The Project Gutenberg eBook, David, by Charles Kingsley


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Title: David

Author: Charles Kingsley

Release Date: November 27, 2003  [eBook #10326]

Language: English

Chatacter set encoding: US-ASCII


***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DAVID***


Transcribed by David Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk




DAVID:  FIVE SERMONS




NOTE:--The first four of these Sermons were preached before the
University of Cambridge.



SERMON I.  DAVID'S WEAKNESS



Psalm lxxviii. 71, 72, 73.  He chose David his servant, and took him
away from the sheep-folds.  As he was following the ewes great with
young ones, he took him; that he might feed Jacob his people, and
Israel his inheritance.  So he fed them with a faithful and true
heart, and ruled them prudently with all his power.

I am about to preach to you four sermons on the character of David.
His history, I take for granted, you all know.

I look on David as an all but ideal king, educated for his office by
an all but ideal training.  A shepherd first; a life--be it
remembered--full of danger in those times and lands; then captain of
a band of outlaws; and lastly a king, gradually and with difficulty
fighting his way to a secure throne.

This was his course.  But the most important stage of it was
probably the first.  Among the dumb animals he learnt experience
which he afterwards put into practice among human beings.  The
shepherd of the sheep became the shepherd of men.  He who had slain
the lion and the bear became the champion of his native land.  He
who followed the ewes great with young, fed God's oppressed and
weary people with a faithful and true heart, till he raised them
into a great and strong nation.  So both sides of the true kingly
character, the masculine and the feminine, are brought out in David.
For the greedy and tyrannous, he has indignant defiance:  for the
weak and helpless, patient tenderness.

My motives for choosing this subject I will explain in a very few
words.

We have heard much of late about 'Muscular Christianity.'  A clever
expression, spoken in jest by I know not whom, has been bandied
about the world, and supposed by many to represent some new ideal of
the Christian character.

For myself, I do not understand what it means.  It may mean one of
two things.  If it mean the first, it is a term somewhat
unnecessary, if not somewhat irreverent.  If it mean the second, it
means something untrue and immoral.

Its first and better meaning may be simply a healthy and manful
Christianity, one which does not exalt the feminine virtues to the
exclusion of the masculine.

That certain forms of Christianity have committed this last fault
cannot be doubted.  The tendency of Christianity, during the
patristic and the Middle Ages, was certainly in that direction.
Christians were persecuted and defenceless, and they betook
themselves to the only virtues which they had the opportunity of
practising--gentleness, patience, resignation, self-sacrifice, and
self-devotion--all that is loveliest in the ideal female character.
And God forbid that that side of the Christian life should ever be
undervalued.  It has its own beauty, its own strength too made
perfect in weakness; in prison, in torture, at the fiery stake, on
the lonely sick-bed, in long years of self-devotion and resignation,
and in a thousand womanly sacrifices unknown to man, but written for
ever in God's book of life.

But as time went on, and the monastic life, which, whether practised
by man or by woman, is essentially a feminine life, became more and
more exclusively the religious ideal, grave defects began to appear
in what was really too narrow a conception of the human character.

The monks of the Middle Ages, in aiming exclusively at the virtues
of women, generally copied little but their vices.  Their unnatural
attempt to be wiser than God, and to unsex themselves, had done
little but disease their mind and heart.  They resorted more and
more to those arts which are the weapons of crafty, ambitious, and
unprincipled women.  They were too apt to be cunning, false,
intriguing.  They were personally cowardly, as their own chronicles
declare; querulous, passionate, prone to unmanly tears; prone, as
their writings abundantly testify, to scold, to use the most
virulent language against all who differed from them; they were, at
times, fearfully cruel, as evil women will be; cruel with that worst
cruelty which springs from cowardice.  If I seem to have drawn a
harsh picture of them, I can only answer that their own documents
justify abundantly all that I have said.

Gradually, to supply their defects, another ideal arose.  The
warriors of the Middle Ages hoped that they might be able to serve
God in the world, even in the battle-field.  At least, the world and
the battle-field they would not relinquish, but make the best of
them.  And among them arose a new and a very fair ideal of manhood:
that of the 'gentle, very perfect knight,' loyal to his king and to
his God, bound to defend the weak, succour the oppressed, and put
down the wrong-doer; with his lady, or bread-giver, dealing forth
bounteously the goods of this life to all who needed; occupied in
the seven works of mercy, yet living in the world, and in the
perfect enjoyment of wedded and family life.  This was the ideal.
Of course sinful human nature fell short of it, and defaced it by
absurdities; but I do not hesitate to say that it was a higher ideal
of Christian excellence than had appeared since the time of the
Apostles, putting aside the quite exceptional ideal of the blessed
martyrs.

A higher ideal, I say, was chivalry, with all its shortcomings.  And
for this reason:  that it asserted the possibility of consecrating
the whole manhood, and not merely a few faculties thereof, to God;
and it thus contained the first germ of that Protestantism which
conquered at the Reformation.

Then was asserted, once for all, on the grounds of nature and
reason, as well as of Holy Scripture, the absolute sanctity of
family and national life, and the correlative idea, namely, the
consecration of the whole of human nature to the service of God, in
that station to which God had called each man.  Then the Old
Testament, with the honour which it puts upon family and national
life, became precious to man, as it had never been before; and such
a history as David's became, not as it was with the mediaeval monks,
a mere repertory of fanciful metaphors and allegories, but the
solemn example, for good and for evil, of a man of like passions and
like duties with the men of the modern world.

These great truths, once asserted, could not but conquer; and they
will conquer to the end.  All attempts to restore the monastic and
feminine ideal, like that of good Nicholas Ferrar at Little Gidding,
failed.  They withered like hot-house exotics in the free, keen,
bracing English air; and in our civil wars, Cavalier and Puritan, in
whatever they differed, never differed in their sound and healthy
conviction that true religion did not crush, but strengthened and
consecrated a valiant and noble manhood.

Now if all that 'Muscular Christianity' means is that, then the
expression is altogether unnecessary; for we have had the thing for
three centuries--and defective likewise, for it is not a merely
muscular, but a human Christianity which the Bible taught our
forefathers, and which our forefathers have handed down to us.

But there is another meaning sometimes attached to this flippant
expression, 'Muscular Christianity,' which is utterly immoral and
intolerable.  There are those who say, and there have been of late
those who have written books to shew, that provided a young man is
sufficiently brave, frank, and gallant, he is more or less absolved
from the common duties of morality and self-restraint.

That physical prowess is a substitute for virtue is certainly no new
doctrine.  It is the doctrine of every red man on the American
prairies, of every African chief who ornaments his hut with human
skulls.  It was the doctrine of our heathen forefathers, when they
came hither slaying, plundering, burning, tossing babes on their
spear-points.  But I am sorry that it should be the doctrine of any
one calling himself a gentleman, much more a Christian.

It is certainly not the doctrine of the Catechism, which bids us
renounce the flesh, and live by the help of God's Spirit a new life
of duty to God and to our neighbour.

It is certainly not the doctrine of the New Testament.  Whatsoever
St. Paul meant by bidding his disciples crucify the flesh, with its
affections and lusts, he did not mean thereby that they were to
deify the flesh, as the heathen round them did in their profligate
mysteries and in their gladiatorial exhibitions.

Neither, though the Old Testament may seem to put more value on
physical prowess than does the New Testament, is it the doctrine of
the Old Testament, as I purpose to show you from the life and
history of David.

Nothing, nothing, can be a substitute for purity and virtue.  Man
will always try to find substitutes for it.  He will try to find a
substitute in superstition, in forms and ceremonies, in voluntary
humility and worship of angels, in using vain repetitions, and
fancying that he will be heard for his much speaking; he will try to
find a substitute in intellect, and the worship of intellect, and
art, and poetry; or he will try to find it, as in the present case,
in the worship of his own animal powers, which God meant to be his
servants and not his masters.  But let no man lay that flattering
unction to his soul.  The first and the last business of every human
being, whatever his station, party, creed, capacities, tastes,
duties, is morality:  Virtue, Virtue, always Virtue.  Nothing that
man will ever invent will absolve him from the universal necessity
of being good as God is good, righteous as God is righteous, and
holy as God is holy.

Believe it, young men, believe it.  Better would it be for any one
of you to be the stupidest and the ugliest of mortals, to be the
most diseased and abject of cripples, the most silly, nervous
incapable personage who ever was a laughingstock for the boys upon
the streets, if only you lived, according to your powers, the life
of the Spirit of God; than to be as perfectly gifted, as exquisitely
organised in body and mind as David himself, and not to live the
life of the Spirit of God, the life of goodness, which is the only
life fit for a human being wearing the human flesh and soul which
Christ took upon him on earth, and wears for ever in heaven, a Man
indeed in the midst of the throne of God.

