tennis-court.

It is not possible to leave the ant without mention of the termite, or
white ant, which is very common and very mischievous in most parts of
Australia. A colony of termites keeps its headquarters underground, and
from these headquarters it sends out foraging expeditions to eat up all
the wood in the neighbourhood. If you build a house in Australia, you
must be very careful indeed that there is no possibility of the termites
being able to get to its timbers. Otherwise the joists will be eaten,
the floors eaten, even the furniture eaten, and one day everything that
is made of wood in the house will collapse. All the mischief, too, will
have been concealed until the last moment. A wooden beam will look to be
quite sound when really its whole heart has been eaten out by the
termites. Nowadays the whole area on which a house is to be raised is
covered with cement or with asphalt, and care taken that no timber
joists are allowed to touch the earth and thus give entry to the
termites. Fortunately, these destructive insects cannot burrow through
brick or stone.

In the Northern Territory there are everywhere gigantic mounds raised by
these termites, long, narrow, high, and always pointing due north and
south. You can tell infallibly the points of the compass from the mounds
of this white ant, which has been called the "meridian termite."

Australia has a wild bee of her own (of course, too, there are European
bees introduced by apiarists, distilling splendid honey from the wild
flowers of the continent). The aborigines had an ingenious way of
finding the nests of the wild bee. They would catch a bee, preferably at
some water-hole where the bees went to drink, and fix to its body a
little bit of white down. The bee would be then released, and would fly
straight for home, and the keen-eyed black would be able to follow its
flight and discover the whereabouts of its hive--generally in the hollow
of a tree. The Australian black, having found a hive, would kill the
bees with smoke and then devour the whole nest, bees, honeycomb, and
honey.

Australian birds are very numerous and very beautiful. The famous
bird-of-paradise is found in several varieties in Papua and other
islands along Australia's northern coast. The bird-of-paradise was
threatened with extinction on account of the demand for its plumes for
women's hats. So the Australian Government has recently passed
legislation to protect this most beautiful of all birds, which on the
tiniest of bodies carries such wonderful cascades of plumage, silver
white in some cases, golden brown in others.

[Illustration: A SHEEP DROVER. PAGE 26.]

Some very beautiful parrots flash through the Australian forest. It
would not be possible to tell of all of them. The smallest, which is
known as the grass parrakeet, or "the love-bird," is about the size of a
sparrow. I notice it in England carried around by gipsies and trained to
pick out a card which "tells you your fortune." From that tiny little
green bird the range of parrots runs up to huge fowl with feathers of
all the colours of the rainbow. There are two fine cockatoos also in
Australia--the white with a yellow crest, and the black, which has a
beautiful red lining to its sable wings. A flock of black cockatoos in
flight gives an impression of a sunset cloud, its under surface shot
with crimson.

Cockatoos can be very destructive to crops, especially to maize, so the
farmers have declared war upon them. The birds seem to be able to hold
their own pretty well in this campaign, for they are of wonderful
cunning. When a crowd of cockatoos has designs on a farmer's
maize-patch, the leader seems to prospect the place thoroughly; he acts
as though he were a general, providing a safe bivouac for an army; he
sets sentinels on high trees commanding a view of all points of danger.
Then the flock of cockatoos settles on the maize and gorges as fast as
it can. If the farmer or his son tries to approach with a gun, a
sentinel cockatoo gives warning and the whole flock clears out to a
place of safety. As soon as the danger is over they come back to the
feast.

Even more cunning is the Australian crow. It is a bird of prey and
perhaps the best-hated bird in the world. An Australian bushman will
travel a whole day to kill a crow. For he has, at the time when the
sheep were lambing, or when, owing to drought, they were weak, seen the
horrible cruelties of the crow. This evil bird will attack weak sheep
and young lambs, tearing out their eyes and leaving them to perish
miserably. There have even been terrible cases where men lost in the
Bush and perishing of thirst have been attacked by crows and have been
found still alive, but with their eyes gone.

It is no wonder that there is a deadly feud between man and crow. But
the crow is so cunning as to be able to overmatch man's superior
strength. A crow knows when a man is carrying a gun, and will keep out
of range then; if a man is without a gun the crow will let him approach
quite near. One can never catch many crows in the same district with the
same device; they seem to learn to avoid what is dangerous. Very rarely
can they be poisoned, no matter how carefully the bait is prepared.

Bushmen tell all sorts of stories of the cunning of the crow. One is
that of a man who suffered severely from a crow's depredations on his
chickens. He prepared a poisoned bait and noticed the bird take it, but
not devour it; that crow carefully took the poisoned tit-bit and put it
in front of the man's favourite dog, which ate it, and was with
difficulty saved from death! Another story is that of a man who thought
to get within reach of a crow by taking out a gun, lying down under a
tree, and pretending to be dead. True enough, the crow came up and
hopped around, as if waiting for the man to move, and so to see if he
were really dead. After awhile, the crow, to make quite sure, perched
on a branch above the man's head and dropped a piece of twig on to his
face! It was at this stage that the man decided to be alive, and, taking
up his gun, shot the crow.