And therefore it is, as you will yourselves have perceived already,
that I have chosen to speak to you of David, his character, his
history.

It is the character of a man perfectly gifted, exquisitely
organised.  He has personal beauty, daring, prowess, and skill in
war; he has generosity, nobleness, faithfulness, chivalry as of a
mediaeval and Christian knight; he is a musician, poet, seemingly an
architect likewise; he is, moreover, a born king; he has a
marvellous and most successful power of attracting, disciplining,
ruling his fellow-men.  So thoroughly human a personage is he, that
God speaks of him as the man after his own heart; that our blessed
Lord condescends to call himself especially the Son of David.

For there is in this man (as there is said to be in all great
geniuses) a feminine, as well as a masculine vein; a passionate
tenderness; a keen sensibility; a vast capacity of sympathy,
sadness, and suffering, which makes him truly the type of Christ,
the Man of sorrows; which makes his Psalms to this day the text-book
of the afflicted, of tens of thousands who have not a particle of
his beauty, courage, genius; but yet can feel, in mean hovels and
workhouse sick-beds, that the warrior-poet speaks to their human
hearts, and for their human hearts, as none other can speak, save
Christ himself, the Son of David and the Son of man.

A man, I say, of intense sensibilities; and therefore capable, as is
but too notorious, of great crimes, as well as of great virtues.

And when I mention this last fact, I must ask you to pause, and
consider with me very solemnly what it means.

We may pervert, or rather misstate the fact in more than one way, to
our own hurt.  We may say cynically, David had his good points and
his bad ones, as all your great saints have.  Look at them closely,
and in spite of all their pretensions you will find them no better
than their neighbours.  And so we may comfort ourselves, in our own
mediocrity and laziness, by denying the existence of all greatness
and goodness.

Nathan the prophet said that David's conduct would be open to this
very interpretation, and would give great occasion to the enemies of
the Lord to blaspheme.  But I trust that none of you wish to be
numbered among the enemies of the Lord.

Again, we may say, sentimentally, that these great weaknesses are on
the whole the necessary concomitants of great strength; that such
highly organised and complex characters must not be judged by the
rule of common respectability; and that it is a more or less fine
thing to be capable at once of great virtues and great vices.

Books which hint, and more than hint this, will suggest themselves
to you at once.  I only advise you not to listen to their teaching,
as you will find it lead to very serious consequences, both in this
life and in the life to come.

But if we do say this, or anything like this, we say it on our own
responsibility.  David's biographers say nothing of the kind.  David
himself says nothing of the kind.  He never represents himself as a
compound of strength and weakness.  He represents himself as
weakness itself--as incapacity utter and complete.  To overlook that
startling fact is to overlook the very element which has made
David's Psalms the text-book for all human weaknesses, penitences,
sorrows, struggles, aspirations, for nigh three thousand years.

But this subject is too large for me to speak of to-day; and too
deep for me to attempt an explanation till I have turned your
thoughts toward another object, which will explain to you David, and
yourselves, and, it seems to me at times, every problem of humanity.
Look not at David, but at David's greater Son; and consider Christ
upon his Cross.  Consider him of whom it is written, 'Thou art
fairer than the children of men:  full of grace are thy lips,
because God hath blessed thee for ever.  Gird thee with thy sword
upon thy thigh, O thou most Mighty, according to thy worship and
renown.  Good luck have thou with thine honour; ride on, because of
the word of truth, of meekness, and righteousness; and thy right
hand shall teach thee terrible things.  Thy arrows are very sharp,
and the people shall be subdued unto thee, even in the midst among
the King's enemies.'  Consider him who alone fulfilled these words,
who fulfils them even now eternally in heaven, King over all, God
blessed for ever.  And then sit down at the foot of his Cross:
however young, strong, proud, gallant, gifted, ambitious you may be-
-sit down at the foot of Christ's Cross, and look thereon, till you
see what it means, and must mean for ever.  See how he nailed to
that Cross, not in empty metaphor but in literal fact, in agonising
soul and body, all of human nature which the world admires--youth,
grace, valour, power, eloquence, intellect:  not because they were
evil, for he possessed them doubtless himself as did none other of
the sons of men--not, I say, because they were evil, but because
they were worthless and as nothing beside that divine charity which
would endure and conquer for ever, when all the noblest accidents of
the body and the mind had perished, or seemed to perish.  In the
utmost weakness and shame of human flesh he would shew forth the
strength and glory of the Divine Spirit; the strength and the glory
of duty and obedience; of patience and forgiveness; of benevolence
and self-sacrifice; the strength and glory of that burning love for
human beings which could stoop from heaven to earth that it might
seek and save that which was lost.

Yes.  Look at Christ upon his Cross; the sight which melted the
hearts of our fierce forefathers, and turned them from the worship
of Thor and Odin to the worship of 'The white Christ;' and from the
hope of a Valhalla of brute prowess, to the hope of a heaven of
righteousness and love.  Look at Christ upon his Cross, and see
there, as they saw, the true prowess, the true valour, the true
chivalry, the true glory, the true manhood, most human when most
divine, which is self-sacrifice and love--as possible to the
weakest, meanest, simplest, as to the strongest, most gallant, and
most wise.

Look upon him, and learn from him, and take his yoke upon you, for
he is meek and lowly of heart, and you shall find rest unto your
souls; and in you shall be fulfilled the prophecy of Jeremiah, which
he spake, saying, 'Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom, neither
the mighty man glory in his might, neither let the rich man glory in
his wealth:  but let him that glorieth glory in this, that he
understandeth and knoweth me, that I am the Lord, who exercises
loving-kindness, judgment, and righteousness in the earth:  for in
these things I delight, saith the Lord.'



SERMON II.  DAVID'S STRENGTH



Psalm xxvii.  1.  The Lord is my light, and my salvation; whom then
shall I fear?  The Lord is the strength of my life; of whom then
shall I be afraid?

I said, last Sunday, that the key-note of David's character was not
the assertion of his own strength, but the confession of his own
weakness.  And I say it again.

But it is plain that David had strength, and of no common order;
that he was an eminently powerful, able, and successful man.  From
whence then came that strength?  He says, from God.  He says,
throughout his life, as emphatically as did St. Paul after him, that
God's strength was made perfect in his weakness.

God is his deliverer, his guide, his teacher, his inspirer.  The
Lord is his strength, who teaches his hands to war, and his fingers
to fight; his hope and his fortress, his castle and deliverer, his
defence, in whom he trusts; who subdueth the people that is under
him.

To God he ascribes, not only his success in life, but his physical
prowess.  By God's help he slays the lion and the bear.  By God's
help he has nerve to kill the Philistine giant.  By God's help he is
so strong that his arms can break even a bow of steel.  It is God
who makes his feet like hart's feet, and enables him to leap over
the walls of the mountain fortresses.

And we must pause ere we call such utterances mere Eastern metaphor.
It is far more probable that they were meant as and were literal
truths.  David was not likely to have been a man of brute gigantic
strength.  So delicate a brain was probably coupled to a delicate
body.  Such a nature, at the same time, would be the very one most
capable, under the influence--call it boldly, inspiration--of a
great and patriotic cause, of great dangers and great purposes;
capable, I say, at moments, of accesses of almost superhuman energy,
which he ascribed, and most rightly, to the inspiration of God.

But it is not merely as his physical inspirer or protector that he
has faith in God.  He has a deeper, a far deeper instinct than even
that; the instinct of a communion, personal, practical, living,
between God, the fount of light and goodness, and his own soul, with
its capacity of darkness as well as light, of evil as well as good.

In one word, David is a man of faith and a man of prayer--as God
grant all you may be.  It is this one fixed idea, that God could
hear him, and that God would help him, which gives unity and
coherence to the wonderful variety of David's Psalms.  It is this
faith which gives calm confidence to his views of nature and of man;
and enables him to say, as he looks upon his sheep feeding round
him, 'The Lord is my Shepherd, therefore I shall not want.'  Faith
it is which enables him to foresee that though the heathen rage, and
the kings of the earth stand up, and the rulers take counsel
together against the Lord and his Anointed, yet the righteous cause
will surely prevail, for God is king himself.  Faith it is which
enables him to bear up against the general immorality, and while he
cries, 'Help me, Lord, for there is not one godly man left, for the
faithful fail from among the children of men'--to make answer to
himself in words of noble hope and consolation, 'Now for the
comfortless troubles' sake of the needy, and because of the deep
sighing of the poor, I will up, saith the Lord, and will help every
one from him that swelleth against him, and will set him at rest.'

Faith it is which gives a character, which no other like utterances
have, to those cries of agony--cries as of a lost child--which he
utters at times with such noble and truthful simplicity.  They
issue, almost every one of them, in a sudden counter-cry of joy as
pathetic as the sorrow which has gone before.  'O Lord, rebuke me
not in thine indignation:  neither chasten me in thy displeasure.
Have mercy upon me, O Lord, for I am weak:  O Lord, heal me, for my
bones are vexed.  My soul also is sore troubled:  but, Lord, how
long wilt thou punish me?  Turn thee, O Lord, and deliver my soul:
O save me for thy mercy's sake.  For in death no man remembereth
thee:  and who will give thee thanks in the pit?  I am weary of my
groaning; every night wash I my bed:  and water my couch with my
tears.  My beauty is gone for very trouble:  and worn away because
of all mine enemies.  Away from me, all ye that work vanity, for the
Lord hath heard the voice of my weeping.  The Lord hath heard my
petition:  the Lord will receive my prayer.'

Faith it is, in like wise, which gives its peculiar grandeur to that
wonderful 18th Psalm, David's song of triumph; his masterpiece, and
it may be the masterpiece of human poetry, inspired or uninspired,
only approached by the companion-Psalm, the 144th.  From whence
comes that cumulative energy, by which it rushes on, even in our
translation, with a force and swiftness which are indeed divine;
thought following thought, image image, verse verse, before the
breath of the Spirit of God, as wave leaps after wave before the
gale?  What is the element in that ode, which even now makes it stir
the heart like a trumpet?  Surely that which it itself declares in
the very first verse:

'I will love thee, O Lord, my strength; the Lord is my stony rock,
and my defence:  my Saviour, my God, and my might, in whom I will
trust, my buckler, the horn also of my salvation, and my refuge.'

What is it which gives life and reality to the magnificent imagery
of the seventh and following verses?  'The earth trembled and
quaked:  the very foundations also of the hills shook, and were
removed, because he was wroth.  There went a smoke out in his
presence:  and a consuming fire out of his mouth, so that coals were
kindled at it.  He bowed the heavens also, and came down:  and it
was dark under his feet.  He rode upon the cherubims, and did fly:
he came flying upon the wings of the wind.  He made darkness his
secret place:  his pavilion round about him with dark water, and
thick clouds to cover him.  At the brightness of his presence his
clouds removed:  hailstones, and coals of fire.  The Lord also
thundered out of heaven, and the Highest gave his thunder:
hailstones, and coals of fire.  He sent out his arrows, and
scattered them:  he cast forth lightnings, and destroyed them.  The
springs of waters were seen, and the foundations of the round world
were discovered, at thy chiding, O Lord:  at the blasting of the
breath of thy displeasure.  He shall send down from on high to fetch
me:  and shall take me out of many waters.'  What protects such
words from the imputation of mere Eastern exaggeration?  The firm
conviction that God is the deliverer, not only of David, but of all
who trust in God; that the whole majesty of God, and all the powers
of nature, are arrayed on the side of the good and of the oppressed.
'The Lord shall reward me after my righteous dealing:  according to
the cleanness of my hands shall he recompense me.  Because I have
kept the ways of the Lord:  and have not forsaken my God, as the
wicked doth.  For I have an eye unto all his laws:  and will not
cast out his commandments from me.  I was also uncorrupt before him:
and eschewed mine own wickedness.  Therefore shall the Lord reward
me after my righteous dealing:  and according unto the cleanness of
my hands in his eyesight.  With the holy thou shalt be holy:  and
with a perfect man thou shalt be perfect.'

Faith, again, it is, to turn from David's highest to his lowest
phase--faith in God it is which has made that 51st Psalm the model
of all true penitence for evermore.  Faith in God, in the spite of
his full consciousness that God is about to punish him bitterly for
the rest of his life.  Faith it is which gives to that Psalm its
peculiarly simple, deliberate, manly tone; free from all exaggerated
self-accusations, all cowardly cries of terror.  He is crushed down,
it is true.  The tone of his words shews us that throughout.  But
crushed by what?  By the discovery that he has offended God?  Not in
the least.  For the sake of your own souls, as well as for that of
honest critical understanding of the Scriptures, do not foist that
meaning into David's words.  He never says that he had offended God.
Had he been a mediaeval monk, had he been an average superstitious
man of any creed or time, he would have said so, and cried, I have
offended God; he is offended and angry with me, how shall I avert
his wrath?

Not so.  David has discovered not an angry, but a forgiving God; a
God of love and goodness, who desires to make his creatures good.
Penitential prayers in all ages have too often wanted faith in God,
and therefore have been too often prayers to avert punishment.
This, this--the model of all truly penitent prayers--is that of a
man who is to be punished, and is content to take his punishment,
knowing that he deserves it, and far more beside.  And why?
Because, as always, David has faith in God.  God is a good and just
being, and he trusts him accordingly; and that very discovery of the
goodness, not the sternness of God, is the bitterest pang, the
deepest shame to David's spirit.  Therefore he can face without
despair the discovery of a more deep, radical inbred evil in himself
than he ever expected before.  'Behold, I was shapen in wickedness:
and in sin hath my mother conceived me;' because he could say also,
'Thou requirest truth in the inward parts; and shalt make me to
understand wisdom secretly.'  He can cry to God, out of the depths
of his foulness, 'Make me a clean heart, O God:  and renew a right
spirit within me.  Cast me not away from thy presence:  and take not
thy holy Spirit from me.  O give me the comfort of thy help again:
and stablish me with thy free Spirit.  Then shall I teach thy ways
unto the wicked:  and sinners shall be converted unto thee.'  He can
cry thus, because he has discovered that the will of God is not to
hate, not to torture, not to cast away from his presence, but to
restore his creatures to goodness, that he may thereby restore them
to usefulness.  David has discovered that God demands no sacrifice,
much less self-torturing penance.  What he demands is the heart.
The sacrifice of God is a troubled spirit.  A broken and a contrite
heart he will not despise.  It is such utterances as these which
have given, for now many hundred years, their priceless value to the
little book of Psalms ascribed to the shepherd outlaw of the Judaean
hills.  It is such utterances as these which have sent the sound of
his name into all lands, and his words throughout all the world.
Every form of human sorrow, doubt, struggle, error, sin; the nun
agonising in the cloister; the settler struggling for his life in
Transatlantic forests; the pauper shivering over the embers in his
hovel, and waiting for kind death; the man of business striving to
keep his honour pure amid the temptations of commerce; the prodigal
son starving in the far country, and recollecting the words which he
learnt long ago at his mother's knee; the peasant boy trudging a-
field in the chill dawn, and remembering that the Lord is his
shepherd, therefore he will not want--all shapes of humanity have
found, and will find to the end of time, a word said to their inmost
hearts, and more, a word said for those hearts to the living God of
heaven, by the vast humanity of David, the man after God's own
heart; the most thoroughly human figure, as it seems to me, which
had appeared upon the earth before the coming of that perfect Son of
man, who is over all, God blessed for ever.  Amen.

It may be said, David's belief is no more than the common belief of
fanatics.  They have in all ages fancied themselves under the
special protection of Deity, the object of special communications
from above.

Doubtless they have; and evil conclusions have they drawn therefrom,
in every age.  But the existence of a counterfeit is no argument
against the existence of the reality; rather it is an argument for
the existence of the reality.  In this case it is impossible to
conceive how the idea of communion with an unseen being ever entered
the human mind at all, unless it had been put there originally by
fact and experience.  Man would never have even dreamed of a living
God, had not that living God been a reality, who did not leave the
creature to find his Creator, but stooped from heaven, at the very
beginning of our race, to find his creature.

And a reality you will surely find it--that living and practical
communication between your souls, and that Father in heaven who
created them.  It will not be real, but morbid, even imaginary, just
in proportion as your souls are tainted with self-conceit, ambition,
self-will, malice, passion, or any wilful vice; especially with the
vice of bigotry, which settles beforehand for God what he shall
teach the soul, and in what manner he shall teach it, and turns a
deaf ear to his plainest lessons if they cannot be made to fit into
some favourite formula or theory.  But it will be real, practical,
healthy, soul-saving, in the very deepest sense of that word, just
in proportion as your eye is single and your heart pure; just in
proportion as you hunger and thirst after righteousness, and wish
and try simply and humbly to do your duty in that station to which
God has called you, and to learn joyfully and trustingly anything
and everything which God may see fit to teach you.  Then as your day
your strength shall be.  Then will the Lord teach you, and inform
you with his eye, and guide you in the way wherein you should go.
Then will you obey that appeal of the Psalmist, 'Be ye not like to
horse and mule, which have no understanding, whose mouths must be
held in with bit and bridle, lest they fall upon thee.  Great
plagues remain for the ungodly.  But whoso putteth his trust in the
Lord, mercy embraceth him on every side.'