There may be some exaggeration in the bushmen's tales of the crow's
cunning, but there is quite enough of ascertained fact to show that the
bird is as devilish in its ingenuity as in its cruelty. In most parts of
Australia there is a reward paid for every dead crow brought into the
police offices. Still, in spite of constant warfare, the bird holds its
own, and very rarely indeed is its nest discovered--a signal proof of
its precautions against the enmity of man.

To turn to a more pleasant type of feathered animal. On the whole, the
most distinctly Australian bird is the kookaburra, or "laughing
jackass." (A picture of two kookaburras faces page 1 of this volume.
They were drawn for me by a very clever Australian black-and-white
artist, Mr. Norman Lindsay.) The kookaburra is about the size of an owl,
of a mottled grey colour. Its sly, mocking eye prepares you for its
note, which is like a laugh, partly sardonic, partly rollicking. The
kookaburra seems to find much grim fun in this world, and is always
disturbing the Bush quiet with its curious "laughter." So near in sound
to a harsh human laugh is the kookaburra's call that there is no
difficulty in persuading new chums that the bird is deliberately mocking
them. The kookaburra has the reputation of killing snakes; it certainly
is destructive to small vermin, so its life is held sacred in the Bush.
And very well our kookaburra knows the fact. As he sits on a fence and
watches you go past with a gun, he will now and again break out into his
discordant "laugh" right in your face.

The Australian magpie, a black-and-white bird of the crow family, is
also "protected," as it feeds mainly on grubs and insects, which are
nuisances to the farmer. The magpie has a very clear, well-sustained
note, and to hear a group of them singing together in the early morning
suggests a fine choir of boys' voices. They will tell you in Australia
that the young magpie is taught by its parents to "sing in tune" in
these bird choirs, and is knocked off the fence at choir practice if it
makes a mistake. You may believe this if you wish to. I don't. But it
certainly is a fact that a group of magpies will sing together very
sweetly and harmoniously.

One could not exhaust the list of Australian birds in even a big book.
But a few more call for mention. There is the emu, like an ostrich, but
with coarse wiry hair. The emu does damage on the sheep-runs by breaking
down the wire fences. (Some say the emu likes fencing wire as an article
of diet; but that is an exaggeration founded on the fact that, like all
great birds, it can and does eat nails, pebbles, and other hard
substances, which lodge in its gizzard and help it to digest its food.)
On account of its mischievous habit of breaking fences the emu is
hunted down, and is now fast dwindling. In Tasmania it is altogether
extinct. Another danger to its existence is that it lays a very handsome
egg of a dark green colour. These eggs are sought out for ornaments, and
the emu's nest, built in the grass of the plain (for the emu cannot fly
nor climb trees), is robbed wherever found.

The brush turkey of Australia is strange in that it does not take its
family duties at all seriously. The bird does not hatch out its eggs by
sitting on them, but builds a mound of decaying vegetation over the
eggs, and leaves them to come out with the sun's heat.

The brolga, or native companion, is a handsome Australian bird of the
crane family. It is of a pretty grey colour, with red bill and red legs.
The brolga has a taste for dancing; flocks of this bird may be seen
solemnly going through quadrilles and lancers--of their own
invention--on the plains.

Another strange Australian bird is called the bower-bird, because when a
bower-bird wishes to go courting he builds in the Bush a little
pavilion, and adorns it with all the gay, bright objects he can--bits of
rag or metal, feathers from other birds, coloured stones and flowers. In
this he sets himself to dancing until some lady bower-bird is attracted,
and they set up housekeeping together. The bower-bird is credited with
being responsible for the discovery of a couple of goldfields, the birds
having picked up nuggets for their bowers, these, discovered by
prospectors, telling that gold was near.

If the bower-bird wishes for wedding chimes to grace his picturesque
mating, another bird will be able to gratify the wish--the bell-bird
which haunts quiet, cool glens, and has a note like a bell, and yet more
like the note of one of those strange hallowed gongs you hear from the
groves of Eastern temples. Often riding through the wild Australian Bush
you hear the chimes of distant bells, hear and wonder until you learn
that the bell-bird makes the clear, sweet music.

One more note about Australian nature life. In the summer the woods are
full of locusts (cicadę), which jar the air with their harsh note. The
locust season is always a busy one for the doctors. The Australian small
boy loves to get a locust to carry in his pocket, and he has learned, by
a little squeezing, to induce the unhappy insect to "strike up," to the
amusing interruption of school or home hours. Now, to get a locust it is
necessary to climb a tree, and Australian trees are hard to climb and
easy to fall out of. So there are many broken limbs during the locust
season. They represent a quite proper penalty for a cruel and unpleasant
habit.




CHAPTER V

THE AUSTRALIAN BUSH

    An introduction to an Australian home--Off to a picnic--The
    wattle, the gum, the waratah--The joys of the forest.


The Australian child wakens very often to the fact that "to-day is a
holiday." The people of the sunny southern continent work very hard
indeed, but they know that "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy";
and Jill a dull girl too. So they have very frequent holidays--far more
frequent than in Great Britain. The Australian child, rising on a
holiday morning, and finding it fine and bright--very rarely is he
disappointed in the weather of his sunny climate--gives a whoop of joy
as he remembers that he is going on a picnic into the forest, or the
"Bush," as it is called invariably in Australia. The whoop is, perhaps,
more joyful than it is musical. The Australian youngster is not trained,
as a rule, to have the nice soft voice of the English child. Besides,
the dry, invigorating climate gives his throat a strength which simply
must find expression in loud noise.