For understand this well, young men, and settle it in your hearts as
the first condition of human life, yea, of the life of every
rational created being, that a man is justified only by faith; and
not only a man, but angels, archangels, and all possible created
spirits, past, present, and to come.  All stand, all are in their
right state, only as long as they are consciously dependent on God
the Father of spirits and his Son Jesus Christ the Lord, in whom
they live and move and have their being.  The moment they attempt to
assert themselves, whether their own power, their own genius, their
own wisdom, or even their own virtue, they ipso facto sin, and are
justified and just no longer; because they are trying to take
themselves out of their just and right state of dependence, and to
put themselves into an unjust and wrong state of independence.  To
assert that anything is their own, to assert that their virtue is
their own, just as much as to assert that their wisdom, or any other
part of their being, is their own, is to deny the primary fact of
their existence--that in God they live and move and have that being.
And therefore Milton's Satan, though, over and above all his other
grandeurs, he had been adorned with every virtue, would have been
Satan still by the one sin of ingratitude, just because and just as
long as he set up himself, apart from that God from whom alone comes
every good and perfect gift.

Settle it in your hearts, young men, settle it in your hearts--or
rather pray to God to settle it therein; and if you would love life
and see good days, recollect daily and hourly that the only sane and
safe human life is dependence on God himself, and that--


   Unless above himself he can
Exalt himself, how poor a thing is man.



SERMON III.  DAVID'S ANGER



Psalm cxliii. 11, 12.  Quicken me, O Lord, for thy name's sake:  for
thy righteousness' sake bring my soul out of trouble.  And of thy
mercy cut off mine enemies, and destroy all them that afflict my
soul:  for I am thy servant.

There are those who would say that I dealt unfairly last Sunday by
the Psalms of David; that in order to prove them inspired, I ignored
an element in them which is plainly uninspired, wrong, and
offensive; namely, the curses which he invokes upon his enemies.  I
ignored it, they would say, because it was fatal to my theory!
because it proved David to have the vindictive passions of other
Easterns; to be speaking, not by the inspiration of God, but of his
own private likes and dislikes; to be at least a fanatic who thinks
that his cause must needs be God's cause, and who invokes the
lightnings of heaven on all who dare to differ from him.  Others
would say that such words were excusable in David, living under the
Old Law; for it was said by them of old time, 'Thou shalt love thy
neighbour and hate thine enemy:' but that our Lord has formally
abrogated that permission; 'But I say unto you, Love your enemies,
bless them that curse you, and do good to those who despitefully use
you and persecute you.'  How unnecessary, and how wrong then, they
would say, it is of the Church of England to retain these cursing
Psalms in her public worship, and put them into the mouths of her
congregations.  Either they are merely painful, as well as
unnecessary to Christians; or if they mean anything, they excuse and
foster the habit too common among religious controversialists of
invoking the wrath of heaven on their opponents.

I argue with neither of the objectors.  But the question is a
curious and an important one; and I am bound, I think, to examine it
in a sermon which, like the present, treats of David's chivalry.

What David meant by these curses can be best known from his own
actions.  What certain persons have meant by them since is patent
enough from their actions.  Mediaeval monks considered but too often
the enemies of their creed, of their ecclesiastical organisation,
even of their particular monastery, to be ipso facto enemies of God;
and applied to them the seeming curses of David's Psalms, with
fearful additions, of which David, to his honour, never dreamed.
'May they feel with Dathan and Abiram the damnation of Gehenna,'
{285} is a fair sample of the formulae which are found in the
writings of men who, while they called themselves the servants of
Jesus Christ our Lord, derived their notions of the next world
principally from the sixth book of Virgil's AEneid.  And what they
meant by their words their acts shewed.  Whenever they had the
power, they were but too apt to treat their supposed enemies in this
life, as they expected God to treat them in the next.  The history
of the Inquisition on the continent, in America, and in the
Portuguese Indies--of the Marian persecutions in England--of the
Piedmontese massacres in the 17th century--are facts never to be
forgotten.  Their horrors have been described in too authentic
documents; they remain for ever the most hideous pages in the
history of sinful human nature.  Do we find a hint of any similar
conduct on the part of David?  If not, it is surely probable that he
did not mean by his imprecations what the mediaeval clergy meant.

Certainly, whatsoever likeness there may have been in language, the
contrast in conduct is most striking.  It is a special mark of
David's character, as special as his faith in God, that he never
avenges himself with his own hand.  Twice he has Saul in his power:
once in the cave at Engedi, once at the camp at Hachilah, and both
times he refuses nobly to use his opportunity.  He is his master,
the Lord's Anointed; and his person is sacred in the eyes of David
his servant--his knight, as he would have been called in the Middle
Age.  The second time David's temptation is a terrible one.  He has
softened Saul's wild heart by his courtesy and pathos when he
pleaded with him, after letting him escape from the cave; and he has
sworn to Saul that when he becomes king he will never cut off his
children, or destroy his name out of his father's home.  Yet we find
Saul, immediately after, attacking him again out of mere caprice;
and once more falling into his hands.  Abishai says--and who can
wonder?--'Let me smite him with the spear to the earth this once,
and I will not smite a second time.'  What wonder?  The man is not
to be trusted--truce with him is impossible; but David still keeps
his chivalry, in the true meaning of that word:  'Destroy him not,
for who can stretch forth his hand against the Lord's Anointed, and
be guiltless?  As the Lord liveth, the Lord shall smite him, or his
day shall come to die; or he shall go down into battle, and perish.
But the Lord forbid that I should stretch forth my hand against the
Lord's Anointed.'

And if it be argued, that David regarded the person of a king as
legally sacred, there is a case more clear still, in which he
abjures the right of revenge upon a private person.

Nabal, in addition to his ingratitude, has insulted him with the
bitterest insult which could be offered to a free man in a slave-
holding country.  He has hinted that David is neither more nor less
than a runaway slave.  And David's heart is stirred by a terrible
and evil spirit.  He dare not trust his men, even himself, with his
black thoughts.  'Gird on your swords,' is all that he can say
aloud.  But he had said in his heart, 'God do so and more to the
enemies of David, if I leave a man alive by the morning light of all
that pertain to him.'

And yet at the first words of reason and of wisdom, urged doubtless
by the eloquence of a beautiful and noble woman, but no less by the
Spirit of God speaking through her, as all who call themselves
gentlemen should know already, his right spirit returns to him.  The
chivalrous instinct of forgiveness and duty is roused once more; and
he cries, 'Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, which sent thee this
day to meet me; and blessed be thou, which hast kept me this day
from shedding blood, and from avenging myself with mine own hand.'

It is plain then, that David's notion of his duty to his enemies was
very different from that of the monks.  But still they are
undeniably imprecations, the imprecations of a man smarting under
cruel injustice; who cannot, and in some cases must not avenge
himself, and who therefore calls on the just God to avenge him.  Are
we therefore to say that these utterances of David are uninspired?
Not in the least:  we are boldly to say that they are inspired, and
by the very Spirit of God, who is the Spirit of justice and of
judgment.

Doubtless there were, in after ages, far higher inspirations.  The
Spirit of God was, and is gradually educating mankind, and
individuals among mankind, like David, upward from lower truths to
higher ones.  That is the express assertion of our Lord and of his
Apostles.  But the higher and later inspiration does not make the
lower and earlier false.  It does not even always supersede it
altogether.  Each is true; and, for the most part, each must remain,
and be respected, that they may complement each other.

Let us look at this question rationally and reverently, free from
all sentimental and immoral indulgence for sin and wrong.

The first instinct of man is the Lex Talionis.  As you do to me--
says the savage--so I have a right to do to you.  If you try to kill
me or mine, I have a right to kill you in return.  Is this notion
uninspired?  I should be sorry to say so.  It is surely the first
form and the only possible first form of the sense of justice and
retribution.  As a man sows so shall he reap.  If a man does wrong
he deserves to be punished.  No arguments will drive that great
divine law out of the human mind; for God has put it there.

After that inspiration comes a higher one.  The man is taught to
say, I must not punish my enemy if I can avoid it.  God must punish
him, either by the law of the land or by his providential judgments.
To this height David rises.  In a seemingly lawless age and country,
under the most extreme temptation, he learns to say, 'Blessed be God
who hath kept me from avenging myself with my own hand.'