Let us follow the Australian child on his picnic and see something of
the Australian Bush, also of an Australian home.

Suppose him starting from Wahroonga, a pretty suburb about ten miles
from Sydney, the biggest city of Australia. Jim lives there with his
brothers and sisters and parents in a little villa of about nine rooms,
and four deep shady verandas, one for each side of the house. On these
verandas in summer the family will spend most of the time. Meals will be
served there, reading, writing, sewing done there; in many households
the family will also sleep there, the little couches being protected by
nets to keep off mosquitoes which may be hovering about in thousands.
And in the morning, as the sun peeps through the bare beautiful trunks
of the white gums, the magpies will begin to carol and the kookaburras
to laugh, and the family will wake to a freshness which is divine.

Around the house are lawns, of coarser grass than that of England, but
still looking smooth and green, and many flower-beds in which all the
flowers of earth seem to bloom. There are roses in endless
variety--Jim's mother boasts that she has sixty-five different
sorts--and some of them are blooming all the year round, so mild is the
climate. Phlox, verbenas, bouvardias, pelargoniums, geraniums, grow side
by side with such tropical plants as gardenias, tuberoses, hibisci,
jacarandas, magnolias. In season there are daffodils, and snowdrops, and
narcissi, and dahlias, and chrysanthemums. Recall all the flowers of
England; add to them the flowers of Southern Italy and many from India,
from Mexico, from China, from the Pacific Islands, and you have an idea
of the fine garden Jim enjoys.

[Illustration: A HUT IN THE BUSH. PAGE 63.]

Beyond the garden is a tennis-court, and around its high wire fences are
trained grape-vines of different kinds, muscatels and black amber and
shiraz, and lady's-fingers, which yield splendidly without any shelter
or artificial heat. On the other side of the house is a little orchard,
not much more than an acre, where, all in the open air, grow melons,
oranges, lemons, persimmons (or Japanese plums), apples, pears, peaches,
apricots, custard-apples (a curious tropical fruit, which is soft inside
and tastes like a sweet custard), guavas (from which delicious jelly is
made), and also strawberries and raspberries.

The far corner is taken up with a paddock, for the horses are not kept
in a stable, night or day, except occasionally when a very wet, cold
night comes.

That is the surrounding of Jim's home. Inside the house there is to-day
a great deal of bustle. Everybody is working--all the members of the
family as well as the two maid-servants, for in Australia it is the rule
to do things for yourself and not to rely too much on the labour of
servants (who are hard to get and to keep). Even baby pretends to help,
and has to be allowed to carry about a "billy" to give her the idea that
she is useful. This "billy" is a tin pot in which, later on, water will
be boiled over a little fire in the forest, and tea made. Food is packed
up--perhaps cold meats, perhaps chops or steaks which will be grilled in
the bush-fire. Always there are salads, cold fruit pies, home-made
cakes, fruit; possibly wine for the elders. But tea is never forgotten.
It would not be a picnic without tea.

Now a drag is driven around to the front gate by the one man-servant of
the house, who has harnessed up the horses and put food for them in the
drag. Some neighbours arrive; a picnic may be made up of just the
members of one family, but usually there is a mingling of families, and
that adds to the fun. The fathers of the families, as like as not, ride
saddle-horses and do not join the others in the drag; some of the elder
children, too, boys and girls, may ride their ponies, for in Australia
it is common for children to have ponies. The party starts with much
laughter, with inquiries as to the safety of the "billy" and the
whereabouts of the matches. It is a sad thing to go out in the Bush for
a picnic and find at the last moment that no one has any matches with
which to light a fire. The black fellows can start a flare by rubbing
two sticks together, but the white man has not mastered that art.

The picnic makes its way along a Bush road four or five miles through
pretty orchard country, given up mostly to growing peaches, grapes, and
oranges, the cultivated patches in their bright colours showing in vivid
contrast against the quiet grey-green of the gum-trees. It is spring,
and all the peach-trees are dressed in gay pink bloom, and belts of this
colour stretch into the forest for miles around.

The road leaves the cultivated area. The ground becomes rocky and
sterile. The gum-trees still grow sturdily, but there is no grass
beneath; instead a wild confusion of wiry heather-like brush, bearing
all sorts of curious flowers, white, pink, purple, blue, deep brown. One
flower called the flannel-daisy is like a great star, and its petals
seem to be cut of the softest white flannel. The boronia and the native
rose compel attention by their piercing, aromatic perfume, which is
strangely refreshing. The exhaling breath of the gum-trees, too, is keen
and exhilarating.

Now the path dips into a little hollow. What is that sudden blaze of
glowing yellow? It is a little clump of wattle-trees, about as big as
apple-trees, covered all over with soft flossy blossom of the brightest
yellow. I like to imagine that the wattle is just prisoned sunlight;
that one early morning the sun's rays came stealing over the hill to
kiss the wattle-trees while they seemed to sleep; but the trees were
really quite wide-awake, and stretched out their pretty arms and caught
the sunbeams and would never let them go; and now through the winter the
wattles hide the sun rays away in their roots, cuddling them softly; but
in spring they let them come out on the branches and play wild games in
the breeze, but will never let them escape.