But still, it may be said, David calls down God's vengeance on his
enemies.  He has not learnt to hate the sin and yet love the sinner.
Doubtless he has not:  and it may have been right for his education,
and for the education of the human race through him, that he did
not.  It may have been a good thing for him, as a future king; it
may be a good thing for many a man now, to learn the sinfulness of
sin, by feeling its effects in his own person; by writhing under
those miseries of body and soul, which wicked men can, and do
inflict on their fellow-creatures.

There are sins which a good man will not pity, but wage internecine
war against them; sins for which he is justified, if God have called
him thereto, to destroy the sinner in his sins.  The traitor, the
tyrant, the ravisher, the robber, the extortioner, are not objects
of pity, but of punishment; and it may have been very good for David
to be taught by sharp personal experience, that those who robbed the
widow and put the fatherless to death, like the lawless lords of his
time; those like Saul, who smote the city of the priests for having
given David food--men and women, children and sucklings, oxen and
asses and sheep, with the edge of the sword; those who, like the
nameless traitor who so often rouses his indignation--his own
familiar friend who lifted up his heel against him--sought men's
lives under the guise of friendship:  that such, I say, were persons
not to be tolerated upon the face of God's earth.  We do not
tolerate them now.  We punish them by law.  We even destroy them
wholesale in war, without inquiring into their individual guilt or
innocence.  David was taught, not by abstract meditation in his
study, but by bitter need and agony, not to tolerate them then.  If
he could have destroyed them as we do now, it is not for us to say
that he would have been wrong.  And what if he were indignant, and
what if he expressed that indignation?  I have yet to discover that
indignation against wrong is aught but righteous, noble, and divine.
The flush of rage and scorn which rises, and ought to rise in every
honest heart, when we see a woman or a child ill-used, a poor man
wronged or crushed--What is that, but the inspiration of Almighty
God?  What is that but the likeness of Christ?  Woe to the man who
has lost that feeling!  Woe to the man who can stand coolly by, and
see wrong done without a shock or a murmur, or even more, to the
very limits of the just laws of this land.  He may think it a fine
thing so to do; a proof that he is an easy, prudent man of the
world, and not a meddlesome enthusiast.  But all that it does prove
is:  That the Spirit of God, who is the Spirit of justice and
judgment, has departed from him.

I say the Spirit of God and the likeness of Christ.  Instead of
believing David's own statement of the wrong doings of these men
about him, we may say cynically, and as it seems to me most
unfairly, 'Of course there were two sides to David's quarrels, as
there are to all such; and of course he took his own side; and
considered himself always in the right, and every one who differed
from him in the wrong;' and such a speech will sound sufficiently
worldly-wise to pass for philosophy with some critics; but,
unfortunately, he who says that of David, will be bound in all
fairness to say it of our Lord Jesus Christ.

For you must remember that there was a class of sinners in Judaea,
to whom our Lord speaks no word of pity or forgiveness:  namely, the
very men who were his own personal enemies, who were persecuting
him, and going about to kill him; and that therefore, by any hard
words toward them, he must have laid himself open, just as much as
David laid himself open, to the imputation of personal spite.  And
yet, what did he say to the scribes and Pharisees:  'Ye go about to
kill me, and therefore I am bound to say nothing harsh concerning
you'?  What he did say was this:  'Ye serpents, ye generation of
vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell?'

Yes; in the Son of David, as in David's self, there was, and is, and
will be for ever and ever, no weak, and really cruel indulgence; but
a burning fire of indignation against all hypocrisy, tyranny, lust,
cruelty, and every other sin by which men oppress, torment, deceive,
degrade their fellow-men; and still more, still more, remember that,
all young men, their fellow-women.  That fire burns for ever--the
Divine fire of God; the fire not of hatred, but of love to mankind,
which will therefore punish, and if need be, exterminate all who
shall dare to make mankind the worse, whether in body or soul or
mind.

But David prays God to kill his enemies.  No doubt he does.
Probably they deserved to be killed.  He does not ask, you will
always remember, if you be worthy of the name of critical students
of the Bible--he does not ask, as did the mediaeval monks, that his
enemies should go to endless torments after they died.  True or
false, that is a more modern notion--and if it be applied to the
Psalms, an interpolation--of which David knew nothing.  He asks
simply that the men may die.  Probably he knew his own business
best, and the men deserved to die; to be killed either by God or by
man, as do too many in all ages.

If we take the Bible as it stands (and we have no right to do
otherwise), these men were trying to kill David.  He could not, and
upon a point of honour, would not kill them himself.  But he
believed, and rightly, that God can punish the offender whom man
cannot touch, and that He will, and does punish them.  And if he
calls on God to execute justice and judgment upon these men, he only
calls on God to do what God is doing continually on the face of the
whole earth.  In fact, God does punish here, in this life.  He does
not, as false preachers say, give over this life to impunity, and
this world to the devil, and only resume the reins of moral
government and the right of retribution when men die and go into the
next world.  Here, in this life, he punishes sin; slowly, but
surely, God punishes.  And if any of you doubt my words, you have
only to commit sin, and then see whether your sin will find you out.

The whole question turns on this, Are we to believe in a living God,
or are we not?  If we are not, then David's words are of course
worse than nothing.  If we are, I do not see why David was wrong in
calling on God to exercise that moral and providential government of
the world, which is the very note and definition of a living God.

But what right have we to use these words?  My friends, if the
Church bids us use these words, she certainly does not bid us act
upon them.  She keeps them, I believe most rightly, as a record of a
human experience, which happily seems to us special and extreme, of
which we, in a well-governed Christian land, know nothing, and shall
never know.

Special and extreme?  Alas, alas!  In too many countries, in too
many ages, it has been the common, the almost universal experience
of the many weak, enslaved, tortured, butchered at the wicked will
of the few strong.

There have been those in tens of thousands, there may be those again
who will have a right to cry to God, 'Of thy goodness slay mine
enemies, lest they slay, or worse than slay, both me and mine.'
There were thousands of English after the Norman Conquest; there
were thousands of Hindoos in Oude before its annexation; there are
thousands of negroes at this moment in their native land of Africa,
crushed and outraged by hereditary tyrants, who had and have a right
to appeal to God, as David appealed to him against the robber lords
of Palestine; a right to cry, 'Rid us, O God; if thou be a living
God, a God of justice and mercy, rid us not only of these men, but
of their children after them.  This tyrant, stained with lust and
wine and blood; this robber chieftain who privily in his lurking
dens murders the innocent, and ravishes the poor when he getteth him
into his net; this slave-hunting king who kills the captives whom he
cannot sell; and whose children after him will inevitably imitate
his cruelties and his rapine and treacheries--deal with him and his
as they deserve.  Set an ungodly man to be ruler over him; that he
may find out what we have been enduring from his ungodly rule.  Let
his days be few, and another take his office.  Let his children be
fatherless, and his wife a widow.  Let his children beg their bread
out of desolate places.  Let there be no man to pity him or take
compassion on his fatherless children--to take his part, and breed
up a fresh race of tyrants to our misery.  Let the extortioner
consume all he hath, and the stranger spoil his labour--for what he
has is itself taken by extortion, and he has spoiled the labour of
thousands.  Let his posterity be destroyed, and in the next
generation his name be clean put out.  Let the wickedness of his
father and the sin of his mother be had in remembrance in the sight
of the Lord; that he may root out the memorial of them from the
earth, and enable law and justice, peace and freedom to take the
place of anarchy and tyranny and blood.'

That prayer was answered--if we are to believe the records of
Norman, not English, monks in England after the Conquest, by the
speedy extinction of the most guilty families among the Norman
conquerors.  It is being answered, thank God, in Hindostan at this
moment.  It will surely be answered in Africa in God's good time;
for the Lord reigneth, be the nations never so unquiet.  And we, if
we will read such words rationally and humanly, remembering the
state of society in which they were written--a state of society,
alas! which has endured, and still endures over a vast portion of
the habitable globe; where might is right, and there is little or no
principle, save those of lust and greed and revenge--then instead of
wishing such words out of the Bible, we shall be glad to keep them
there, as testimonies to the moral government of the world by a God
and a Christ who will surely avenge the innocent blood; and as a
Gospel of comfort to suffering millions, when the news reaches them
at last, that they may call on God to deliver them from their
tormentors, and that he will hear their cry, and will help them.