Past the little wattle grove there is a hill covered with the white
gums. The young bark of these trees is of a pinky white, like the arms
of a baby-girl. As the season advances and the sun beats more and more
fiercely on the trees, the bark deepens in colour into red and brown,
and deep brown-pink. After that the bark dies (in Australia most of the
trees shed their bark and not their leaves), and as it dies strips off
and shows the new fair white bark underneath.

Our party has now come to a gully (ravine) which carries a little
fresh-water creek (stream) to an arm of the sea near by. This is the
camping-place. A nice soft bit of meadow will be found in the shade of
the hillside. The fresh-water stream will give water for the "billy" tea
and for the horses to drink. Down below a dear little beach, not more
than 100 yards long, but of the softest sand, will allow the youngsters
to paddle their feet, but they must not go in to swim, for fear of
sharks. The beach has on each side a rocky, steeply-shelving shore, and
on the rocks will be found any number of fine sweet oysters. Jim and his
mate Tom have brought oyster-knives, and are soon down on the shore, and
in a very short while bring, ready-opened, some dozens of oysters for
their mothers and fathers. The girls of the party are quite able to
forage oysters for themselves. Some of them do so; others wander up the
sides of the gully and collect wildflowers for the table, which will not
be a table at all, but just a cloth spread over the grass.

They come back with the news that they have seen waratahs growing. That
is exciting enough to take attention away even from the oysters, for the
waratah, the handsomest wildflower of the world, is becoming rare around
the cities. All the party follow the girl guides over a slope into
another gully. There has been a bush-fire in this gully. All the
undergrowth has been burned away, and the trunks of the trees badly
charred, but the trees have not been killed. The gum has a very thick
bark, purposely made to resist fire. This bark gets scorched in a
bush-fire, but unless the fire is a very fierce one indeed, the tree is
not vitally hurt. Around the blackened tree-trunks tongues of fire seem
to be still licking. At a height of about six feet from the ground,
those scarlet heart-shapes are surely flames? No, they are the waratahs,
which love to grow where there have been bush-fires. The waratah is of a
brilliant red colour, growing single and stately on a high stalk. Its
shape is of a heart; its size about that of a pear. The waratah is not
at all a dainty, fragile flower, but a solid mass of bloom like the
vegetable cauliflower; indeed, if you imagine a cauliflower of a vivid
red colour, about the size of a pear and the shape of a heart, growing
on a stalk six feet high, you will have some idea of the waratah.

Two of the flowers are picked--Tim's father will not allow more--and
they are brought to help the decoration of the picnic meal. Carried thus
over the shoulder of an eager, flushed child, the waratah suggests
another idea: it represents exactly the thyrsus of the Bacchanals of
ancient legends.

The picnickers find that their appetites have gained zest from the sweet
salty oysters. They are ready for lunch. A fire is started, with great
precaution that it does not spread; meat is roasted on spits (perhaps,
too, some fish got from the sea near by); and a hearty, jolly meal is
eaten. Perhaps it would be better to say devoured, for at a picnic there
is no nice etiquette of eating, and you may use your fingers quite
without shame as long as you are not "disgusting." The nearest sister to
Jim will tell him promptly if he became "disgusting," but I can't tell
you all the rules. It isn't "disgusting" to hold a chop in your fingers
as you eat it, or to stir your tea with a nice clean stick from a gum
tree. But it is "disgusting" to put your fingers on what anyone else
will have to eat, or to cut at the loaf of bread with a soiled knife. I
hope that you will get from this some idea of Australian picnic
etiquette. But you really cannot get any real idea of picnic fun until
you have taken your picnic meal out in the Australian Bush; no
description can do justice to that fun. The picnic habit is not one for
children only. The Jim whom we have followed will be still eager for a
picnic when he is the father of a big Jim of his own; that is, if he is
the right kind of a human being and keeps the Australian spirit.

After the midday meal, all sorts of games until the lengthening shadows
tell that homeward time comes near. Then the "billy" is boiled again
and tea made, the horses harnessed up and the picnickers turn back
towards civilization. The setting sun starts a beautiful game of shine
and shadow in among the trees of the gum forest; the aromatic
exhalations from the trees give the evening air a hint of balm and
spice; the people driving or riding grow a little pensive, for the spell
of the Australian forest, "tender, intimate, spiritual," is upon them.
But it is a pensiveness of pure, quiet joy, of those who have come near
to Nature and enjoyed the peace of her holy places.

       *       *       *       *       *

I took you from near Sydney to see the Australian forest and to learn
something of its trees and flowers, because that part I know best, and
its beauties are the typical beauties of the Bush. Almost anywhere else
in the continent where settlement is, something of the same can be
enjoyed. A Hobart picnic-party would turn its face towards Mount
Wellington, and after passing over the foothills devoted to orchards,
scale the great gum-forested mountain, and thus have added to the
delights of the woods the beautiful landscape which the height affords.
From Melbourne a party would take train to Fern-tree Gully and picnic
among the giant eucalyptus there, or, without going so far afield, would
make for one of the beautiful Hobson's Bay beaches. Farther north than
Sydney, a note of tropical exuberance comes into the forest. You may see
a gully filled with cedars in sweet wealth of lavender-coloured
blossom; or with flame trees, great giants covered all over with a
curious flowerlike red coral.

But everywhere in Australia, the hot north and cool south, on the bleak
mountains and the sunny coasts, will be found the gum-tree. It is the
national tree of this curious continent, the oldest and the youngest of
the countries of the earth. Some find the gum-tree "dull," because it
has no flaring, flaunting brightness. But it is not dull to those who
have eyes to see. Its spiritual lightness of form, its quiet artistry of
colour, weave a spell around those who have any imagination. Australians
abroad, who _are_ Australians (there are some people who, though they
have lived in Australia--perhaps have been born there--are too coarse in
fibre to be ever really Australians), always welcome with gladness the
sight of a gum-tree; and Australians in London sometimes gather in some
friend's house for a burning of gum-leaves. In a brazier the aromatic
leaves are kindled, the thin, blue smoke curls up (gum-leaf smoke is
somehow different to any other sort of smoke), and the Australians think
tenderly of their far-away home.

[Illustration: SURF BATHING SHOOTING THE BREAKERS. PAGES 23 & 73.]

One may meet gum-trees in many parts of the world nowadays--in Africa,
in America, in Italy and other parts of Europe; for the gum-tree has the
quality of healing marshy soil and banishing malaria from the air. They
are, therefore, much planted for health's sake, and the wandering
Australian meets often his national tree.

A very potent medicine called eucalyptus oil is brewed from gum-leaves,
and a favourite Australian "house-wives'" remedy for rheumatism is a bed
stuffed with gum-leaves. So the gum-tree is useful as well as beautiful.




CHAPTER VI

THE AUSTRALIAN CHILD

    His school and his games--"Bobbies and bushrangers"--Riding to
    school.


Australia is the child among civilized nations, and her life throughout
is a good deal like that of a child in some regards--more gay and free,
less weighed down with conventions and thoughts of rules than the life
of an older community. So Australia is a very happy place for children.
There is not so much of the "clean pinny" in life--and what wholesome
child ever really enjoyed the clean pinny and the tidied hair part of
life?

But don't run away with the idea that the Australians, either adults or
children, are a dirty people. That would be just the opposite to the
truth. Australians are passionately fond of the bath. In the poorest
home there is always a bath-room, which is used daily by every member of
the family. On the sea-coast swimming is the great sport, though it is
dangerous to swim in the harbours because of sharks, and protected baths
are provided where you may swim in safety; still children have to be
carefully watched to prevent them from going in for a swim in unsafe
places. The love of the water is greater than the fear of the sharks.
The little Australian is not dirty, but he has a child's love of being
untidy, and he can generally gratify it in his country, where conditions
are so free and easy.

I am sorry to say that the Australian child is rather inclined to be a
little too "free and easy" in his manners. The climate makes him grow up
more quickly than in Great Britain. He is more precocious both mentally
and physically. At a very early age, he (or she) is entrusted with some
share of responsibility. That is quite natural in a new country where
pioneering work is being done. You will see children of ten and twelve
and fourteen years of age taking quite a part in life, entrusted with
some little tasks, and carrying them through in grown-up fashion. The
effect of all this is that in their relations with their parents
Australian children are not so obedient and respectful as they might be.
This does not work for any great harm while the child is young. Up to
fifteen or sixteen the son or daughter is perhaps more helpful and more
companionable because of the somewhat relaxed discipline. Certainly the
child has learned more how to use its own judgment. After that age,
however, the fact of a loose parental discipline may come to be an
evil. But there is, after all, no need to croak about the Australian
child, who grows up to be a good average sort of woman or man as a
general rule.

It is very difficult indeed for a child in Australia to avoid school.
Education is compulsory, the Government providing an elaborate system to
see that every child gets at least the rudiments of education; even in
the far back-blocks, where settlement is much scattered, it is necessary
and possible to go to school. The State will carry the children to
school on its railways free. If there is no railway it will send a 'bus
round to collect children in scattered localities. Failing that, in the
case of families which are quite isolated, and which are poor, the State
will try to persuade the parents to keep a governess or tutor, and will
help to pay the cost of this. The effect of all this effort is that in
Australia almost every child can read and write.

Going to school in the Bush parts of Australia is sometimes great fun.
Often the children will have the use of one of the horses, and on this
two, or three, or even four children will mount and ride off. When the
family number more than four, the case calls for a buggy of some sort;
and a child of ten or twelve will be quite safely entrusted with the
harnessing of the horse and driving it to school.

In the school itself, a great effort is made to have the lessons as
interesting as possible. Nature-study is taught, and the children learn
to observe the facts about the life in the Bush. There is a very
charming writer about Australian children, Ethel Turner, who in one of
her stories gives a picture of a little Bush school in one of the most
dreary places in Australia--a little township out on the hot plains. I
quote a little of it to show the sort of spirit which animates the
school-teachers of Australia:

"A new teacher had been appointed to the half-time school, which was all
the Government could manage for so unimportant and dreary a place. His
name was Eagar, and his friends said that he suited the sound of it.
Alert of eye, energetic in movement, it may be safely said that in his
own person was stored up more motive power than was owned conjointly by
the two hundred odd souls who comprised the population of Ninety Mile.