SERMON IV.  DAVID'S DESERTS



2 Samuel i. 26.  I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan:
very pleasant hast thou been unto me:  thy love to me was wonderful,
passing the love of women.

Passing the love of woman?  How can that be, we of these days shall
say.  What love can pass that, saving the boundless love of him who
stooped from heaven to earth, that he might die on the Cross for us?
No.  David, when he sang those words, knew not the depth of woman's
love.  And we shall have a right so to speak.  The indefeasible and
Divine right which is bestowed by fact.

As a fact, we do not find among the ancient Jews that exalting and
purifying ideal of the relations between man and woman, which is to
be found, thank God, in these days, in almost every British work of
fiction or fancy.

It is enunciated, remember always, in the oldest Hebrew document.
On the very threshold of the Bible, in the very first chapters of
Genesis, it is enunciated in its most ideal purity and perfection.
But in practice it was never fulfilled.  No man seems to have
attempted to fulfil it.  Man becomes a polygamist, lower than the
very birds of the air.  Abraham, the father of the faithful, has his
Sarah, his princess-wife:  but he has others beside, as many as he
will.  And so has David in like wise, to the grief and harm of both
him and Abraham.

So, it would seem, had the majority of the Jews till after the
Captivity; and even then the law of divorce seems to have been as
indulgent toward the man as it was unjust and cruel toward the
woman.  Then our blessed Lord reasserted the ideal and primaeval
law.  He testified in behalf of woman, the puppet of a tyrant who
repudiated her upon the most frivolous pretext, and declared that in
the beginning God made them male and female; the one husband for the
one wife.  But his words fell on unwilling ears.  His disciples
answered, that if the case of a man with his wife be such, it is not
good for a man to marry.  And such, as a fact, was the general
opinion of Christendom for many centuries.

But of that, as of other sayings of our Lord's, were his own words
fulfilled, that the kingdom of God is as if a man should put seed
into the ground, and sleep and wake, and the seed should spring up,
and bear fruit, he knew not how.

In due course of time, when the Teutonic nations were Christianised,
there sprang up among them an idea of married love, which showed
that our Lord's words had at last fallen on good ground, and were
destined to bear fruit an hundredfold.

Gradually, with many confusions, and sometimes sinful mistakes,
there arose, not in the cloister, not in the study--not even, alas!
in the churches of God, as they were then; but in the flowery meads
of May; under the forest boughs, where birds sang to their mates; by
the side of the winter hearth; from the lips of wandering minstrels;
in the hearts of young creatures, whom neither the profligacy of
worldlings, nor the prudery of monks, had yet defiled:  from them
arose a voice, most human and yet most divine, reasserting once more
the lost law of Eden, and finding in its fulfilment, strength and
purity, self-sacrifice and self-restraint.

That voice grew clearer and more strong as time went on.  It was
purged from youthful mistakes and youthful grossnesses; till, at the
Reformation, it could speak clearly, fully, once and for all--no
longer on the ground of mere nature and private fancy, but on the
ground of Scripture, and reason, and the eternal laws of God; and
the highest ideal of family life became possible to the family and
to the nation, in proportion as they accepted the teaching of the
Reformation:  and impossible, alas! in proportion as they still
allowed themselves to be ruled by a priesthood who asserted the
truly monstrous dogma, that the sexes reach each their highest
excellence only when parted from each other.

But these things were hidden from David.  One can well conceive that
he, so gifted outwardly and inwardly, must have experienced all that
was then possible of woman's love.  In one case, indeed, he was
notably brought under that moral influence of woman, which we now
regard, and rightly, as one of the holiest influences of this life.
The scene is unique in Scripture.  It reads like a scene out of the
Middle Age.

Abigail's meeting with David under the covert of the hill; her
turning him from his purpose of wild revenge by graceful
compliments, by the frank, and yet most modest expression of her
sympathy and admiration; and David's chivalrous answer to her
chivalrous appeal--all that scene, which painters have so often
delighted to draw, is a fore-feeling, a prophecy, as it were, of the
Christian chivalry of after ages.  The scene is most human and most
divine:  and we are not shocked to hear that after Nabal's death the
fair and rich lady joins her fortune to that of the wild outlaw, and
becomes his wife to wander by wood and wold.

But amid all the simple and sacred beauty of that scene, we cannot
forget, we must not forget that Abigail is but one wife of many;
that there is an element of pure, single, all-absorbing love absent
at least in David's heart, which was present in the hearts of our
forefathers in many a like case, and which they have handed down to
us as an heirloom, as precious as that of our laws and liberties.

And all this was sin unto David; and like all sin, brought with it
its own punishment.  I do not mean to judge him:  to assign his
exact amount of moral responsibility.  Our Lord forbids us
positively to do that to any man; and least of all, to a man who
only acted according to his right, and the fashion of his race and
his age.  But we must fix it very clearly in our minds, that sins
may be punished in this life, even though he who commits them is not
aware that they are sins.  If you are ignorant that fire burns, your
ignorance will not prevent your hand from suffering if you put it
into the fire.  If you are of opinion that two and two make five,
and therefore spend five pounds while you only possess four, your
mistake will not prevent your being in debt.  And so with all mortal
affairs.

Sin, [Greek], means first, it seems to me, a missing the mark, end,
or aim of our existence; a falling short of the law, the ideal, the
good works which God has prepared beforehand for us to walk in; and
every such sin, conscious or unconscious, must avenge itself by the
Divine laws of the universe, whether physical or spiritual.  No
miracle is needed; no intervention of God with his own laws.  His
laws are far too well made for him to need to break them a second
time, because a sinner has broken them already.  They avenge
themselves.  And so does polygamy.  So it did in the case of David.
It is a breach of the ideal law of human nature; and he who breaks
that law must suffer, as David suffered.

Look at the latter history of David, and at what it might have been.
One can conceive so noble a personage under such woman's influence
as, thank God, is common now, going down into an honoured old age,
and living together with a helpmate worthy of him in godly love and
honesty to his life's end; seeing his children Christianly and
virtuously brought up, to the praise and honour of God.

And what was the fact?

The indulgence of his passions--seemingly harmless to him at first--
becomes most harmful ere he dies.  He commits a crime, or rather a
complication of crimes, which stains his name for ever among men.

I do not think that we shall understand that great crime of David's,
if we suppose it, with some theologians, to have been merely a
sudden and solitary fall, from which he recovered by repentance, and
became for the time to come as good a man as he had ever been.  Such
a theory, however well it may fit certain theological systems, does
not fit the facts of human life, or, as I hold, the teaching of
Scripture.

Such terrible crimes are not committed by men in a right state of
mind.  Nemo repente fuit turpissimus.  He who commits adultery,
treachery, and murder, must have been long tampering, at least in
heart, with all these.  Had not David been playing upon the edge of
sin, into sin he would not have fallen.

He may have been quite unconscious of bad habits of mind; but they
must have been there, growing in secret.  The tyrannous self-will,
which is too often developed by long success and command:  the
unscrupulous craft, which is too often developed by long adversity,
and the necessity of sustaining oneself in a difficult position--
these must have been there.  But even they would not have led David
to do the deed which he did, had there not been in him likewise that
fearful moral weakness which comes from long indulgence of the
passions--a weakness which is reckless alike of conscience, of
public opinion, and of danger either to earthly welfare or
everlasting salvation.

It has been said, 'But such a sin is so unlike David's character.'
Doubtless it was, on the theory that David was a character mingled
of good and evil.  But on David's own theory, that he was an utterly
weak person without the help of God, the act is perfectly like
David.  It is David's self.  It is what David would naturally do
when he had left hold of God.  Had he left hold of God in the
wilderness he would have become a mere robber-chieftain.  He does
leave hold of God in his palace on Zion, and he becomes a mere
Eastern despot.

And what of his sons?

The fearful curse of Nathan, that the sword shall never depart from
his house, needs, as usual, no miracle to fulfil it.  It fulfils
itself.  The tragedies of his sons, of Amnon, of Absalom, are
altogether natural--to have been foreseen, but not to have been
avoided.

The young men have seen their father put no restraint upon his
passions.  Why should they put restraint on theirs?  How can he
command them when he has not commanded himself?  And yet self-
restraint is what they, above all men, need.  Upstart princes--the
sons of a shepherd boy--intoxicated with honours to which they were
not born; they need the severest discipline; they break out into the
most frantic licence.  What is there that they may not do, and dare
not do?  Nothing is sacred in their eyes.  Luxury, ambition,
revenge, vanity, recklessness of decency, open rebellion, disgrace
them in the sight of all men.  And all these vices, remember, are
heightened by the fact that they are not brothers, but rivals; sons
of different mothers, hating each other, plotting against each
other; each, probably, urged on by his own mother, who wishes, poor
fool, to set up her son as a competitor for the throne against all
the rest.  And so are enacted in David's house those tragedies which
have disgraced, in every age, the harems of Eastern despots.