"There was room in Ninety Mile for an eager person. In fact, a dozen
such would have sufficed long since to have carried it clean off its
feet, and to have deposited it in some more likely position. But
everyone touched in any way with the fire of life had long since
departed from the place, and gone to set their homesteads and
stackyards, their shops or other businesses elsewhere. So there were
only a few limpets, who clung tenaciously to their spot, assured that
all other spots on the globe were already occupied; and a few absolutely
resigned persons. There is no clog on the wheel of progress that may be
so absolutely depended upon to fulfil its purpose as resignation.

"It was to this manner of a village that Eagar came. In a month he had
established a cricket club; in two months a football club. The
establishment of neither was attended with any great difficulty. In
three months he had turned his own box of books into a free circulating
library, and many of his leisure hours went in trying to induce the boys
to borrow from him, and in seeing to it that, having borrowed, they
actually read the books chosen.

"But his success with this was doubtful. The boys regarded 'Westward
Ho!' as a home-lesson, while the 'Three Musketeers' set fire to none of
them. Even 'Treasure Island' left most of them cold; though Eagar,
reading it aloud, had tried to persuade himself that little Rattray had
breathed a trifle quicker as the blind man's stick came tap tapping
along the road. The sea was nothing but a name to the whole number of
scholars (eighteen of them, boys and girls all told). Not one of them
had pierced past the township that lay ninety miles away to the right of
them; indeed, half the number had never journeyed beyond Moonee, where
the coach finished its journey.

"Eagar got up collections--moths, butterflies, birds' eggs; he tried to
describe museums, picture-galleries, and such, to his pupils. At that
time he had no greater wish on earth than to have just enough money to
take the whole school to Sydney for a week, and see what a suddenly
widened horizon would do for them all. Had his salary come at that time
in one solid cheque for the whole year, there is no knowing to what
heights of recklessness he would have mounted, but the monthly driblets
keep the temptation far off.

"One morning he had a brilliant notion. In another week or two the
yearly 'sweep' fever for far-distant races would attack the place, and
the poorest would find enough to take a part at least in a ticket.

"He seized a piece of paper, and instituted what he called 'Eagar's
Consultation.' He explained that he was out to collect sixty shillings.
Sixty shillings, he explained, would pay the fare-coach and train--to
Sydney of one schoolboy, give him money in his pocket to see all the
sights, and bring him back the richer for life for the experience, and
leaven for the whole loaf of them.

"'Which schoolboy?' said Ninety Mile doubtfully, expecting to be met
with 'top boy.' And never having been 'top boy' itself at any time of
its life, it had but a distrustful admiration for the same.

"'We must draw lots,' said Eagar.

"Upon which Ninety Mile, being attracted by the sporting element in the
affair, slowly subscribed its shilling a-piece, and the happy lot fell
to Rattray.

"He was a sober, freckled little fellow of ten, who walked five miles
into Ninety Mile every morning, and five miles back again at night all
the six months of the year during which Government held the cup of
learning there for small drinkers to sip."

I need not quote further about young Rattray's trip to Sydney and to the
great ocean which Bush children, seeing for the first time, often think
is just a big dam built up by some great squatter to hold water for his
sheep. That extract shows the Bush school at its very hardest in the hot
back-country. Of course, not one twentieth of the population lives in
such places. I must give you a little of a description of a day in a
Bush school in Gippsland, by E. S. Emerson, to correct any impression
that all Australia, or even much of it, is like Ninety Mile:

"A rough red stave in a God-writ song was the narrow, water-worn Bush
track, and the birds knew the song and gloried in it, and the trees gave
forth an accompaniment under the unseen hands of the wind until all the
hillside was a living melody. Child voices joined in, and presently from
a bend in the track, 'three ha'pence for tuppence, three ha'pence for
tuppence,' came a lumbering old horse, urged into an unwonted canter.
Three kiddies bestrode the ancient, and as they swung along they sang
snatches of Kipling's 'Recessional,' to an old hymn-tune that lingers in
the memory of us all. As they drew near to me the foremost urchin
suddenly reined up. The result was disastrous, for the ancient
'propped,' and the other two were emptied out on the track. From the
dust they called their brother many names that are not to be found in
school books; but he, laughing, had slid down and was cutting a twig
from a neighbouring tree. 'A case-moth! A case-moth!' he cried. The
fallen ones scrambled to their feet. 'What sort, Teddy? What sort?' they
asked eagerly.

"But Teddy had caught sight of me.

"'Well, what will you do with that?' I asked.

"'Take it to school, sir; teacher tells us all about them at school.'
The answer was spoken naturally and without any trace of shyness.

"'Did you learn that hymn you were singing at school, too?'

"''Tain't a hymn, sir. It's the "Recessional"!' This, proudly, from the
youngest.

"But they had learned it at school, and when I had given them a leg-up
and stood watching them urge the ancient down the hillside, I made up my
mind that I would visit the school where the teacher told the scholars
all about case-moths and taught them to sing the 'Recessional'; and a
morning or two later I did.

[Illustration: AUSTRALIAN CHILDREN RIDING TO SCHOOL. PAGE 75.]