But most significant is the fact, that those tragedies complete
themselves by the sin and shame of David's one virtuous and famous
son.  Significant truly, that in his old age Solomon the wise should
love strange women, and deserting for their sakes the God of his
fathers, end as an idolater and a dotard, worshipping the
abominations of the heathen, his once world-famous wisdom sunk into
utter folly.

But, it may be said, the punishment of David's sin fell on his sons,
and not upon himself.

How so?  Can there be a more heavy punishment, a more bitter pain,
than to be punished in and by his children; to see his own evil
example working out their shame and ruin?  But do not fancy that
David's own character did not suffer for his sin.  The theory that
he became, instantly on his repentance, as good and great a man as
he was before his fall, was convenient enough to certain theologians
of past days; but it is neither warranted by the facts of Scripture,
nor by the noble agonies, however noble, of the 51st Psalm.

It is a prayer for restoration, and that of the only right and true
kind:  'Take not thy Holy Spirit from me;' and, as such, it was
doubtless heard:  but it need not have been fulfilled instantly and
at once.  It need not have been fulfilled, it may be, till that life
to come, of which David knew so little.  It is a fact, it was not
fulfilled in this life.  We read henceforth of no noble and heroical
acts of David.  From that time forth--I speak with all diffidence,
and merely as it seems to me--he is a broken man.  His attitude in
Absalom's rebellion is all but imbecile.  No act is recorded of him
to the day of his death but what is questionable, if not mean and
crafty.  The one sudden flash of the old nobleness which he has
shewn in pardoning Shimei, he himself stultifies with his dying lips
by a mean command to Solomon to entrap and slay the man whom he has
too rashly forgiven.  The whole matter of the sacrifice of Saul's
sons is so very strange, so puzzling, even shocking to our ideas of
right and wrong, that I cannot wonder at, though I dare not endorse,
Coleridge's bold assertion, that they were sacrificed to a plot of
State policy, and the suspicion of some critics, that the whole
scene was arranged between David and a too complaisant priesthood,
and God's name blasphemously taken in vain to find a pretext for a
political murder.  And so David shivers pitiably to his grave, after
a fashion which has furnished a jest for cynics and infidels, but
which contains, to the eyes of a wise man, the elements of the
deepest tragedy; one more awful lesson that human beauty, valour,
wit, genius, success, glory, are vanity of vanities:  that man is
nothing, and God is all in all.

But some may ask, What has all this to do with us?  To do with us?
Do you think that the Scripture says in vain, 'All these things are
written for our example'?  As long as human nature is what it is
now, and was three thousand years ago, so long shall we be tempted
to commit the same sins as David:  different in outward form,
according to the conditions of society; but the same in spirit, the
same in sinfulness, and the same in the sure punishment which they
bring.  And above all, will men to the end be tempted to the sin of
self-indulgence, want of self-control.  In many ways, but surely in
some way or other, will every man's temptation be, to lose self-
control.

Therefore settle it in your minds, young men, that the first and the
last of all virtues and graces of which God can give is self-
control; as necessary for the saint and the sage, lest they become
fanatics or pedants, as for the young man in the hey-day of youth
and health; but as necessary for the young man as for the saint and
the sage, lest, while they become only fanatics and pedants, he
become a profligate, and a cumberer of the ground.

Remember this--remember it now in the glorious days of youth which
never will return, but in which you are sowing seed of which you
will reap the fruit until your dying day.  Know that as you sow, so
will you reap.  If you sow to the flesh, you will of the flesh reap
corruption; corruption--deterioration, whether of health, of
intellect, of character in some shape or other.  You know not, and
no man knows, what the curse will be like; but the curse will surely
come.  The thing which is done cannot be undone; and you will find
that out before, and not merely after your dying day.  Therefore
rejoice in your youth, for God has given it to you; but remember,
that for it, as for each and all of his gifts, God will bring you
into judgment.  And when the hour of temptation comes, go back--go
back, if you would escape--to what you all were taught at your
mother's knee concerning the grace of God; for that alone will keep
you safe, or angel, or archangel, or any created being safe, in this
life and in all lives to come.



SERMON V.  FRIENDSHIP; OR, DAVID AND JONATHAN



2 Samuel i.  26.  I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan:
very pleasant hast thou been unto me:  thy love to me was wonderful,
passing the love of women.

Passing the love of woman!  That is a hard saying.  What love can
pass that?  Yet David doubtless spoke truth.  He was a man who must
have had reason enough to know what woman's love was like; and when
he said that the love of Jonathan for him passed even that, he
bestowed on his friend praise which will be immortal.

The name of Jonathan will remain for ever as the perfect pattern of
friendship.

Let us think a little to-day over his noble character and his
tragical history.  It will surely do us good.  If it does nothing
but make us somewhat ashamed of ourselves, that is almost the best
thing which can happen to us or to any man.

We first hear of Jonathan as doing a very gallant deed.  We might
expect as much.  It is only great-hearted men who can be true
friends; mean and cowardly men can never know what friendship means.

The Israelites were hidden in thickets, and caves, and pits, for
fear of the Philistines, when Jonathan was suddenly inspired to
attack a Philistine garrison, under circumstances seemingly
desperate.  'And that first slaughter, which Jonathan and his
armour-bearer made, was about twenty men, within, as it were, an
half-acre of land, which a yoke of oxen might plough.'

That is one of those little hints which shews that the story is
true, written by a man who knew the place--who had probably been in
the great battle of Beth-aven, which followed, and had perhaps
ascended the rock where Jonathan had done his valiant deed, and had
seen the dead bodies lying as they had fallen before him and his
armour-bearer.

Then follows the story of David's killing Goliath, and coming back
to Saul with the giant's head in his hand, and answering modestly to
him, 'I am the son of thy servant Jesse the Bethlehemite.'

'And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking unto Saul,
that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and
Jonathan loved him as his own soul.

'Then Jonathan and David made a covenant, because he loved him as
his own soul.

'And Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and
gave it to David, and his garments, even to his sword, and to his
bow, and to his girdle.'

He loved him as his own soul.  And why?  Because his soul was like
the soul of David; because he was modest, he loved David's modesty;
because he was brave, he loved David's courage; because he was
virtuous, he loved David's virtue.  He saw that David was all that
he was himself, and more; and therefore he loved him as his own
soul.  And therefore I said, that it is only noble and great hearts
who can have great friendships; who admire and delight in other
men's goodness; who, when they see a great and godlike man,
conceive, like Jonathan, such an affection for him that they forget
themselves, and think only of him, till they will do anything for
him, sacrifice anything for him, as Jonathan did for David.

For remember, that Jonathan had cause to hate and envy David rather
than love him; and that he would have hated him if there had been
any touch of meanness or selfishness in his heart.  Gradually he
learnt, as all Israel learnt, that Samuel had anointed David to be
king, and that he, Jonathan, was in danger of not succeeding after
Saul's death.  David stood between him and the kingdom.  And yet he
did not envy David--did not join his father for a moment in plotting
his ruin.  He would oppose his father, secretly indeed, and
respectfully; but still, he would be true to David, though he had to
bear insults and threats of death.

And mark here one element in Jonathan's great friendship.  Jonathan
is a pious man, as well as a righteous one.  He believes the Lord's
messages that he has chosen David to be king, and he submits; seeing
that it is just and right, and that David is worthy of the honour,
though it be to the hurt of himself and of his children after him.
It is the Lord's will; and he, instead of repining against it, must
carry it out as far as he is concerned.  Yes; those who are most
true to their fellow-men are always those who are true to God; for
the same spirit of God which makes them fear God makes them also
love their neighbour.

When David escapes from Saul to Samuel, it is Jonathan who does all
he can to save him.  The two friends meet secretly in the field.

'And Jonathan said unto David, O Lord God of Israel, when I have
sounded my father about to-morrow any time, or the third day, and,
behold, if there be good toward David, and I then send not unto
thee, and shew it thee; the Lord do so and much more to Jonathan.'

Then David and Jonathan agree upon a sign between them, by which
David may know Saul's humour without his bow-bearer finding out
David.  He will shoot three arrows toward the place where David is
in hiding; and if he says to his bow-bearer, The arrows are on this
side of thee, David is to come; for he is safe.  But if he says, The
arrows are beyond thee, David must flee for his life, for the Lord
has sent him away.