"The school stands on the skirt of a thinly-clad Gippsland township, and
is attended by from forty to fifty children. Fronting it is a garden--a
sloping half-acre set out into beds, many of which are reserved for
native flowering plants and trees. School is not 'in' yet, and a few
early comers are at work on the beds, which are dry and dusty from a
long, hot spell. Little tots of six and seven years stroll up and watch
the workers, or romp about on grass plots in close proximity.
Presently the master's voice is heard. 'Fall in!' There is a gathering
up of bags, a hasty shuffling of feet, the usual hurry-scurry of
laggards, and in a few moments two motionless lines stand at attention.
'Good-morning, girls! Good-morning, boys!' says the master. A chorused
'Good-morning, Mr. Morgan!' returns his salutation, and then the work of
the day begins.

"But do the scholars look upon it as work? Something over thirty years
ago Herbert Spencer wrote: 'She was at school, where her memory was
crammed with words and names and dates, and her reflective faculties
scarcely in the slightest degree exercised.' In those days, as many old
State-school boys well remember, to learn was, indeed, to work, and when
fitting occasion offered, we 'wagged it' conscientiously, even though we
did have to 'touch our toes' for it when we returned. But under our
modern educational system the teacher can make the school work
practically a labour of love.

"The morning being bright, the children are put through some simple
exercises and encouraged to take a few 'deep breathings.' Then the lines
are formed again. 'Left turn! Quick march!' and the scholars file into
the schoolhouse."

But we need not follow the school in its day's work, except to say that
the ideal always is to make the work alive and interesting. Naturally,
Australian children get to like school.

In the cities the schools are very good. All the State schools are
absolutely free, and even books are provided. A smart child can win
bursaries, and go from the primary school to the high school, and then
on to the University, and win to a profession without his education
costing his parents anything at all. When I was a boy the State of
Tasmania used to send every year two Tasmanian scholars to Oxford
University, giving them enough to pay for a course there. That has since
been stopped, but many Australians come to British Universities
now--mostly to Oxford and Edinburgh--with money provided by their
parents. There are, however, excellent Universities in the chief cities
of Australia, and there is no actual need to leave the Commonwealth to
complete one's education.

In the Bush, and indeed almost everywhere--for there is no city life
which has not a touch of the Bush life--Australian children grow to be
very hardy and very stoical. They can endure great hardship and great
pain. I remember hearing of a boy in the Maitland (N.S.W.) district
whose horse stumbled in a rabbit-hole and fell with him. The boy's thigh
was broken and the horse was prostrate on top of him, and did not seem
to wish to move. The boy stretched out his hand and got a stick, with
which he beat the horse until it rose, keeping the while a hold of the
reins. Then, with his broken thigh, that boy mounted the horse (which
was not much hurt), rode home, and read a book whilst waiting for the
doctor to come and set his limb. Another boy I knew in Australia was
bitten by a snake on the finger; with his blunt pocket-knife he cut the
finger off and walked home. He suffered no ill effects from the
snake-poison.

Endurance of hardship and pain is taught by the life of the Australian
Bush. It is no place for the cowardly or for the tender. You must learn
to face and to subdue Nature.

The games of the Australian child are just the British games, changed a
little to meet local conditions. A very favourite game is that of
"Bushrangers and Bobbies" ("bobbies" meaning policemen). In this the
boys imitate as nearly as they can the old hunting down of the
bushrangers by the mounted police.

The bushranger made a good deal of exciting history in Australia.
Generally he was a scoundrel of the lowest type, an escaped murderer who
took to the Bush to escape hanging, and lived by robbery and violence.
But a few--a very few--were rather of the type of the English Robin Hood
or the Scotch Rob Roy, living a lawless life, but not being needlessly
cruel. It is those few who have given basis to the tradition of the
Australian bushranger as a noble and chivalrous fellow who only robbed
the rich (who, people argue, could well afford to be robbed), and who
atoned for that by all sorts of kindness to the poor. Many books have
been written on this tradition, glorifying the bushranger. But the plain
fact is that most of the bushrangers were infamous wretches for whom
hanging was a quite inadequate punishment.

The bushranger, as a rule, was an escaped convict or a criminal fleeing
from justice. Sometimes he acted singly, sometimes he had a gang of
followers. A cave in some out-of-the-way spot, good horses and guns,
were his necessary equipment. The site of the cave was important. It
needed to be near a coaching-road, so that the bushranger's headquarters
should be near to his place of business, which was to stick-up
mail-coaches and rob them of gold, valuables, weapons, and ammunition.
It also needed to be in a position commanding a good view, and with more
than one point of entrance. Two bushrangers' caves I remember well, one
near to Armidale, on the great northern high-road. It was at the top of
a lofty hill, commanding a wide view of the country. There was no
outward sign of a cave even to the close observer. A great granite hill
seemed to be crowned with just loose boulders. But in between those
boulders was a winding passage which gave entrance to a big cave with a
little fresh-water stream. A man and his horse could take shelter there.

Another famous bushranger's cave was near Medlow, on the Blue Mountains
(N.S.W.), in a position to command the Great Western Road, along which
the gold from Lambing Flat and Sofala had to go to Sydney. This was
quite a perfect cave for its purpose. Climbing down a mountain gully,
you came to its end, apparently, in a stream of water gushing from out
a wall of rock. But behind that rock was a narrow passage leading to a
cave which opened out into a little valley with another stream, and some
good grass-land. To this valley the only means of access was the secret
passage through the cave, which allowed a man and his horse to pass
through. A gang of bushrangers kept this eyrie for many years
undiscovered.

The latest big gang of bushrangers were the Kelly brothers, who infested
Victoria. Ned Kelly was famous because he wore a suit of armour
sufficiently strong to resist the rifle bullet of that day. The Kellys
were finally driven to cover in a little country hotel in Victoria. They
held the place against a siege by the police until the police set fire
to it. Some of the gang perished in the flames. Others, including Ned
Kelly himself, broke out and were shot or captured. He was hanged in
Melbourne gaol.

But this is getting far away from the Australian children's games. It is
a curious fact that when the Australian children assemble to play
"Bushrangers and Bobbies," everybody wants to be a bushranger, and the
guardian of the law is looked upon as quite an inferior character. Lots
decide, however, the cast. The bushrangers sally forth and stick up an
imaginary coach, or rob an imaginary country bank. The "bobbies" go in
pursuit, and there is a desperate mock battle, which allows of much
yelling and running about, and generally causes great joy.

"Camping out" is another characteristic amusement of the Australian
child. In his school holidays, parties go out, sometimes for weeks at a
time, sailing around the reaches of the sea inlets, or, inland,
following the course of some river, and hunting kangaroos and other game
as they go. Generally adults accompany these parties, but when an
Australian boy has reached the age of fifteen or sixteen he is credited
with being able to look after himself, and is trusted to sail a boat and
to carry a firearm. I can remember once on the way down to National Park
(N.S.W.) for the Field Artillery camp, at one of the suburban stations
there broke into the carriage reserved for officers, with a cheerful
impudence that defied censure, a little band of boys. They had not a
shoe among them, nor had anyone a whole suit of clothes. But they
carried proudly fishing tackle and some rags of canvas which would help,
with boughs, to build a rough shelter hut. The remainder of the train
being full, they invaded the officers' carriage and made themselves
comfortable. They were out for a few days' "camp" in the National Park.
For about ten shillings they would hire a rowing-boat for three days.
Railway fares would be sixpence or ninepence per head. A good deal of
their food they would catch with fishing lines; bread, jam, a little
bacon, and, of course, the "billy" and its tea were brought with them.
This was the great yearly festival, planned probably for many weeks
beforehand, calling for much thought for its accomplishment, showing the
sturdy spirit which is characteristic of the young Australian.

All the usual British games are played in Australia: tops, hoops,
marbles among the younger children; cricket, football, lawn-tennis among
their elders. The climate is especially suited for cricket, as it is
warm and bright and sunny for so long a term of the year. On a holiday
in the parks around the Australian cities may be seen many hundreds of
cricket matches. All the schools have their teams. Most of the shops and
factories keep up teams among the employees. These teams play in
competitions with all the earnestness of big cricket. As the players
grow better they join the electorate clubs. In every big parliamentary
division there is an electorate club, made up of residents in that
electorate. The club may put into the field as many as four teams in a
day--its senior team and three junior teams. So there is an enormous
amount of play--real serious match play--every Saturday afternoon and
public holiday. Australia thus trains some of the finest cricketers of
the world. For some years now (1911) the Australian Eleven has held the
championship of the world.

The Australian child of the poorer classes usually leaves school at
fourteen. The children of the richer may stay at school and the
University until nineteen or twenty. Usually they launch out into life
by then. Australia is a young country, and its conditions call for young
work.

       *       *       *       *       *

That finishes this "Peep at Australia." I have tried to give the young
readers some little indication of what features of Australian life will
most interest them. The picture is of a land which appeals very strongly
to the adventurous type of the Anglo-Celtic race. I have never yet met a
British man or boy who was of the right manly type who did not love
Australian life after a little experience. The great distances, the
cheery hospitality, the sunny climate, the sense of social freedom, the
generous return which Nature gives to the man who offers her honest
service--all these appeal and make up the sum of that strong attraction
Australia has to her own children and to colonists from the Motherland.


THE END


BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD




    LIST OF VOLUMES IN THE PEEPS AT MANY LANDS AND CITIES SERIES

    EACH CONTAINING 12 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR

    BELGIUM        IRELAND
    BURMA          ITALY
    CANADA         JAMAICA
    CEYLON         JAPAN
    CHINA          KOREA
    CORSICA        MOROCCO
    DENMARK        NEW ZEALAND
    EDINBURGH      NORWAY
    EGYPT          PARIS
    ENGLAND        PORTUGAL
    FINLAND        RUSSIA
    FRANCE         SCOTLAND
    GERMANY        SIAM
    GREECE         SOUTH AFRICA
    HOLLAND        SOUTH SEAS
    HOLY LAND      SPAIN
    ICELAND        SWITZERLAND
    INDIA

    A LARGER VOLUME IN THE SAME STYLE
    THE WORLD
    Containing 37 full-page illustrations in colour

    PUBLISHED BY ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK
    SOHO SQUARE, LONDON. W.


    AGENTS

    AMERICA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
    64 & 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

    AUSTRALASIA OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
    205 FLINDERS LANE, MELBOURNE

    CANADA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA LTD.
    ST. MARTIN'S HOUSE, 70 BOND STREET, TORONTO

    INDIA MACMILLAN & COMPANY, LTD.
    MACMILLAN BUILDING, BOMBAY
    309 BOW BAZAAR STREET, CALCUTTA





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