Then Jonathan goes in to meat with his father Saul, and excuses
David for being absent.

'Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto
him, Thou son of the perverse, rebellious woman, do not I know that
thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion, and unto
the confusion of thy mother?  For as long as the son of Jesse liveth
upon the ground, thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom.
Wherefore now send and fetch him unto me, for he shall surely die.
And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him, Wherefore
shall he be slain? what hath he done?  And Saul cast a javelin at
him to smite him; whereby Jonathan knew that it was determined of
his father to slay David.'

He goes to the field and shoots the arrows, and gives the sign
agreed on.  He sends his bow-bearer back to the city, and David
comes out of his hiding-place in the rock Ezel.

'And as soon as the lad was gone, David arose out of a place toward
the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself
three times; and they kissed one another, and wept one with another,
until David exceeded.  And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace,
forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the Lord,
saying, The Lord be between me and thee, and between my seed and thy
seed for ever.  And he arose and departed:  and Jonathan went into
the city.'

And so the two friends parted, and saw one another, it seems, but
once again, when Jonathan went to David in the forest of Ziph, and
'strengthened his hand in God,' with noble words.

After that, Jonathan vanishes from the story of David.  We hear only
of him that he died fighting by his father's side, upon the downs of
Gilboa.  The green plot at their top, where the Israelites' last
struggle was probably made, can be seen to this day; and there most
likely Jonathan fell, and over him David raised his famous
lamentation:

'O Jonathan, thou wast slain in thine high places.  I am distressed
for thee, my brother Jonathan:  very pleasant hast thou been unto
me:  thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women.  How
are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished!'

So ends the beautiful and tragical story of a truly gallant man.
Seldom, indeed, will there be seen in the world such perfect
friendship between man and man, as that between Jonathan and David.
Seldom, indeed, shall we see anyone loving and adoring the very man
whom his selfish interest would teach him to hate and to supplant.
But still every man may have, and ought to have a friend.  Wretched
indeed, and probably deservedly wretched, is the man who has none.
And every man may learn from this story of Jonathan how to choose
his friends.

I say, to choose.  No one is bound to be at the mercy of anybody and
everybody with whom he may come in contact.  No one is bound to say,
That man lives next door to me, therefore he must be my friend.  We
are bound not to avoid our neighbours.  They are put near us by God
in his providence.  God intends every one of them, good or bad, to
help in educating us, in giving us experience of life and manners.
We are to learn from them, live with them in peace and charity, and
only avoid them when we find that their company is really doing us
harm, and leading us into sin and folly.  But a friend--which is a
much deeper and more sacred word than neighbour--a friend we have
the right and the power to choose; and our wisest plan will be to
copy Jonathan, and choose our friends, not for their usefulness, but
for their goodness; not for their worth to us, but for their worth
in themselves; and to choose, if possible, people superior to
ourselves.  If we meet a man better than ourselves, more wise than
ourselves, more learned, more experienced, more delicate-minded,
more high-minded, let us take pains to win his esteem, to gain his
confidence, and to win him as a friend, for the sake of his worth.

Then in our friendship, as in everything else in the world, we shall
find the great law come true, that he that loseth his life shall
save it.  He who does not think of himself and his own interest will
be the very man who will really help himself, and further his own
interest the most.  For the friend whom we have chosen for his own
worth, will be the one who will be worth most to us.  The friend
whom we have loved and admired for his own sake, will be the one who
will do most to raise our character, to teach us, to refine us, to
help us in time of doubt and trouble.  The higher-minded man our
friend is, the higher-minded will he make us.  For it is written,
'As iron sharpeneth iron, so a man sharpeneth the face of his
friend.'

Nothing can be more foolish, or more lowering to our own character,
than to choose our friends among those who can only flatter us, and
run after us, who look up to us as oracles, and fetch and carry at
our bidding, while they do our souls and characters no good, but
merely feed our self-conceit, and lower us down to their own level.
But it is wise, and ennobling to our own character, to choose our
friends among those who are nearer to God than we are, more
experienced in life, and more strong and settled in character.  Wise
it is to have a friend of whom we are at first somewhat afraid;
before whom we dare not say or do a foolish thing, whose just anger
or contempt would be to us a thing terrible.  Better it is that
friendship should begin with a little wholesome fear, till time and
mutual experience of each other's characters shall have brought
about the perfect love which casts out fear.  Better to say with
David, 'He that telleth lies shall not stay in my sight; I will not
know a wicked person.  Yea, let the righteous rather smite me
friendly and reprove me.  All my delight is in the saints that are
in the earth, and in such as excel in virtue.'

And let no man fancy that by so doing he lowers himself, and puts
himself in a mean place.  There is no man so strong-minded but what
he may find a stronger-minded man than himself to give him counsel;
no man is so noble-hearted but what he may find a nobler-hearted man
than himself to keep him up to what is true and just and honourable,
when he is tempted to play the coward, and be false to God's Spirit
within him.  No man is so pure-minded but what he may find a purer-
minded person than himself to help him in the battle against the
world, the flesh, and the devil.

My friends, do not think it a mean thing to look up to those who are
superior to yourselves.  On the contrary, you will find in practice
that it is only the meanest hearts, the shallowest and the basest,
who feel no admiration, but only envy for those who are better than
themselves; who delight in finding fault with them, and blackening
their character, and showing that they are not, after all, so much
superior to other people; while it is the noblest-hearted, the very
men who are most worthy to be admired themselves, who, like
Jonathan, feel most the pleasure, the joy, and the strength of
reverence; of having some one whom they can look up to and admire;
some one in whose company they can forget themselves, their own
interest, their own pleasure, their own honour and glory, and cry,
Him I must hear; him I must follow; to him I must cling, whatever
may betide.  Blessed and ennobling is the feeling which gathers
round a wise teacher or a great statesman all the most earnest,
high-minded, and pious youths of his generation; the feeling which
makes soldiers follow the general whom they trust, they know not why
or whither, through danger, and hunger, and fatigue, and death
itself; the feeling which, in its highest perfection, made the
Apostles forsake all and follow Christ, saying, 'Lord, to whom shall
we go?  Thou hast the words of eternal life'--which made them ready
to work and to die for him whom the world called the son of the
carpenter, but whom they, through the Spirit of God bearing witness
with their own pure and noble spirits, knew to be the Son of the
Living God.

Ay, a blessed thing it is for any man or woman to have a friend; one
human soul whom we can trust utterly; who knows the best and the
worst of us, and who loves us, in spite of all our faults; who will
speak the honest truth to us, while the world flatters us to our
face, and laughs at us behind our back; who will give us counsel and
reproof in the day of prosperity and self-conceit; but who, again,
will comfort and encourage us in the day of difficulty and sorrow,
when the world leaves us alone to fight our own battle as we can.

If we have had the good fortune to win such a friend, let us do
anything rather than lose him.  We must give and forgive; live and
let live.  If our friend have faults, we must bear with them.  We
must hope all things, believe all things, endure all things, rather
than lose that most precious of all earthly possessions--a trusty
friend.

And a friend, once won, need never be lost, if we will only be
trusty and true ourselves.  Friends may part--not merely in body,
but in spirit, for a while.  In the bustle of business and the
accidents of life they may lose sight of each other for years; and
more--they may begin to differ in their success in life, in their
opinions, in their habits, and there may be, for a time, coldness
and estrangement between them; but not for ever, if each will be but
trusty and true.

For then, according to the beautiful figure of the poet, they will
be like two ships who set sail at morning from the same port, and
ere nightfall lose sight of each other, and go each on its own
course, and at its own pace, for many days, through many storms and
seas; and yet meet again, and find themselves lying side by side in
the same haven, when their long voyage is past.

And if not, my friends; if they never meet; if one shall founder and
sink upon the seas, or even change his course, and fly shamefully
home again:  still, is there not a Friend of friends who cannot
change, but is the same yesterday, to-day, and for ever?

What says the noble hymn:--


'When gathering clouds around I view,
And days are dark and friends are few,
On him I lean, who, not in vain,
Experienced every human pain:
He sees my griefs, allays my fears,
And counts and treasures up my tears.'


Passing the love of woman was his love, indeed; and of him Jonathan
was but such a type, as the light in the dewdrop is the type of the
sun in heaven.

He himself said--and what he said, that he fulfilled--'Greater love
hath no man than this--that a man lay down his life for his
friends.'

In treachery and desertion; in widowhood and childlessness; in the
hour of death, and in the day of judgment, when each soul must stand
alone before its God, one Friend remains, and that the best of all.

{285}  From a charter quoted by Ingulf--and very probably a spurious
one.




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